CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A deuteraÃÃo de uma determinada amostra permite fazer a identificaÃÃo de vÃrios tipos de vibraÃÃes, comparando-se o espectro vibracional com o de uma amostra hidrogenada. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento vibracional da L-valina-d8 (99,8 Ãtomo % D) atravÃs da tÃcnica de espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente revisitou-se o assinalamento de todos os modos vibracionais ativos no Raman, comparando-se com um estudo previamente realizado. Em particular foram identificadas diversas bandas associadas a vibraÃÃes do tipo estiramento do NH3+ e estiramento do CH3, entre outros, que sÃo observadas na regiÃo entre 2000 e 2400 cm-1. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizado um estudo via espalhamento Raman dos modos vibracionais do cristal no intervalo de temperatura entre 100 e 300 K. Sabe-se da literatura que a L-valina hidrogenada apresenta uma transiÃÃo de fase em torno de 110 K. Uma vez que nos cristais deuterados as ligaÃÃes de hidrogÃnio via o efeito Uhbehlode tendem a ser mais fracas, uma anÃlise comparativa entre as amostras hidrogenada e deuterada se faz necessÃrio. Em particular, num estudo realizado na L-alanina descobriu-se que a deuteraÃÃo induz a formaÃÃo de uma nova fase em baixas temperaturas. No caso da L-valina, pelo menos no intervalo de temperatura investigado, nÃo foi possÃvel observar nenhuma mudanÃa nos espectros Raman que pudessem ser associadas a uma transiÃÃo de fase estrutural. De fato, tanto na regiÃo dos modos externos, quanto na regiÃo dos modos internos nenhuma grande modificaÃÃo à verificada. Isso implica que a estrutura da L-valina-d8 à estÃvel no intervalo de 100-300 K. Uma discussÃo acerca da diferenÃa do comportamento a baixas temperaturas dos cristais de L-valina e de L-alanina nas formas hidrogenadas e deuteradas à tambÃm fornecida no presente trabalho. / Deuteration allows the identification of several species of vibrations, through the comparison of vibrational spectra of the deutered and hydrogeneted samples. In this work we base studied the vibrational properties of L-valine-d8 (99,8 % atom % D) through the Raman spectroscopy technique. At first, the assignment of all Raman active vibratonal mades of L-valine was revisited, and a comparison with a previous work was done. In particular, several bands associated to stretching of NH_3^+ and stretching of CH3, among others, which are observed in the interval 2000 â 2400 cm-1 were assigned. In the second part of the work, again using Raman spectroscopy, it was studied the vibrational modes of the crystal in the temperature range 100 â 300 K. It is known from literature that hydrogenated L-valine undergoes a phase transition at about 110 K. It also known that in deuterated crystals hydrogen bands - through Ubbehlode effect â tend to be less strange and, as a consequence, a comparative analyses between the deuterated and hydrogenated samples is very important. In a previous work on L-alanine it was observed that deutaration induces a new phase at low temperatures. In the investigation on L-valine, at least in the temperature range studied, it was not possible to note any change in the Raman spectra which could be associated to a structural phase transition. Both in the external modes region any great change is verified. As a consequence, we can infer that L-valine-d8 is stable between 100 and 300 K. A discussion about the difference behaviors at low temperatures of L-valine and L-alanine (both deuterated and hydrogenated) is also furnished in the present work.

In part one, betulinic acid (1) was isolated from the American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) in 1.6% yield, while ursolic acid (3) was isolated from Fuji and McIntosh apple peels in 1.0% and 0.8% crude yields, respectively. Oleanolic (4) and dehydrocanophyllic (6) acids were previously available, along with several analogs. Additional analogs of 1, 3 and 4 were prepared, including 9 new compounds, for a total of 51 compounds. Compounds were initially screened for cortisol lowering properties in vitro using a fish head kidney cell assay. Platanic acid (43) was selected for in vivo study in rats, along with 1 and a blend of Platanus occidentalis and Souroubea sympetela. No significant cortisol lowering was observed in vivo. In part two, β-ionone-d6 (75) was synthesized in 6.5% yield from ethyl 2-oxo-cyclohexane carboxylate (77). Total deuterium incorporation was 99.85%, with 0.03% d0 analog. 75 was converted to retinoic acid-d6 (93) in 2.2% yield.

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Dans cette thèse, sur la base de l'approche du mode local "étendu" et de la théorie générale de la substitution isotopique, nous obtenons un ensemble de relations analytiques simples entre les paramètres spectrocopiques (fréquences harmoniques, coefficients d'anharmonicité, paramètres rovibrationels, différents types de paramètres d'interaction de Fermi et de Coriolis) des molécules de CH2D2, CH3D et CHD3. Tous ces paramètres sont exprimés en termes de relations simples à partir des paramètres spectroscopiques de la molécule mère CH4. Des calculs tests avec des relations isotopiques montrent que même sans introduire d'informations majeures sur les espèces isotopiques, les résultats numériques de ces calculs sont en bon accord avec les données expérimentales et les calculs ab initio. A partir de le théorie des opérateurs de perturbation et des propriétés de symétrie des molécules axiales XYZ3 (C3v), nous déterminons des formules générales permettant la détermination des paramètres spectroscopiques sous la forme de fonctions des paramètres structuraux et des paramètres de la fonction potentiel intramoléculaire. Nous présentons aussi une approche permettant la détermination du hamiltonien de molécules polyatomiques qui permet de résoudre le problème de la description de la surface d'énergie potentielle via la construction et la diagonalisation d'une matrice hamiltonienne de grande dimension. / In this thesis, on the base of the "expanded", local mode approach and general isotopic substitution theory we obtain sets of simple analytical relations between spectroscopic parameters (harmonic frequencies, anharmonic coefficients, ro-vibrational parameters, different kinds of Fermi and Coriolis-type interaction parameters) of the CH2D2, CH3D and CHD3 molecules. All of them are expressed as simple functions of spectroscopic parameters of the mother CH4 molecule. Test calculations with the isotopic relations show that even without including prior informations about the isotopic species, numerical results of calculations are in a good agreement both with experimental data and results of ab initio calculations. On the base of operators perturbation theory and the symmetry properties of the axially symmetric XYZ3 (C3v) type molecules, we derive general formulae for the determination of the spectroscopic parameters in the form of functions of structural parameters and parameters of the intramolecular potential function. We present also an approach for determination of the Hamiltonian of polyatomic molecules that allows to solve the problem of potential energy surface determination via the construction and the diagonalization of a Hamiltonian matrix of large dimension.

This thesis describes investigations into the properties of -phase BEDT-TTF charge transfer salts. Charge transfer salts are mainly studied as they are very useful test beds for fundamental physics due to the tuneability of their proper- ties and ground states. The effects of temperature and pressure on such systems have been studied, as these allow access to a wide range of different states and properties. Transport properties of these systems have been studied to obtain information about the Fermi surface and effective mass, and the effect of deuter- ation and also change of pressure media will be discussed. The interaction of infrared radiation with these systems has also been investigated and simultaneous pressure and temperature measurements will be presented, something not greatly studied due to the large technical challenges. The techniques and approaches for overcoming these are also discussed. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the organic materials themselves with particular emphasis on the actual compounds studied. Chapter 2 provides the necessary theoretical background for studying organic charge transfer salts using magnetic quantum oscillations and their infrared re- ectivity. Chapter 3 covers the experimental techniques and also discusses some of the challenges encountered and their solutions to aid others working in this area. Chapter 4 describes an investigation into the transport properties of - (ET)2Cu(SCN)2 by studying Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations using both deuter- ated and normal samples and using two different pressure media, and comparing it to work done using a third. Chapter 5 presents an investigation into the pressure dependence of selected phonon modes in -(ET)2Cu(SCN)2 using infrared radiation on a deuterated sam- ple. Chapter 6 presents what is believed to be the first pressure and temperature dependent infrared study of an organic molecular material. In this case the or- ganic molecular material is d8--(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br, but the techniques should be readily transferable to other materials.