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RAFT Polymerization: Pushing the Limits and Gaining Control via Kinetic AnalysisBradford, Kate Georgia Elizabeth 22 April 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Block and star polymers based on 2-substituted-2-oxazolinesDemopolis, Tom Nick January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polymethylene-Based 3-Miktoarm Star Copolymers by Combining Polyhomologation with Other Living PolymerizationsAltaher, Maryam 05 1900 (has links)
Polyethylene (PE) is produced in a huge scale globally and has plenty of desirable properties. It is used in coating, packaging, and artificial joint replacements. The growing need for high performance polyethylene led to the development of new catalysts, monomers and polymerizations. The synthesis of polymethylene (equivalent to polyethylene) by living polyhomologation opened the way to well-defined polymethylenes-based polymeric materials with controlled structure, molecular weight and narrow polydispersity. Such model polymers are substantial to study the structure-properties relationships. This research presents a new strategy based on the in situ formation of B-thexyl-silaboracyclic serving as initiating sites for the polyhomologation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide. Combination with metal-free ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ɛ-caprolactone (CL) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene led to three polymethylene-based 3-miktoarm stars copolymers PCL(PM-OH)2, Br-PCL(PM-OH)2 and PS(PM-OH)2.
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Bridging the Gap: Developing Synthetic Materials with Enzymatic Levels of Complexity and FunctionFuller, Kristin M. 03 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Design and Development of a High-Temperature High-Pressure Rolling Ball Viscometer/Densimeter and Evaluation of Star Polymer-Solvent MixturesNewkirk, Matthew Stanton 01 January 2016 (has links)
Modern automotive applications such as transmission clutch plates, combustion chambers, diesel fuel injector tips, and axle gears and friction plates operate at temperatures that can exceed 250°C and pressures of 40,000 psia. Industrial practice is to add homopolymers and copolymers to base oils to modify bulk fluid viscosity and frictional properties for these demanding applications. However, designing polymeric additives for lubricants and predicting their performance is limited by the lack of available high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) viscosity and density data needed to test contemporary lubricity models. Thus, a major objective of this thesis is the design, development, and commissioning of a rolling ball viscometer/densitometer (RBVD) capable of simultaneously determining fluid densities and viscosities at temperatures in excess of 250°C and pressures of 40,000 psia. Resulting data may then be generated to directly address the fundamental need for lubricant property data at these HTHP conditions. The design and development of the RBVD is described in detail to highlight the design iterations and modifications utilized to ensure robust operation at extreme conditions. Three significant and novel features of this RBVD apparatus that distinguish and differentiate it from other apparatus of this type are: (1) specially designed metal-to-metal and sapphire-to-metal seated surfaces capable of eliminating temperature- and chemically-sensitive elastomeric seals; (2) use of a bellows piston to eliminate significant temperature and operational constraints; and (3) incorporation of a linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) to simultaneously permit determination of solution density and viscosity. A detailed analysis of initial accumulated uncertainty for the experimental viscosity and density techniques revealed the need for key RBVD modifications. Final data are presented showing that the RBVD is capable of measuring viscosities with an accuracy of ± 2 to 3 percent and densities to ± 0.7 percent, including at the extreme operating conditions targeted.
A second objective of this thesis is the measurement of HTHP viscosities of star polymer-solvent mixtures to determine the impact of star polymer architecture on solution viscosity at extreme conditions similar to those that might be experienced in automotive applications. This objective is motivated by current challenges facing industry to identify polymeric additives that can be added to base oils to improve fuel economy and allow for the implementation of novel hardware technology that relies on enhanced lubricant properties. Relative to linear polymers, the unique architecture of star polymers enhances polymer solubility in base oils while having a more favorable impact on viscosity and density properties over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Data are presented for an industrially-relevant star polymer in octane to assess the impact of the star configuration on solvent viscosity at extreme conditions. The star polymer used in this instance consists of an ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) core with poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (LMA-MMA) arms. The star polymer has a total weight averaged molecular weight (Mw) and Mw of each arm of 575,000, and 45,000, respectively. The copolymer arms of the star polymer have an LMA-to-MMA mole ratio of 0.6.
The results of further viscosity studies are presented for a model system of well-characterized commercially available narrow polydispersity index (PDI) star polystyrenes (PS) in toluene. Each PS is evaluated at a two percent by weight concentration in toluene to evaluate the effect of arm molecular weigh on viscosity. Each three-arm star polymer has arm and total molecular weights ([arm Mw] total star Mw) of ([15,400] 41,200), ([36,000] 97,600), and ([108,000] 305,000). In this instance, the viscosity of toluene increased by more than a factor of three for the star with the highest Mw arms.
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Einstufen-Synthese und Charakterisierung amphiphiler Sternpolymere als multifunktionale assoziative Verdicker / One-step synthesis and characterisation of amphiphilic star polymers as multifunctional associative thickenersHerfurth, Christoph January 2012 (has links)
Typische assoziative Verdicker für wässrige Systeme basieren auf linearen, doppelt hydrophob endmodifizierten Poly(ethylenglykolen) (PEGs). Diese Polymere aggregieren aufgrund ihrer Struktur in wässriger Lösung und bilden ein Netzwerk aus verbrückten Polymer-Mizellen. Dabei kann ein Polymer-Molekül maximal zwei Mizellen miteinander verbinden. Bisher ist unklar, wie die Anzahl der Endgruppen eines verzweigten, mehrfach hydrophob endmodifizierten hydrophilen Polymers die Struktur und Dynamik solcher Netzwerke beeinflusst. Die Synthese verzweigter Polymere auf PEG-Basis erfolgt mittels lebender ionischer Polymerisation und ist experimentell aufwändig. Das Einführen hydrophober Endgruppen erfordert zusätzliche Synthese-Schritte.
In dieser Arbeit wurden hydrophile Sternpolymere mit hydrophoben Endgruppen in einem Schritt hergestellt. Dazu wurde die Technik der radikalischen Polymerisation unter Kettenübertragung durch reversible Addition und anschließende Fragmentierung (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer, RAFT) genutzt. Die Synthese der Sternpolymere erfolgte von einem multifunktionalen Kern, der die R-Gruppe der RAFT-Kettenüberträger (chain transfer agents, CTAs) bildete. Die dazu benötigten CTAs wurden so konzipiert, dass mit ihrer Hilfe sowohl die Anzahl der Arme des Sternpolymers (von 2 bis 4), als auch die Länge der hydrophoben Endgruppe (C4, C12, C18) variiert werden konnte. Der große Vorteil der RAFT-Polymerisation ist, dass sie viele polare Monomere für die Synthese der hydrophilen Arme des Sternpolymers toleriert. In dieser Arbeit wurden als Modell-Monomere Oligo(ethylenglykol)methylether-acrylat (OEGA) und N,N-Dimethylacrylamid (DMA) eingesetzt. Beide Monomere bilden nicht-ionische hydrophile Polymere. Poly(OEGA) ist ein Kammpolymer, das auf PEG basiert. Poly(DMA) besitzt dagegen eine deutlich kompaktere Struktur.
Die erhaltenen amphiphilen Sternpolymere wurden umfassend molekular charakterisiert. Die Molmassen wurden mit verschiedenen GPC-Systemen bestimmt und der Grad der Endgruppenfunktionalisierung wurde mittels UV/Vis- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie überprüft. Die Polymerisation von OEGA zeigt mit den CTAs einige Charakteristika der Polymerisation mit reversibler Deaktivierung (RDRP, auch „kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation“), wird aber durch Kettenübertragung zum Monomer bzw. Polymer gestört. Diese Nebenreaktion ist auf die Struktur des Monomers als Oligoether zurückzuführen.
Bei allen untersuchten Polymerisationen von DMA mit den multifunktionalen CTAs steigt die Molmasse linear mit dem Umsatz. Die erhaltenen Polymere zeigen durchweg monomodale und enge Molmassenverteilungen (PDI ≤ 1,2). Die Molmassen lassen sich in einem weiten Bereich von 25 kg/mol bis 150 kg/mol einstellen und die Endgruppen der Polymere bleiben zu 90 % erhalten. Während die Polymerisation von DMA sowohl mit den di- als auch den trifunktionalen CTAs innerhalb von 3 h zu quantitativen Umsätzen verläuft, wird der quantitative Umsatz des Monomers bei der Polymerisation mit tetrafunktionalen CTAs erst nach 4 h erreicht. Diese Verzögerung ist auf eine Retardierung in der Anfangsphase der Polymerisation zurückzuführen, die sich aus der besonderen Struktur der tetrafunktionalen CTAs erklärt.
Auf dem System zur Polymerisation von DMA aufbauend ließen sich Gradienten-Block-Copolymere in Eintopfreaktionen herstellen. Dazu wurde nach Erreichen des quantitativen Umsatzes von DMA ein zweites Monomer zur Reaktionsmischung gegeben. Mit Ethylacrylat (EtA) wurden so lineare amphiphile symmetrische Triblock-Copolymere erhalten. Dabei wurde die Länge des hydrophoben Blocks durch unterschiedliche Mengen an EtA variiert. Mit N,N-Diethylacrylamid (DEA) wurden lineare symmetrische Triblock-Copolymere sowie 3-Arm Stern-Diblock-Copolymere hergestellt, die über einen thermisch schaltbaren zweiten Block verfügen. Bei diesen Polymeren lässt sich die Länge des hydrophoben Teils in situ durch Veränderung der Temperatur variieren.
Das Verhalten der amphiphilen Sternpolymere in wässriger Lösung und in Mikroemulsion wurde im Rahmen einer Kooperation an der TU Berlin mit Hilfe von Kleinwinkel-Neutronenstreuung (SANS), dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) und Rheologie untersucht. Die Polymere wirken durch Assoziation der hydrophoben Endgruppen als effektive Verdicker sowohl allein in wässriger Lösung als auch in Mikroemulsion. Die Struktur des gebildeten Netzwerks hängt dabei von der Konzentration des Polymers in der Lösung und der Länge der Endgruppe (Hydrophobie) ab. Die dynamischen Eigenschaften der Lösungen werden außerdem durch die Anzahl der Arme der Polymere bestimmt. / Typically, associative thickeners for aqueous system consist of linear, hydrophobically α,ω-end-capped poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs). Owing to their structure, these polymers aggregate in aqueous solution, forming a network of bridged micelles. Thus, one polymer molecule can link not more than two micelles. Until now it is unclear whether the structure and dynamics of such networks are influenced by the number of end groups of a branched multiply hydrophobically end-capped hydrophilic polymers. Branched PEG-based polymers are synthesized using the laborious and limited techniques of living ionic polymerization. Introducing hydrophobic end groups demands a multiple-step process.
This work presents the one-step synthesis of hydrophilic star polymers with hydrophobic end groups, using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This radical polymerization method is easy to use and tolerates a large number of polar monomers for the synthesis of the hydrophilic arms of the star polymers. The arms of the polymer were grown from a multifunctional core that formed the R-group of the chain transfer agents (CTAs). The CTAs where tailored to be able to vary the number of arms of the star polymers from 2 to 4 and to vary the length (and therefore the hydrophobicity) of the end groups (C4, C12, C18). Two different polar monomers where used as model monomers: Oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate (OEGA) and N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMA). Both monomers yield non-ionic hydrophilic polymers. While poly(OEGA) is a comb polymer based on PEG, poly(DMA) exhibits a more compact structure.
The amphiphilic star polymers were characterized extensively. The molar masses were determined using GPC in various solvents and the degree of end functionalisation was monitored using 1H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The polymerization of OEGA shows some of the expected characteristics of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP). However, chain transfer to monomer and polymer is a prominent side reaction, limiting the use of this monomer for the fabrication of well-defined material. This reaction can be attributed to the structure of the monomer being an oligoether.
For all examined polymerizations of DMA with the multifunctional CTAs the molar mass increased linearly with conversion. The molar mass distributions were monomodal and narrow (PDI ≤ 1.2). Expected values were reached for molar masses from 25 to 150 kg/mol and the end group functionality was about 90 % in all cases. While the polymerization of DMA using di- and trifunctional CTAs proceeded to quantitative conversion within 3 h, an initial retardation period of about 60 min was observed for the polymerization using tetrafunctional CTAs. This retardation was attributed to the peculiar molecular structure of these CTAs.
Owing to the well-controlled features of the polymerization of DMA using the multifunctional CTAs, this system was used to obtain tapered block copolymers in a one-pot process. These structures were achieved by adding a second monomer to the reaction mixture after the quantitative conversion of DMA. Using ethyl acrylate (EtA), linear amphiphilic symmetrical triblock copolymers were synthesized. The length of the hydrophobic block was tailored by the addition of varying amounts of EtA. With N,N-Diethylacrylamide as a second monomer, linear symmetric triblock copolymers as well as 3-arm star diblock copolymers were obtained that contain a thermosensitve block. Altering the temperature of aqueous solutions of these polymers varies the length of the hydrophobic block in situ.
At the TU Berlin, the behavior of the polymers was studied in aqueous solution as well as in microemulsion. The solutions were characterized by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology. The end groups of the polymers aggregate, making the polymers efficient thickeners both in aqueous solution and in microemulsion. The structure of the formed network depends on the concentration of the polymer in solution and on the length of the end group. The dynamic properties of the solutions are governed additionally by the number of arms.
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Quantification of Fractal Systems using Small Angle ScatteringRai, Durgesh K. 16 September 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Modification d'acides biliaires à l'aide de polymères pour en moduler les propriétés d'agrégationGiguère, Guillaume 10 1900 (has links)
Les polymères amphiphiles sont largement utilisés pour les applications biomédicales et pharmaceutiques. Afin d’améliorer les chances de biocompatibilité des nouveaux polymères que nous voulons développer, nous avons utilisé des composés naturels, les acides biliaires, comme produits de départ dans la synthèse de ces polymères.
De nouveaux polymères anioniques amphiphiles dérivés de l’acide cholique ont été préparés par polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d’atomes. Par un contrôle rigoureux des conditions de polymérisation, des bras de poly(acide acrylique) de différentes longueurs ont été greffés sur le squelette de l’acide cholique. L’architecture moléculaire des polymères a été étudiée par spectroscopie 1H RMN et par spectrométrie de masse. Ces polymères en étoile formés par l’acide biliaire modifié sont capables de s’agréger dans l’eau même si les groupements hydroxyles ont été remplacés par des segments plus volumineux. Il a été observé que les liaisons ester entre le polymère et le cœur d’acide cholique sont sensibles à l’hydrolyse en solution aqueuse.
Pour remédier au problème de stabilité en solution aqueuse et pour avoir, en même temps, des bras hydrophiles non ioniques et biocompatibles, de l’oxyde d’éthylène a été polymérisé sur l’acide cholique par polymérisation anionique. Les liaisons éther formées entre le polymère et les groupements hydroxyles de l’acide biliaire sont plus stables que les liaisons ester sur le polymère de poly(acide acrylique). Les conditions de réaction de la polymérisation anionique ont été optimisées et ont donné des polymères aux architectures et aux masses molaires contrôlées. Les nouveaux polymères forment des agrégats sphériques tel qu’observé par microscopie électronique à transmission avec des échantillons préparés par la méthode de fracture à froid. Leur morphologie est différente de celle des agrégats cylindriques formés par les acides biliaires.
Avec la méthode optimisée pour la polymérisation anionique, l’éther d’allyle et glycidyle a été polymérisé sur un dérivé d’acide cholique, suivi par une thiolation des liaisons doubles pour introduire l’amine ou l’acide sur la chaîne polymère. Cette addition radicalaire est efficace à plus de 90%. Les polymères qui en résultent sont solubles dans l’eau et s’agrègent à une certaine concentration critique. Il est particulièrement intéressant d’observer la thermosensibilité des polymères ayant des groupements amine, laquelle peut être modulée en acétylant partiellement les amines, donnant des points nuages entre 15 et 48°C. / Amphiphilic polymers are very useful in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. To improve the biocompatibility of such polymers, we chose to use natural compounds such as bile acids as the starting material in the synthesis of the polymers.
New anionic polymers have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Poly(acrylic acid) arms of various lengths have been grafted onto a bile acid core. The molecular architecture has been confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The star polymers obtained from modified bile acid can aggregate in water, even though the hydroxyl groups were replaced by bulkier chains. The ester linkages between the polymers and the bile acid core are prone to hydrolysis in aqueous solutions.
In order to improve the stability of the polymers in aqueous solutions and to introduce neutral and biocompatible hydrophilic arms, ethylene oxide has been polymerized onto a cholic acid core by anionic polymerization. The ether linkages formed between the hydroxyl groups of the bile acid and the poly(ethylene glycol) are more stable than the ester linkages formed with the poly(acrylic acid) polymers. The reaction conditions for the anionic polymerization have been optimized and provided well-defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The new polymers formed spherical aggregates as shown by transmission electron microscopy with samples prepared by the freeze-fracture technique. Their morphology is different from those of the cylindrical aggregates formed by bile salts.
With the optimized method for anionic polymerization, allyl glycidyl ether was grafted onto a derivative of cholic acid, followed by thiolation, a radical addition, of the allyl groups to introduce amine or carboxylic acid groups to the polymer chains. This radical addition had an efficiency of more than 90%. The resulting polymers were water-soluble and were found to aggregate above a certain critical concentration. It is particularly interesting to observe thermosensitivity of the star polymers bearing amine groups. The thermosensitivity of such polymers can be further tuned by partial acetylation of the amine groups, yielding polymers with cloud points in the temperature range from 15 to 48°C.
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Μελέτη διεπιφανειακών φαινομένων με την μέθοδο διέγερσης επιφανειακών πλασμονίωνΚουτσιούμπας, Αλέξανδρος 26 June 2009 (has links)
Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η ανάπτυξη της πειραματικής Μεθόδου Διέγερσης Επιφανειακών Πλασμονίων (Surface Plasmon Resoanance, SPR) για τη μελέτη διεπιφανειακών φαινομένων και ειδικότερα των ιδιοτήτων ισορροπίας και της κινητικής της προσρόφησης πολυμερών και ολιγομερών στη διεπιφάνεια υγρού / στερεού.
Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής, κατασκευάσθηκε εξ’ αρχής πειραματική διάταξη συντονισμού επιφανειακών πλασμονίων, η οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την μελέτη του φαινομένου της προσρόφησης. Παράλληλα αναπτύχθηκε θεωρητικό υπόδειγμα και υπολογιστικά εργαλεία ανάλυσης των πειραματικών μετρήσεων. Με τη χρήση της πειραματικής διάταξης μελετήθηκε η διαδικασία της προσρόφησης γραμμικών και αστεροειδών πολυμερών στη διεπιφάνεια υγρού / στερεού όπως επίσης και τασιενεργών ολιγομερών τα οποία σχηματίζουν Αυτό-οργανούμενα Μονομοριακά Στρώματα (Self Assembled Monolayers) σε επιφάνειες οξειδίου του αλουμινίου.
Επιπλέον διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση της αρχιτεκτονικής των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων σε σχέση με την ικανότητά τους να αυτο-οργανώνονται σε στρώματα πολυμερικών ψηκτρών (polymer brushes). Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται με μετρήσεις οι οποίες έγιναν με τη μέθοδο ανάκλασης νετρονίων. Για την κατανόηση των μικροσκοπικών μηχανισμών που υπεισέρχονται κατά την αυτό-οργάνωση των πολυμερών, γίνεται χρήση θεωρητικών υποδειγμάτων κλίμακας και υπολογιστικών προσομοιώσεων Monte Carlo.
Περαιτέρω, μέσω της χρήσης λεπτών στρωμάτων νανο-πορώδους αλουμίνας, προτείνεται μια νέα παραλλαγή της μεθόδου διέγερσης επιφανειακών πλασμονίων η οποία όπως αποδεικνύεται, αυξάνει την ευαισθησία της μεθόδου κατά μια τάξη μεγέθους, στην περίπτωση της ανίχνευσης της προσρόφησης ολιγομερών.
Η διατριβή παρουσιάζει ολοκληρωμένα τη χρήση της μεθόδου διέγερσης επιφανειακών πλασμονίων για την αναλυτική μελέτη της προσρόφησης μορίων σε επιφάνειες. Η επέκταση της μεθόδου με τη χρήση νανο-δομημένων υλικών ανοίγει τον δρόμο για πλειάδα νέων εφαρμογών στο πεδίο της ανίχνευσης προσροφημένων μορίων από διαλύματα ιδιαίτερα χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων. / The objective of the present PhD thesis is the development of the experimental Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) method, for the study of interfacial phenomena such as the equilibrium properties and kinetics of polymer and oligomer adsorption at the liquid / solid interface.
For the purposes of this work a custom-made experimental apparatus has been build and used for the acquisition of SPR experimental results. A theoretical model and various computational tools were also developed for the analysis of the experimental data. With the aid of this apparatus, the adsorption process of linear and star-like polymers at the liquid / solid interface was studied together with the self-assembly of functional oligomer monolayers on alumina surfaces.
In addition, the effect of different chain structure (molecular architecture) on the formation of polymer brush layers was investigated. The experimental results are compared with measurements by neutron reflectivity experiments. For the investigation of the microscopic mechanisms that are involved in the polymer self-assembly, scaling theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo computer simulations were performed.
Furthermore, by the use of thin nano-porous alumina films, a new variation of the SPR method is proposed. It is demonstrated, that this improved method is characterized by over one order of magnitude higher sensitivity in the case of the detection of adsorbed oligomers.
The present thesis describes in detail the use of the SPR method for the analytical study of molecular adsorption on surfaces. The improvement of the SPR technique by the use of nano-structured materials opens new prospects for many new applications in the field of molecular detection in very dilute solutions.
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Modification d'acides biliaires à l'aide de polymères pour en moduler les propriétés d'agrégationGiguère, Guillaume 10 1900 (has links)
Les polymères amphiphiles sont largement utilisés pour les applications biomédicales et pharmaceutiques. Afin d’améliorer les chances de biocompatibilité des nouveaux polymères que nous voulons développer, nous avons utilisé des composés naturels, les acides biliaires, comme produits de départ dans la synthèse de ces polymères.
De nouveaux polymères anioniques amphiphiles dérivés de l’acide cholique ont été préparés par polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d’atomes. Par un contrôle rigoureux des conditions de polymérisation, des bras de poly(acide acrylique) de différentes longueurs ont été greffés sur le squelette de l’acide cholique. L’architecture moléculaire des polymères a été étudiée par spectroscopie 1H RMN et par spectrométrie de masse. Ces polymères en étoile formés par l’acide biliaire modifié sont capables de s’agréger dans l’eau même si les groupements hydroxyles ont été remplacés par des segments plus volumineux. Il a été observé que les liaisons ester entre le polymère et le cœur d’acide cholique sont sensibles à l’hydrolyse en solution aqueuse.
Pour remédier au problème de stabilité en solution aqueuse et pour avoir, en même temps, des bras hydrophiles non ioniques et biocompatibles, de l’oxyde d’éthylène a été polymérisé sur l’acide cholique par polymérisation anionique. Les liaisons éther formées entre le polymère et les groupements hydroxyles de l’acide biliaire sont plus stables que les liaisons ester sur le polymère de poly(acide acrylique). Les conditions de réaction de la polymérisation anionique ont été optimisées et ont donné des polymères aux architectures et aux masses molaires contrôlées. Les nouveaux polymères forment des agrégats sphériques tel qu’observé par microscopie électronique à transmission avec des échantillons préparés par la méthode de fracture à froid. Leur morphologie est différente de celle des agrégats cylindriques formés par les acides biliaires.
Avec la méthode optimisée pour la polymérisation anionique, l’éther d’allyle et glycidyle a été polymérisé sur un dérivé d’acide cholique, suivi par une thiolation des liaisons doubles pour introduire l’amine ou l’acide sur la chaîne polymère. Cette addition radicalaire est efficace à plus de 90%. Les polymères qui en résultent sont solubles dans l’eau et s’agrègent à une certaine concentration critique. Il est particulièrement intéressant d’observer la thermosensibilité des polymères ayant des groupements amine, laquelle peut être modulée en acétylant partiellement les amines, donnant des points nuages entre 15 et 48°C. / Amphiphilic polymers are very useful in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. To improve the biocompatibility of such polymers, we chose to use natural compounds such as bile acids as the starting material in the synthesis of the polymers.
New anionic polymers have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Poly(acrylic acid) arms of various lengths have been grafted onto a bile acid core. The molecular architecture has been confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The star polymers obtained from modified bile acid can aggregate in water, even though the hydroxyl groups were replaced by bulkier chains. The ester linkages between the polymers and the bile acid core are prone to hydrolysis in aqueous solutions.
In order to improve the stability of the polymers in aqueous solutions and to introduce neutral and biocompatible hydrophilic arms, ethylene oxide has been polymerized onto a cholic acid core by anionic polymerization. The ether linkages formed between the hydroxyl groups of the bile acid and the poly(ethylene glycol) are more stable than the ester linkages formed with the poly(acrylic acid) polymers. The reaction conditions for the anionic polymerization have been optimized and provided well-defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The new polymers formed spherical aggregates as shown by transmission electron microscopy with samples prepared by the freeze-fracture technique. Their morphology is different from those of the cylindrical aggregates formed by bile salts.
With the optimized method for anionic polymerization, allyl glycidyl ether was grafted onto a derivative of cholic acid, followed by thiolation, a radical addition, of the allyl groups to introduce amine or carboxylic acid groups to the polymer chains. This radical addition had an efficiency of more than 90%. The resulting polymers were water-soluble and were found to aggregate above a certain critical concentration. It is particularly interesting to observe thermosensitivity of the star polymers bearing amine groups. The thermosensitivity of such polymers can be further tuned by partial acetylation of the amine groups, yielding polymers with cloud points in the temperature range from 15 to 48°C.
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