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The acanthodians were a common and widespread group of fishes throughout the world during the mid-Palaeozoic. In this study, a full-scale systematic analysis of Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodian taxa of eastern Australia was undertaken, incorporating a review and updating of historical records and descriptions of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early gnathostomes are uncertain. The structure, function and modes of growth of acanthodian scales were described and investigated, and these features were used for comparisons between different taxa within the group, and between acanthodians and other early vertebrates. Histological and morphological characters of the scales were incorporated in a cladistic analysis of genera erected for articulated fish. This analysis did not support the traditional ordinal level groups, the Climatiida, Ischnacanthida and Acanthodida. Therefore, the highest taxonomic level used in the study was the family. Rarely were acanthodians preserved as articulated fossils. The only examples known from the Silurian-Middle Devonian of Australia are one specimen of the putative acanthodian Yealepis douglasi Burrow & Young 1999 from the Ludlow of Victoria, five specimens of an indeterminate ?ischnacanthidid from the late Givetian of New South Wales and a rich assemblage from the Givetian lacustrine shales of Mt Howitt, Victoria. The latter fauna (originally dated as Late Devonian) includes six incomplete specimens of the culmacanthidid Culmacanthus stewarti Long 1983 and about 60 specimens of acanthodidid Howittacanthus kentoni Long 1986. In contrast, disassociated remains of the group are ubiquitous in microvertebrate faunas from the mid-Palaeozoic of eastern Australia. Although scales of other fish groups are sometimes more common in particular facies, acanthodian elements are found in all depositional environments, from deep shelf marine to transitional to freshwater. Most of the taxa, particularly those only preserved as isolated scales, had not been systematically described by other workers. This thesis incorporates descriptions of new taxa, and revision and updating of other taxa. Several overseas studies have produced biostratigraphic charts based on acanthodian scales. A similar biostratigraphic overview was undertaken based on a systematic analysis of the Early Devonian acanthodians of eastern Australia, permitting comparisons with acanthodian faunas of other regions. Acanthodian scales and fin spines are the most common elements in the few vertebrate faunas that are known from the Silurian of Australia. Diversity and geographic distribution of the acanthodian faunas peaked during the Early Devonian. This study has been hampered by the low numbers of scales in many samples, and by uncertainty over their dating (particularly for the faunas from non-limestone deposits). Nevertheless, the work shows that changes in the marine assemblages are broadly correlated with the pattern of marine transgressions and regressions. Composition of the acanthodian faunas, and their abundance relative to other vertebrates in the assemblages, depend on the depositional environment. This correlation is best illustrated in Lower Devonian deposits, in which acanthodians are the most prolific and diverse. In transitional and marginal marine deposits, thelodonts are dominant, and acanthodians a minor element of the fauna. In off-shore assemblages, acanthodians and placoderms are dominant, and thelodonts are rare or absent. Vertebrate faunas are poor in the earliest Devonian deposits, but become more common by the late Lochkovian, with near-shore assemblages characterized by Trundlelepis cervicostulata and ANostolepis@ guangxiensis, and deeper shelf assemblages by a new genus, possibly assignable to the Ischnacanthidae. The vertebrate record is sparse through the middle Pragian, though AN.@ guangxiensis is present low in the Coopers Creek Limestone (upper sulcatus-pireneae zones), being replaced by Nostolepoides platymarginata, Gomphonchus? bogongensis, and Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. (Gomphonchus) liujingensis by the kindlei Zone. Microvertebrate assemblages are more common by the late Pragian (pireneae Zone), with Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. liujingensis in deeper shelf deposits, and N. platymarginata and G.? bogongensis dominating near-shore assemblages. The earliest Emsian (dehiscens Zone) is marked by the incoming Cheiracanthoides wangi. Middle Emsian (perbonus-serotinus zones) assemblages are characterized by two new species, possibly assignable to Gomphonchus.The Middle Devonian cosmopolitan association of Cheiracanthoides comptus and AAcanthoides@ dublinensis, which characterizes early Middle Devonian faunas from North America, Europe and China, appears first in the latest Emsian at the serotinus-patulus zone boundary. As well as showing the value of acanthodians in biostratigraphy and as indicators of environmental settings, their use in biogeography was demonstrated. Although many of the acanthodian taxa are endemic, several are also found in other regions. The Silurian to earliest Devonian faunas of eastern Australia are most closely related to coeval Chinese assemblages. Several latest Silurian-earliest Devonian taxa are also recorded from the circum-Arctic region. The late Lochkovian to early Emsian assemblages, particularly from south-eastern Australia, have many taxa in common with Chinese faunas. The mid-Emsian taxa show highest endemicity; and the latest Emsian-Eifelian assemblages have the most cosmopolitan aspect. Acanthodian faunas become rarer and depauperate in the Middle Devonian, particularly in the south-eastern corner, and are mostly in poorly dated, ?fluviatile/marginal marine deposits. This study of acanthodian faunas has encompassed a full scale systematic review of the group in this region, an appraisal of phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early vertebrates, their palaeoecology, and their use in biostratigraphy and biogeography.

The acanthodians were a common and widespread group of fishes throughout the world during the mid-Palaeozoic. In this study, a full-scale systematic analysis of Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodian taxa of eastern Australia was undertaken, incorporating a review and updating of historical records and descriptions of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early gnathostomes are uncertain. The structure, function and modes of growth of acanthodian scales were described and investigated, and these features were used for comparisons between different taxa within the group, and between acanthodians and other early vertebrates. Histological and morphological characters of the scales were incorporated in a cladistic analysis of genera erected for articulated fish. This analysis did not support the traditional ordinal level groups, the Climatiida, Ischnacanthida and Acanthodida. Therefore, the highest taxonomic level used in the study was the family. Rarely were acanthodians preserved as articulated fossils. The only examples known from the Silurian-Middle Devonian of Australia are one specimen of the putative acanthodian Yealepis douglasi Burrow & Young 1999 from the Ludlow of Victoria, five specimens of an indeterminate ?ischnacanthidid from the late Givetian of New South Wales and a rich assemblage from the Givetian lacustrine shales of Mt Howitt, Victoria. The latter fauna (originally dated as Late Devonian) includes six incomplete specimens of the culmacanthidid Culmacanthus stewarti Long 1983 and about 60 specimens of acanthodidid Howittacanthus kentoni Long 1986. In contrast, disassociated remains of the group are ubiquitous in microvertebrate faunas from the mid-Palaeozoic of eastern Australia. Although scales of other fish groups are sometimes more common in particular facies, acanthodian elements are found in all depositional environments, from deep shelf marine to transitional to freshwater. Most of the taxa, particularly those only preserved as isolated scales, had not been systematically described by other workers. This thesis incorporates descriptions of new taxa, and revision and updating of other taxa. Several overseas studies have produced biostratigraphic charts based on acanthodian scales. A similar biostratigraphic overview was undertaken based on a systematic analysis of the Early Devonian acanthodians of eastern Australia, permitting comparisons with acanthodian faunas of other regions. Acanthodian scales and fin spines are the most common elements in the few vertebrate faunas that are known from the Silurian of Australia. Diversity and geographic distribution of the acanthodian faunas peaked during the Early Devonian. This study has been hampered by the low numbers of scales in many samples, and by uncertainty over their dating (particularly for the faunas from non-limestone deposits). Nevertheless, the work shows that changes in the marine assemblages are broadly correlated with the pattern of marine transgressions and regressions. Composition of the acanthodian faunas, and their abundance relative to other vertebrates in the assemblages, depend on the depositional environment. This correlation is best illustrated in Lower Devonian deposits, in which acanthodians are the most prolific and diverse. In transitional and marginal marine deposits, thelodonts are dominant, and acanthodians a minor element of the fauna. In off-shore assemblages, acanthodians and placoderms are dominant, and thelodonts are rare or absent. Vertebrate faunas are poor in the earliest Devonian deposits, but become more common by the late Lochkovian, with near-shore assemblages characterized by Trundlelepis cervicostulata and ANostolepis@ guangxiensis, and deeper shelf assemblages by a new genus, possibly assignable to the Ischnacanthidae. The vertebrate record is sparse through the middle Pragian, though AN.@ guangxiensis is present low in the Coopers Creek Limestone (upper sulcatus-pireneae zones), being replaced by Nostolepoides platymarginata, Gomphonchus? bogongensis, and Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. (Gomphonchus) liujingensis by the kindlei Zone. Microvertebrate assemblages are more common by the late Pragian (pireneae Zone), with Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. liujingensis in deeper shelf deposits, and N. platymarginata and G.? bogongensis dominating near-shore assemblages. The earliest Emsian (dehiscens Zone) is marked by the incoming Cheiracanthoides wangi. Middle Emsian (perbonus-serotinus zones) assemblages are characterized by two new species, possibly assignable to Gomphonchus.The Middle Devonian cosmopolitan association of Cheiracanthoides comptus and AAcanthoides@ dublinensis, which characterizes early Middle Devonian faunas from North America, Europe and China, appears first in the latest Emsian at the serotinus-patulus zone boundary. As well as showing the value of acanthodians in biostratigraphy and as indicators of environmental settings, their use in biogeography was demonstrated. Although many of the acanthodian taxa are endemic, several are also found in other regions. The Silurian to earliest Devonian faunas of eastern Australia are most closely related to coeval Chinese assemblages. Several latest Silurian-earliest Devonian taxa are also recorded from the circum-Arctic region. The late Lochkovian to early Emsian assemblages, particularly from south-eastern Australia, have many taxa in common with Chinese faunas. The mid-Emsian taxa show highest endemicity; and the latest Emsian-Eifelian assemblages have the most cosmopolitan aspect. Acanthodian faunas become rarer and depauperate in the Middle Devonian, particularly in the south-eastern corner, and are mostly in poorly dated, ?fluviatile/marginal marine deposits. This study of acanthodian faunas has encompassed a full scale systematic review of the group in this region, an appraisal of phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early vertebrates, their palaeoecology, and their use in biostratigraphy and biogeography.

The acanthodians were a common and widespread group of fishes throughout the world during the mid-Palaeozoic. In this study, a full-scale systematic analysis of Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodian taxa of eastern Australia was undertaken, incorporating a review and updating of historical records and descriptions of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early gnathostomes are uncertain. The structure, function and modes of growth of acanthodian scales were described and investigated, and these features were used for comparisons between different taxa within the group, and between acanthodians and other early vertebrates. Histological and morphological characters of the scales were incorporated in a cladistic analysis of genera erected for articulated fish. This analysis did not support the traditional ordinal level groups, the Climatiida, Ischnacanthida and Acanthodida. Therefore, the highest taxonomic level used in the study was the family. Rarely were acanthodians preserved as articulated fossils. The only examples known from the Silurian-Middle Devonian of Australia are one specimen of the putative acanthodian Yealepis douglasi Burrow & Young 1999 from the Ludlow of Victoria, five specimens of an indeterminate ?ischnacanthidid from the late Givetian of New South Wales and a rich assemblage from the Givetian lacustrine shales of Mt Howitt, Victoria. The latter fauna (originally dated as Late Devonian) includes six incomplete specimens of the culmacanthidid Culmacanthus stewarti Long 1983 and about 60 specimens of acanthodidid Howittacanthus kentoni Long 1986. In contrast, disassociated remains of the group are ubiquitous in microvertebrate faunas from the mid-Palaeozoic of eastern Australia. Although scales of other fish groups are sometimes more common in particular facies, acanthodian elements are found in all depositional environments, from deep shelf marine to transitional to freshwater. Most of the taxa, particularly those only preserved as isolated scales, had not been systematically described by other workers. This thesis incorporates descriptions of new taxa, and revision and updating of other taxa. Several overseas studies have produced biostratigraphic charts based on acanthodian scales. A similar biostratigraphic overview was undertaken based on a systematic analysis of the Early Devonian acanthodians of eastern Australia, permitting comparisons with acanthodian faunas of other regions. Acanthodian scales and fin spines are the most common elements in the few vertebrate faunas that are known from the Silurian of Australia. Diversity and geographic distribution of the acanthodian faunas peaked during the Early Devonian. This study has been hampered by the low numbers of scales in many samples, and by uncertainty over their dating (particularly for the faunas from non-limestone deposits). Nevertheless, the work shows that changes in the marine assemblages are broadly correlated with the pattern of marine transgressions and regressions. Composition of the acanthodian faunas, and their abundance relative to other vertebrates in the assemblages, depend on the depositional environment. This correlation is best illustrated in Lower Devonian deposits, in which acanthodians are the most prolific and diverse. In transitional and marginal marine deposits, thelodonts are dominant, and acanthodians a minor element of the fauna. In off-shore assemblages, acanthodians and placoderms are dominant, and thelodonts are rare or absent. Vertebrate faunas are poor in the earliest Devonian deposits, but become more common by the late Lochkovian, with near-shore assemblages characterized by Trundlelepis cervicostulata and ANostolepis@ guangxiensis, and deeper shelf assemblages by a new genus, possibly assignable to the Ischnacanthidae. The vertebrate record is sparse through the middle Pragian, though AN.@ guangxiensis is present low in the Coopers Creek Limestone (upper sulcatus-pireneae zones), being replaced by Nostolepoides platymarginata, Gomphonchus? bogongensis, and Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. (Gomphonchus) liujingensis by the kindlei Zone. Microvertebrate assemblages are more common by the late Pragian (pireneae Zone), with Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. liujingensis in deeper shelf deposits, and N. platymarginata and G.? bogongensis dominating near-shore assemblages. The earliest Emsian (dehiscens Zone) is marked by the incoming Cheiracanthoides wangi. Middle Emsian (perbonus-serotinus zones) assemblages are characterized by two new species, possibly assignable to Gomphonchus.The Middle Devonian cosmopolitan association of Cheiracanthoides comptus and AAcanthoides@ dublinensis, which characterizes early Middle Devonian faunas from North America, Europe and China, appears first in the latest Emsian at the serotinus-patulus zone boundary. As well as showing the value of acanthodians in biostratigraphy and as indicators of environmental settings, their use in biogeography was demonstrated. Although many of the acanthodian taxa are endemic, several are also found in other regions. The Silurian to earliest Devonian faunas of eastern Australia are most closely related to coeval Chinese assemblages. Several latest Silurian-earliest Devonian taxa are also recorded from the circum-Arctic region. The late Lochkovian to early Emsian assemblages, particularly from south-eastern Australia, have many taxa in common with Chinese faunas. The mid-Emsian taxa show highest endemicity; and the latest Emsian-Eifelian assemblages have the most cosmopolitan aspect. Acanthodian faunas become rarer and depauperate in the Middle Devonian, particularly in the south-eastern corner, and are mostly in poorly dated, ?fluviatile/marginal marine deposits. This study of acanthodian faunas has encompassed a full scale systematic review of the group in this region, an appraisal of phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early vertebrates, their palaeoecology, and their use in biostratigraphy and biogeography.

The acanthodians were a common and widespread group of fishes throughout the world during the mid-Palaeozoic. In this study, a full-scale systematic analysis of Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodian taxa of eastern Australia was undertaken, incorporating a review and updating of historical records and descriptions of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early gnathostomes are uncertain. The structure, function and modes of growth of acanthodian scales were described and investigated, and these features were used for comparisons between different taxa within the group, and between acanthodians and other early vertebrates. Histological and morphological characters of the scales were incorporated in a cladistic analysis of genera erected for articulated fish. This analysis did not support the traditional ordinal level groups, the Climatiida, Ischnacanthida and Acanthodida. Therefore, the highest taxonomic level used in the study was the family. Rarely were acanthodians preserved as articulated fossils. The only examples known from the Silurian-Middle Devonian of Australia are one specimen of the putative acanthodian Yealepis douglasi Burrow & Young 1999 from the Ludlow of Victoria, five specimens of an indeterminate ?ischnacanthidid from the late Givetian of New South Wales and a rich assemblage from the Givetian lacustrine shales of Mt Howitt, Victoria. The latter fauna (originally dated as Late Devonian) includes six incomplete specimens of the culmacanthidid Culmacanthus stewarti Long 1983 and about 60 specimens of acanthodidid Howittacanthus kentoni Long 1986. In contrast, disassociated remains of the group are ubiquitous in microvertebrate faunas from the mid-Palaeozoic of eastern Australia. Although scales of other fish groups are sometimes more common in particular facies, acanthodian elements are found in all depositional environments, from deep shelf marine to transitional to freshwater. Most of the taxa, particularly those only preserved as isolated scales, had not been systematically described by other workers. This thesis incorporates descriptions of new taxa, and revision and updating of other taxa. Several overseas studies have produced biostratigraphic charts based on acanthodian scales. A similar biostratigraphic overview was undertaken based on a systematic analysis of the Early Devonian acanthodians of eastern Australia, permitting comparisons with acanthodian faunas of other regions. Acanthodian scales and fin spines are the most common elements in the few vertebrate faunas that are known from the Silurian of Australia. Diversity and geographic distribution of the acanthodian faunas peaked during the Early Devonian. This study has been hampered by the low numbers of scales in many samples, and by uncertainty over their dating (particularly for the faunas from non-limestone deposits). Nevertheless, the work shows that changes in the marine assemblages are broadly correlated with the pattern of marine transgressions and regressions. Composition of the acanthodian faunas, and their abundance relative to other vertebrates in the assemblages, depend on the depositional environment. This correlation is best illustrated in Lower Devonian deposits, in which acanthodians are the most prolific and diverse. In transitional and marginal marine deposits, thelodonts are dominant, and acanthodians a minor element of the fauna. In off-shore assemblages, acanthodians and placoderms are dominant, and thelodonts are rare or absent. Vertebrate faunas are poor in the earliest Devonian deposits, but become more common by the late Lochkovian, with near-shore assemblages characterized by Trundlelepis cervicostulata and ANostolepis@ guangxiensis, and deeper shelf assemblages by a new genus, possibly assignable to the Ischnacanthidae. The vertebrate record is sparse through the middle Pragian, though AN.@ guangxiensis is present low in the Coopers Creek Limestone (upper sulcatus-pireneae zones), being replaced by Nostolepoides platymarginata, Gomphonchus? bogongensis, and Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. (Gomphonchus) liujingensis by the kindlei Zone. Microvertebrate assemblages are more common by the late Pragian (pireneae Zone), with Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. liujingensis in deeper shelf deposits, and N. platymarginata and G.? bogongensis dominating near-shore assemblages. The earliest Emsian (dehiscens Zone) is marked by the incoming Cheiracanthoides wangi. Middle Emsian (perbonus-serotinus zones) assemblages are characterized by two new species, possibly assignable to Gomphonchus.The Middle Devonian cosmopolitan association of Cheiracanthoides comptus and AAcanthoides@ dublinensis, which characterizes early Middle Devonian faunas from North America, Europe and China, appears first in the latest Emsian at the serotinus-patulus zone boundary. As well as showing the value of acanthodians in biostratigraphy and as indicators of environmental settings, their use in biogeography was demonstrated. Although many of the acanthodian taxa are endemic, several are also found in other regions. The Silurian to earliest Devonian faunas of eastern Australia are most closely related to coeval Chinese assemblages. Several latest Silurian-earliest Devonian taxa are also recorded from the circum-Arctic region. The late Lochkovian to early Emsian assemblages, particularly from south-eastern Australia, have many taxa in common with Chinese faunas. The mid-Emsian taxa show highest endemicity; and the latest Emsian-Eifelian assemblages have the most cosmopolitan aspect. Acanthodian faunas become rarer and depauperate in the Middle Devonian, particularly in the south-eastern corner, and are mostly in poorly dated, ?fluviatile/marginal marine deposits. This study of acanthodian faunas has encompassed a full scale systematic review of the group in this region, an appraisal of phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early vertebrates, their palaeoecology, and their use in biostratigraphy and biogeography.

The acanthodians were a common and widespread group of fishes throughout the world during the mid-Palaeozoic. In this study, a full-scale systematic analysis of Silurian to Middle Devonian acanthodian taxa of eastern Australia was undertaken, incorporating a review and updating of historical records and descriptions of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early gnathostomes are uncertain. The structure, function and modes of growth of acanthodian scales were described and investigated, and these features were used for comparisons between different taxa within the group, and between acanthodians and other early vertebrates. Histological and morphological characters of the scales were incorporated in a cladistic analysis of genera erected for articulated fish. This analysis did not support the traditional ordinal level groups, the Climatiida, Ischnacanthida and Acanthodida. Therefore, the highest taxonomic level used in the study was the family. Rarely were acanthodians preserved as articulated fossils. The only examples known from the Silurian-Middle Devonian of Australia are one specimen of the putative acanthodian Yealepis douglasi Burrow & Young 1999 from the Ludlow of Victoria, five specimens of an indeterminate ?ischnacanthidid from the late Givetian of New South Wales and a rich assemblage from the Givetian lacustrine shales of Mt Howitt, Victoria. The latter fauna (originally dated as Late Devonian) includes six incomplete specimens of the culmacanthidid Culmacanthus stewarti Long 1983 and about 60 specimens of acanthodidid Howittacanthus kentoni Long 1986. In contrast, disassociated remains of the group are ubiquitous in microvertebrate faunas from the mid-Palaeozoic of eastern Australia. Although scales of other fish groups are sometimes more common in particular facies, acanthodian elements are found in all depositional environments, from deep shelf marine to transitional to freshwater. Most of the taxa, particularly those only preserved as isolated scales, had not been systematically described by other workers. This thesis incorporates descriptions of new taxa, and revision and updating of other taxa. Several overseas studies have produced biostratigraphic charts based on acanthodian scales. A similar biostratigraphic overview was undertaken based on a systematic analysis of the Early Devonian acanthodians of eastern Australia, permitting comparisons with acanthodian faunas of other regions. Acanthodian scales and fin spines are the most common elements in the few vertebrate faunas that are known from the Silurian of Australia. Diversity and geographic distribution of the acanthodian faunas peaked during the Early Devonian. This study has been hampered by the low numbers of scales in many samples, and by uncertainty over their dating (particularly for the faunas from non-limestone deposits). Nevertheless, the work shows that changes in the marine assemblages are broadly correlated with the pattern of marine transgressions and regressions. Composition of the acanthodian faunas, and their abundance relative to other vertebrates in the assemblages, depend on the depositional environment. This correlation is best illustrated in Lower Devonian deposits, in which acanthodians are the most prolific and diverse. In transitional and marginal marine deposits, thelodonts are dominant, and acanthodians a minor element of the fauna. In off-shore assemblages, acanthodians and placoderms are dominant, and thelodonts are rare or absent. Vertebrate faunas are poor in the earliest Devonian deposits, but become more common by the late Lochkovian, with near-shore assemblages characterized by Trundlelepis cervicostulata and ANostolepis@ guangxiensis, and deeper shelf assemblages by a new genus, possibly assignable to the Ischnacanthidae. The vertebrate record is sparse through the middle Pragian, though AN.@ guangxiensis is present low in the Coopers Creek Limestone (upper sulcatus-pireneae zones), being replaced by Nostolepoides platymarginata, Gomphonchus? bogongensis, and Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. (Gomphonchus) liujingensis by the kindlei Zone. Microvertebrate assemblages are more common by the late Pragian (pireneae Zone), with Radioporacanthodes sp. aff. R. liujingensis in deeper shelf deposits, and N. platymarginata and G.? bogongensis dominating near-shore assemblages. The earliest Emsian (dehiscens Zone) is marked by the incoming Cheiracanthoides wangi. Middle Emsian (perbonus-serotinus zones) assemblages are characterized by two new species, possibly assignable to Gomphonchus.The Middle Devonian cosmopolitan association of Cheiracanthoides comptus and AAcanthoides@ dublinensis, which characterizes early Middle Devonian faunas from North America, Europe and China, appears first in the latest Emsian at the serotinus-patulus zone boundary. As well as showing the value of acanthodians in biostratigraphy and as indicators of environmental settings, their use in biogeography was demonstrated. Although many of the acanthodian taxa are endemic, several are also found in other regions. The Silurian to earliest Devonian faunas of eastern Australia are most closely related to coeval Chinese assemblages. Several latest Silurian-earliest Devonian taxa are also recorded from the circum-Arctic region. The late Lochkovian to early Emsian assemblages, particularly from south-eastern Australia, have many taxa in common with Chinese faunas. The mid-Emsian taxa show highest endemicity; and the latest Emsian-Eifelian assemblages have the most cosmopolitan aspect. Acanthodian faunas become rarer and depauperate in the Middle Devonian, particularly in the south-eastern corner, and are mostly in poorly dated, ?fluviatile/marginal marine deposits. This study of acanthodian faunas has encompassed a full scale systematic review of the group in this region, an appraisal of phylogenetic relationships within the group and with other early vertebrates, their palaeoecology, and their use in biostratigraphy and biogeography.

Fósseis devonianos de braquiópodes infaunais denominados informalmente de lingulídeos compõem o principal objeto de estudo da presente tese. Dados tafonômicos e estratigráficos associados ao registro desses fósseis foram coletados. A abundância dos lingulídeos, suas diferentes formas de ocorrência, sua ausência em determinados afloramentos, e o fato de possuírem pares recentes (i.e. animais semelhantes que vivem nos mares atuais e que podem vir a colaborar na compreensão da paleobiologia, paleoecologia e nos processos tafonômicos dos lingulídeos fósseis) foram os fatores que influenciaram na escolha do grupo como alvo de estudo. No total analisaram-se 32 afloramentos que tiveram descritas suas litologias e estruturas sedimentares, e quando possível, foram realizadas coletas tafonômicas de alta resolução e a inserção de tais afloramentos em arcabouço de estratigrafia de sequências. Nas coletas todos os táxons encontrados foram devidamente considerados. Os afloramentos investigados distribuem-se pela sucessão devoniana da bacia sedimentar do Paraná, e atualmente encontram-se na região fitogeográfica Campos Gerais, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para análise do material coletado foi construído um banco de dados tafonômicos. Também foram realizadas análises com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, para alguns lingulídeos extremamente bem preservados, durante o período de estágio sanduíche. Ainda neste intervalo, métodos estatísticos foram aplicados com material de lingulídeos fósseis devonianos e também com material Miocênico/Eocênico contendo lingulídeos. Visitas a coleções de museus no exterior foram realizadas com intuito comparativo, uma vez que a incerteza taxonômica dos fósseis devonianos já havia adentrado a tese como mais uma problemática. As principais questões abordadas na presente tese se referem à possibilidade (1) de utilização de dados de lingulídeos atuais na interpretação do registro devoniano destes animais; (2) das características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos (i.e. concha quitinofosfática, hábito de vida infaunal) atuarem como agentes de preservação diferencial em diferentes contextos deposicionais; e por último: (3) da análise tafonômica ser dependente da identificação taxonômica precisa dos lingulídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso de dados atualísticos pode ser efetuado, com algumas reservas; aparentemente as conchas dos lingulídeos devonianos eram mais biomineralizadas (não significa que eram mais espessas) que as conchas de lingulídeos atuais, o que aumentaria o potencial de fossilização dos lingulídeos devonianos, afetando sua tafonomia e explicando, por exemplo, a ocorrência de fragmentos de lingulídeos preservados no registro paleozóico; outro fator observado é de que há provavelmente um tendenciamento analítico negativo para a presença de fragmentos de organismos quitinofosfáticos no registro cenozóico. Além disso, as características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos podem sim ser a chave para o reconhecimento de situações deposicionais específicas, ao longo dos tratos de sistemas. Finalmente, a correta identificação taxonômica ajuda a prevenir erros tafonômicos interpretativos; no caso dos lingulídeos aqui estudados, o(s) tipo(s) de preservação dos bioclastos não auxiliou em sua classificação taxonômica específica, mas, com o uso de uma nomenclatura aberta e com o máximo de dados taxonômicos observados foi possível propor o fim do gênero Lingula, e a utilização de Lingularia cf. para se referir aos fósseis de lingulídeos do Devoniano da bacia do Paraná. / Devonian fossils of infaunal lingulid brachiopods (lingulids) are the main study object of the present dissertation. Taphonomic and stratigraphic data, associated with the record of the Devonian lingulids were collected. The main factors influencing the choice of this group as the subject of study were: abundance of specimens, their different occurrence forms, absence in some outcrops, and the presence of extant species (i.e.similar animals that live at present and that can cooperate with (paleo)biological, (paleo)ecological and taphonomical studies of the fossil forms). Thirty-two outcrops were analyzed in terms of their lithologies and sedimentary structures; when possible, high resolution taphonomic data was obtained and sequence stratigraphic analyses were preformed on the outcrops. Every fossil specimen found was properly considered, i.e. there was no tendency to collect only lingulids. The investigated outcrops pertain to the Devonian succession of the sedimentary Paraná Basin; presently they occupy the Campos Gerais phytogeographic region, Paraná State, Brazil. A taphonomic database was constructed to analyze the collected material. During the period at the Virginia Tech Institution, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray was used to analyze lingulids of exceptional preservation. During this same period, statistical analyses were applied to Devonian and Miocenic/Eocenic fossil material containing lingulids. Visits to some museum collections were done with comparative aims, once the taxonomic problematic of the Devonian lingulids had already entered the dissertation list of issues. The main hypothesis of the present dissertation are linked to the following possibilities: (1) the use of recent lingulids to interpret the Devonian lingulid record; (2) that lingulid intrinsic characteristics (i.e. chitinophosphatic shell, infaunal life habit) could act as agents of preferential preservation in different depositional contexts; and (3) the taphonomic analysis being dependent of a true lingulid taxonomy. The obtained results indicate that actualistic data can be used but within these careful paramaters: (1) Devonian lingulids were more biomineralized (though not implying that they were thicker) when compared to recent ones, which could enhance the preservation potential of the fossil lingulids and would affect their taphonomy (this could explain the presence of fragmented lingulids in the Paleozoic record); (2) there is a negative analytical bias accounting for the absence of fragmented lingulids in Cenozoic record; (3) the intrinsic lingulid characteristics can be used as a key to recognize specific depositional environments, over successive systems tracts; and (4) the correct taxonomic identification helps to avoid taphonomical interpretative errors. In the present case, the lingulid type(s) of preservation did not help to achieve an accurate diagnosis of the genus. It was possible, instead, to abolish Lingula and use Lingularia cf. to refer to the Devonian lingulids of the Paraná Basin.

The environment of deposition of the Ohio Shale of the Appalachian Basin has been studied extensively using various geochemical proxies for each of its members. The accumulation of organic matter (OM) and its preservation in the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian black shales of central Kentucky have been studied extensively, especially the possible correlations between trace metal contents and water-column oxygenation. Previous work has centered on geochemical, petrographic, and isotopic analysis of samples collected throughout the central Appalachian Basin. Mechanisms for OM preservation include high productivity, enhanced preservation due to dysoxic or anoxic bottom waters, and a feedback loop due to high productivity that creates enhanced preservation through the periodic cycling and scavenging of essential nutrients. Usually, a combination of these factors results in the accumulation of enough OM to produce these black shales. This research shows the relationships between trace metal data and the environment of deposition of several cores taken along the eastern side of the Cincinnati Arch in the central Appalachian Basin. Whereas the indices do not all agree in every instance across the breadth of the study area, analyzed together a predominant environment of deposition has been inferred for the shales. The Sunbury Shale and upper part of the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale were deposited under euxinic conditions, the lower part of the Cleveland Member was likely euxinic in the northern study region and anoxic throughout the central and southern study areas, whereas the Huron Member of the Ohio Shale was deposited under a range of conditions, from oxic, to dysoxic, to anoxic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho é o resultado da análise estratigráfica de detalhe sobre o registro sedimentar do intervalo Praguiano Emsiano Superior, realizada em amostras testemunhadas por quatro poços, na seção d e afloramentos paleozóicos da borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. A integração dos dados foi realizada a partir das informações obtidas através de sedimentologia, gamaespectrometria e geoquímica orgânica (carbono orgânico total e pirólise Rock-Eval). Desta forma, foram identificados eventos deposicionais de variadas freqüências, classificados como duas seqüências deposicionais de 3 ordem, denominadas B e C, e seis seqüências de 4 ordem, denominadas B1, B2, B3 , B4, C1 e C2. Estes eventos deposicionais representam as variações relativas do nível do mar, ocorridas durante o intervalo estudado, expressas nos tratos de sistemas e superfícies estratigráficas identificados. Em algun s casos, estas variações ocorreram com acentuada ciclicidade no tempo. A cor relação dos poços ao longo de uma seção NS possibilitou a discussão sobre a continuidade lateral dos máximos transgressivos nas seqüências de 3 e 4 ordens. Possibilitou, também, discorrer sobre possíveis fatores locais condicionantes da sedimentação, e sobre as dinâmicas ambiental e sedimentar, na área de estudo. A avaliação dos atributos faciológicos, integrados as ferramentas utilizadas, possibilitou indagar acerca dos principais controles sobre as condições de circulação de sedimentos, de oxigenação da coluna dágua e de preservação da matéria orgânica. Estes métodos em conjunto indicam condições ambientais consideradas marinhas normais, pontuadas por momentos de redução na oxigenação, sem, no entanto, registrar eventos de efetiva anoxia do ambiente de sedimentação. Estas informações sobre a estratigrafia de seqüências, sedimentologia e geoquímica são importantes no estudo da distribuição dos níveis com potencial de geração de hidrocarbonetos, a fim de prospectar áreas mais favoráveis, ao longo da Bacia do Paraná. / This work is the result of detailed stratigraphic analysis on the sedimentary record of Praguian?Emsian later interval, established on core samples of four wells in the Paleozoic outcrop section, eastern edge of Paran? Basin. Data set was obtained by means of sedimentology, gamma spectrometry and organic geochemistry (total organic carbon and pirolysis Rock-Eval), and lately integrated. Thus, depositional events with varied frequencies have been identified. These depositional events were classified as being two depositional sequences of 3rd order, termed as ?B? and ?C?, and six sequences of 4th order, termed as ?B1?, ?B2?, ?B3?, ?B4?, ?C1? and ?C2?. These depositional events typify the relative sea level variations occurred during the studied interval. They were characterized by the systems tracts and stratigraphic surfaces identified. Sometimes, these variations occurred with high cyclicity through the time. The correlation of the wells of a N-S section made possible the discussion about the cont inuity and lateral expression of the transgressive and regressive maximums in the depositional sequences of 3rd and 4th orders, besides the possible local factors which conditioned the sedimentation and the environmental and sedimentary dynamics. The evaluation of facies attributes, integrated with the utilized tools, helped on the inquiring of the main controls on the sediment circulation, water column oxygenation ratio, and organic matter preservation. These data in set indicated normal marine environmental conditions, with punctuated moments of reduction in oxygenation ration, without, however, show effective anoxic events in the sedimentation environment. These informations about the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology are important in the study of distribution of levels with hydrocarbons generation potential, throughout of Paran? Basin.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho é o resultado da análise estratigráfica de detalhe sobre o registro sedimentar do intervalo Praguiano Emsiano Superior, realizada em amostras testemunhadas por quatro poços, na seção d e afloramentos paleozóicos da borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. A integração dos dados foi realizada a partir das informações obtidas através de sedimentologia, gamaespectrometria e geoquímica orgânica (carbono orgânico total e pirólise Rock-Eval). Desta forma, foram identificados eventos deposicionais de variadas freqüências, classificados como duas seqüências deposicionais de 3 ordem, denominadas B e C, e seis seqüências de 4 ordem, denominadas B1, B2, B3 , B4, C1 e C2. Estes eventos deposicionais representam as variações relativas do nível do mar, ocorridas durante o intervalo estudado, expressas nos tratos de sistemas e superfícies estratigráficas identificados. Em algun s casos, estas variações ocorreram com acentuada ciclicidade no tempo. A cor relação dos poços ao longo de uma seção NS possibilitou a discussão sobre a continuidade lateral dos máximos transgressivos nas seqüências de 3 e 4 ordens. Possibilitou, também, discorrer sobre possíveis fatores locais condicionantes da sedimentação, e sobre as dinâmicas ambiental e sedimentar, na área de estudo. A avaliação dos atributos faciológicos, integrados as ferramentas utilizadas, possibilitou indagar acerca dos principais controles sobre as condições de circulação de sedimentos, de oxigenação da coluna dágua e de preservação da matéria orgânica. Estes métodos em conjunto indicam condições ambientais consideradas marinhas normais, pontuadas por momentos de redução na oxigenação, sem, no entanto, registrar eventos de efetiva anoxia do ambiente de sedimentação. Estas informações sobre a estratigrafia de seqüências, sedimentologia e geoquímica são importantes no estudo da distribuição dos níveis com potencial de geração de hidrocarbonetos, a fim de prospectar áreas mais favoráveis, ao longo da Bacia do Paraná. / This work is the result of detailed stratigraphic analysis on the sedimentary record of Praguian?Emsian later interval, established on core samples of four wells in the Paleozoic outcrop section, eastern edge of Paran? Basin. Data set was obtained by means of sedimentology, gamma spectrometry and organic geochemistry (total organic carbon and pirolysis Rock-Eval), and lately integrated. Thus, depositional events with varied frequencies have been identified. These depositional events were classified as being two depositional sequences of 3rd order, termed as ?B? and ?C?, and six sequences of 4th order, termed as ?B1?, ?B2?, ?B3?, ?B4?, ?C1? and ?C2?. These depositional events typify the relative sea level variations occurred during the studied interval. They were characterized by the systems tracts and stratigraphic surfaces identified. Sometimes, these variations occurred with high cyclicity through the time. The correlation of the wells of a N-S section made possible the discussion about the cont inuity and lateral expression of the transgressive and regressive maximums in the depositional sequences of 3rd and 4th orders, besides the possible local factors which conditioned the sedimentation and the environmental and sedimentary dynamics. The evaluation of facies attributes, integrated with the utilized tools, helped on the inquiring of the main controls on the sediment circulation, water column oxygenation ratio, and organic matter preservation. These data in set indicated normal marine environmental conditions, with punctuated moments of reduction in oxygenation ration, without, however, show effective anoxic events in the sedimentation environment. These informations about the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology are important in the study of distribution of levels with hydrocarbons generation potential, throughout of Paran? Basin.