written by Cheung Man-Chun Doris. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-125). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.v / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF AGEING IN SELECTED COUNTRIES / Chapter A. --- "Demographic Facts: World, More Developed and Less Developed Regions" --- p.6 / Chapter B. --- "Demographic Facts: Germany, US, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong" --- p.9 / Chapter C. --- Demographic Changes of Hong Kong --- p.12 / Chapter D. --- Fertility-dominated or Mortality-dominated ageing? --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter A. --- Ageing measurements --- p.16 / Chapter B. --- Relationship between Savings and Investment --- p.17 / Chapter C. --- Relationship between Ageing and Savings --- p.19 / Chapter D. --- Relationship between Ageing and Growth --- p.23 / Chapter E. --- Relationship between Savings and Growth --- p.24 / Chapter F. --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EMPIRICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND DATA / Chapter A. --- Expectations of variables in Savings equation andin Growth equation --- p.30 / Chapter B. --- Specifications for Panel Data Analysis / Chapter (i) --- The Data --- p.36 / Chapter (ii) --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter (iii) --- Specifications --- p.38 / Chapter C. --- Specifications for Cross-sectional Analysis --- p.39 / Chapter D. --- Pros and Cons of Using Panel and Cross-sectional Data --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ESTIMATATION RESULTS / Chapter A. --- Cross-sectional Data Analysis / Chapter (i) --- How does Ageing Affect Savings? --- p.45 / Chapter (ii) --- How does Ageing Affect Economic Growth? --- p.47 / Chapter B. --- Panel Data Analysis / Chapter (i) --- How does Ageing Affect Savings? --- p.48 / Chapter (ii) --- How does Ageing Affect Economic Growth? --- p.54 / Chapter C. --- Comparison between the Results from the Analyses of the Cross-sectional Data and the Panel Data --- p.56 / Chapter D. --- Reconciliation between the Conflicts --- p.57 / Chapter (i) --- Difference in the Length of Estimation Periods --- p.59 / Chapter (ii) --- Cross-sectional Effect vs. Time Series Effect --- p.60 / Chapter (iii) --- Sampling Problems --- p.66 / Chapter a) --- Results from Cutting Outliers (Full Samples) --- p.67 / Chapter b) --- Results from Cutting Outliers (Non-poor Country Samples) --- p.69 / Chapter c) --- Results from Entering both Ageing Variables Together (Full Samples) --- p.72 / Chapter d) --- Results from Entering both Ageing Variables Together (Non-poor Countries Samples) --- p.73 / Chapter E. --- Further Examination on the Impact of Ageing on the Economic Growth --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.78 / TABLES --- p.82 / APPENDIX --- p.113 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.121

Leung Chi Ping. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Appendices --- p.vi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Review of Literature on Population and Economic Growth --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Literature on Human Capital and Economic Growth --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Review of Literature on Population Aging and Demographic Transition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Summary of Results, Objective and Hypotheses" --- p.23 / Chapter 3. --- Data Description --- p.27 / Chapter 4. --- Empirical Specifications，Estimation Results and Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Cross-sectional Regressions --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Panel Regressions --- p.54 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.72 / Tables --- p.74 / Appendices --- p.114 / References --- p.120

Human capital investment is of prime interest for many countries at varying stages of development. Knowing both the determinants and the impact of schooling is central for well- designed policy. This dissertation addresses both respects by examining the determinants of secondary school enrollment in Indonesia, and the impact of higher education in South Korea. In Chapter 1, I begin from the observation that many countries spend substantial resources inducing individuals to attend school. Despite this, high dropout rates are common, particularly when students transition between education levels. To explain this pattern, previous research has focused on supply side factors, such as decreased number of school slots or longer commute times. In contrast, this paper explores a demand side reason for high dropout rates between schooling levels: a nonlinear increase in wage returns from completing the final grade of an education level - a sheepskin effect. I investigate whether schooling decisions in Indonesia are consistent with perceived sheepskin effects. Using four types of income shocks that range from idiosyncratic to systemic (unemployment, crop loss, drought, and financial crises), I test if negative shocks affect enrollment differentially across different grade levels. As in the previous literature, negative shocks reduce children's enrollment probabilities on average. However, consistent with perceived sheepskin effects, this impact is strongly mitigated for students who enter the final grades of junior or senior high school. Moreover, even poor households exhibit this behavior indicating that even the poor are able to continue investments in education when they perceive returns to be sufficiently high. The remainder of the dissertation begins from the observation that in low income countries, most gains in education attainment have come from expansions at the primary or secondary level. In contrast, middle and higher income countries have seen rapid increases in higher education enrollments. The pace of growth varies considerably, with historically low attainment countries such as South Korea, Belgium and France experienced more than a 40% point increase in the percentage of population with some tertiary education. Despite the salience of these trends, there is limited credible empirical evidence on their impact due to the difficulty in finding a credible exogenous variation. To address this question, chapters 2 and 3 utilize an unusual policy change in South Korea; the 1980 education reform, which mandated an increase in the freshman enrollment quota by 30 percent nationwide. Chapter 2 (joint work with Wooram Park) estimates the impact of higher education on labor market outcomes and saving behavior of the household. We use the discrete change in the opportunity to obtain higher education across adjacent cohorts to implement a regression discontinuity design. We find that college education has a substantial positive effect on labor income, employment probability as well as on household savings. We also find that college education reduces the probability of job loss during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Chapter 3 (joint work with Jisun Baek and Wooram Park) estimates the causal effect of higher education on health related outcomes. Also using a regression discontinuity design, we confirm that the cohorts that are more likely to be affected by the policy have a higher fraction of individuals with college education. However, we do not find evidence of positive health returns to higher education. In particular, we find that the cohorts with higher proportion of college graduates are not less likely to experience disease or report poor health status. Moreover, we find that higher education has limited effects on health behaviors such as smoking and drinking.

by Choi Wai Yip. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-54). / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1-8 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- "Educational Choice, Educational Finance and Credit Rationing" / Chapter Section A: --- Benchmark Model --- p.9-21 / Chapter Section B: --- Redistribution Policies / Chapter (a) --- Intragenerational Transfer: Tax on unskilled workers to subsidize young educated --- p.22-32 / Chapter (b) --- Intergenerational Transfer: Tax on old skilled workers to subsidize young educated --- p.33-39 / Chapter Section C: --- Educational Choice with Credit Constraint --- p.40-46 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Conclusion --- p.47-50 / References --- p.51-54 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Proofs of Propositions and Lemmas --- p.55-87 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Tables --- p.88-95 / Chapter Appendix C: --- Figures --- p.96-104

Bibliography: leaves 373-418. / xiv, 418 leaves : maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1996?

Orientador: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: José Antonio Proença Vieira de Moraes / Banca: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Banca: Luis Vitor Silva do Sacramento / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Resumo: Embora o cálcio tenha sido extensivamente estudado, o metabolismo deste macronutriente precisa ser melhor avaliado, uma vez que este elemento atua como mensageiro secundário nas vias de transdução de sinal em células vegetais e, devido às variações em sua concentração celular, atua por meio de proteínas moduladoras e suas moléculas-alvo, regulando vários processos celulares, incluindo desde o controle do transporte iônico até a expressão gênica. Neste contexto, existem dúvidas sobre o efeito do cálcio no desenvolvimento das plantas, nas trocas gasosas e na rota de produção dos óleos essenciais, especialmente no rendimento e composição química. Este estudo objetivou ampliar o conhecimento sobre aspectos do metabolismo do cálcio em Mentha piperita, uma espécie medicinal e aromática, quando cultivada em solução nutritiva. Avaliou-se a influência da variação dos níveis de cálcio nos índices fisiológicos, nas trocas gasosas e no rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial. Para tanto, as plantas foram cultivadas durante seu desenvolvimento em solução nutritiva no 2 de Hoagland & Arnon contendo 160 mg L-1 de cálcio e modificada para fornecimento de 200, 120, 80 e 40 mg L-1. Aos 45, 65, 85, 105 e 140 dias após o transplante (DAT) das mudas para a solução de cultivo, foram avaliados os índices fisiológicos área foliar, matéria seca de lâminas foliares e total, além do rendimento e da composição química do óleo essencial. Para análise das variáveis das trocas gasosas foi utilizado sistema aberto portátil de fotossíntese (LI-6400, Li-Cor Inc., NE, USA), determinando-se, aos 65, 85 e 105 DAT, a assimilação de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração intercelular de CO2 e eficiência do uso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Although calcium has been extensively studied, the metabolism of this macronutrient needs further evaluation since this element acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways in plant cells and, due to variations in its cell level, acts by means of modulator proteins and their target molecules, regulating several cell processes, from ion transportation control to gene expression. Thus, there are doubts about the effect of calcium on plant development, gas exchanges and essential oil production route, especially concerning yield and chemical composition. This study aimed to expand the knowledge of calcium metabolism aspects in Mentha piperita, an aromatic medicinal species, grown under nutrient solution. The influence of calcium level variation on physiological indexes, gas exchanges and essential oil yield and chemical composition was assessed. The plants were grown during their development in Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution number 2 containing 160 mg L-1 and modified to supply 200, 120, 80 and 40 mg L-1. At 45, 65, 85, 105 and 140 days after transplant (DAT) of seedlings to the culture solution, the assessed physiological indexes were leaf area, leaf blade and total dry matter, and essential oil yield and chemical composition. To analyze gas exchange variables, an open portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400, Li-Cor Inc., NE, USA) was used to determine, at 65, 85 and 105 DAT, CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency. For the assessments related to essential oil, extraction by hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type device was carried out to determine its yield and chemical composition through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The obtained results indicated that the physiological indexes were influenced... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The study seeks to analyse challenges facing Basic Education in South Africa. There is a major emphasis on the education of the South African people to become responsible, participatory and reflective citizens that contribute to an emerging democracy. However, the government of SA is faced with many challenges that hinder the South African people from becoming an educated nation. This is based on the assumption that education plays a major role in improving the economic status of the nation. The education in South Africa is categorized into sectors, primary, secondary and tertiary which are interlinked through a fine thread that determines the success of individuals. It has been established that a number of factors or problems hinder learners from receiving a good standard of education. These include: parents’ lack of participation in their children’s education and the weak functioning of School Governing Bodies (SGBs) especially in the area of finance and general administration of the school, poor infrastructure and shortage or non-delivery of textbooks. Good leadership in schools is also needed to make sure that teachers attend to their classes diligently and learners take the importance of education seriously. Government needs to ensure that teachers are trained accordingly and schools have adequate basic resources. The qualitative research method was used and no interviews and survey were made during this study. This research will discuss these factors that have been identified as causing the drop in the standard of education in South Africa. The research concludes with an attempt to make some recommendations to improve this situation.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Technology: Human Resources Management, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / To face the challenges of the 21st century, institutions need to address problems experienced by the modern world. The nature of modern work is changing and continually increasing, with knowledge, information and education. As we move further into the information and knowledge age, the workforce will require sophisticated education and training to sustain competitiveness and responsible development. In response to this challenge the DOE restructured Higher Education to make it relevant to the needs of society and industry. In terms of the National Plan Higher Education (2001) many Technikons were either converted to Universities of Technology (UOT) or merged into universities and became Comprehensive Universities. The Traditional University made up the third type of university. As a result three distinct types of institutions emerged, namely UOTs, Comprehensive Universities and Traditional Universities. In this configuration previous Technikons were reclassified as a UOTs and were able to offer degrees also. This research studied the development of UoTs and its evolution to “University” status. After being classified as Universities of Technology, it soon became clear that these universities lacked a philosophy. Its attributes were not clearly formulated by the DOE. It was left largely to the UoTs in South Africa to develop a set of attributes. This study developed an underlying philosophy, attributes, and performance indicators to guide the strategic direction and development of UoTs in creating a unique personality for itself. Five universities were studied in UK, Germany and Switzerland to develop a set of characteristics/attributes and performance indicators that can be adopted in South Africa. Five local UoTs were also studied, together with the South African Technological Network in building a set of common attributes. A Balanced Score Card was designed as a management model. Each attribute was linked to drivers and each driver was linked to performance indicators. The model included the various perspectives and components, which illustrated the interaction and cause and effect relationships. The philosophy of a Learning Organisation was adopted and its principals underpinned the interaction and relationships. This model will ensure that South African UoTs are able to comply with both national and international benchmarks. UoTs pride themselves by ensuring that they produce and apply knowledge to solve real world problems. These universities see themselves as part of the greater society and therefore partnerships are critical to its functioning. Technology transfer and leadership in technology is a key strategic goal in determining its unique position in the Higher Education landscape. The Balanced Score Card was used to develop a management model which is a tool in establishing a UoT with benchmarks, performance indicators and drivers.

Thesis (Master of Education), University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Education, 2016 / Skills in South Africa are seen as essential for building the economy. This is why the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) sees developing a skills planning mechanism as important in the current context. The 2013 White Paper on the Post-School Education and Training System says that the function of skills planning should be centralized in DHET, with support from universities and/or other national research institutes. More specifically, DHET (2013) suggests that skills planning is required in the short, medium, and long term in order to shape the education system accordingly to meet the demand for skills. The literature on skills planning is full of debates on the kinds of skills planning that are possible in different contexts of economic and education systems. There are different notions of what skills planning is, how possible it is to predict skills demand, and how this should be done. There are also differences in ways in which economies are managed which have direct implications for skills planning. However imperfect, skills planning is needed as it provides an indication of what skills are needed to enable development in the country and provide guidance for the state to support initiatives. This study investigates the emerging skills planning mechanism in South Africa, the views of different stakeholders in this process and the projects that form part of skills planning. It argues that in the South African environment, skills planning has focused on the elements potentially needed to plan skills, however it is unclear how these elements will work together in a skills planning mechanism

Labor market intermediaries (LMIs) have taken on a greater role in regional labor markets as flexibility of work has increased over the past thirty years. These shifting roles necessitate a greater look at institutions that act as LMIs and the services they perform for workers and employers. Community colleges have recently been highlighted as one of the institutions serving workers that offer market molding activities, going beyond more traditional LMI market matching activities. This study compared four LMI placement and career activities - project based learning, internships and cooperative education, specialized accreditation, and industry advisement through councils - for five similar programs of study at community colleges in the City University of New York (CUNY) system to analyze the effects of these activities on employment placement. Greater utilization of these activities by community college departments was found in most cases to be beneficial for students as it regards employment placement in career fields related to the field of study. Activities that were successful in encouraging students to take part in forms of assessment of job-readiness, either through existing standardized testing of job skills or actual work experience, were found to be particularly valuable. These outcomes suggest that mature industries and occupations with established forms of assessment are more likely to provide a smooth transition from degree attainment to employment. Implications for community college administrators and funders are discussed.