Fósseis devonianos de braquiópodes infaunais denominados informalmente de lingulídeos compõem o principal objeto de estudo da presente tese. Dados tafonômicos e estratigráficos associados ao registro desses fósseis foram coletados. A abundância dos lingulídeos, suas diferentes formas de ocorrência, sua ausência em determinados afloramentos, e o fato de possuírem pares recentes (i.e. animais semelhantes que vivem nos mares atuais e que podem vir a colaborar na compreensão da paleobiologia, paleoecologia e nos processos tafonômicos dos lingulídeos fósseis) foram os fatores que influenciaram na escolha do grupo como alvo de estudo. No total analisaram-se 32 afloramentos que tiveram descritas suas litologias e estruturas sedimentares, e quando possível, foram realizadas coletas tafonômicas de alta resolução e a inserção de tais afloramentos em arcabouço de estratigrafia de sequências. Nas coletas todos os táxons encontrados foram devidamente considerados. Os afloramentos investigados distribuem-se pela sucessão devoniana da bacia sedimentar do Paraná, e atualmente encontram-se na região fitogeográfica Campos Gerais, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para análise do material coletado foi construído um banco de dados tafonômicos. Também foram realizadas análises com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, para alguns lingulídeos extremamente bem preservados, durante o período de estágio sanduíche. Ainda neste intervalo, métodos estatísticos foram aplicados com material de lingulídeos fósseis devonianos e também com material Miocênico/Eocênico contendo lingulídeos. Visitas a coleções de museus no exterior foram realizadas com intuito comparativo, uma vez que a incerteza taxonômica dos fósseis devonianos já havia adentrado a tese como mais uma problemática. As principais questões abordadas na presente tese se referem à possibilidade (1) de utilização de dados de lingulídeos atuais na interpretação do registro devoniano destes animais; (2) das características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos (i.e. concha quitinofosfática, hábito de vida infaunal) atuarem como agentes de preservação diferencial em diferentes contextos deposicionais; e por último: (3) da análise tafonômica ser dependente da identificação taxonômica precisa dos lingulídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso de dados atualísticos pode ser efetuado, com algumas reservas; aparentemente as conchas dos lingulídeos devonianos eram mais biomineralizadas (não significa que eram mais espessas) que as conchas de lingulídeos atuais, o que aumentaria o potencial de fossilização dos lingulídeos devonianos, afetando sua tafonomia e explicando, por exemplo, a ocorrência de fragmentos de lingulídeos preservados no registro paleozóico; outro fator observado é de que há provavelmente um tendenciamento analítico negativo para a presença de fragmentos de organismos quitinofosfáticos no registro cenozóico. Além disso, as características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos podem sim ser a chave para o reconhecimento de situações deposicionais específicas, ao longo dos tratos de sistemas. Finalmente, a correta identificação taxonômica ajuda a prevenir erros tafonômicos interpretativos; no caso dos lingulídeos aqui estudados, o(s) tipo(s) de preservação dos bioclastos não auxiliou em sua classificação taxonômica específica, mas, com o uso de uma nomenclatura aberta e com o máximo de dados taxonômicos observados foi possível propor o fim do gênero Lingula, e a utilização de Lingularia cf. para se referir aos fósseis de lingulídeos do Devoniano da bacia do Paraná. / Devonian fossils of infaunal lingulid brachiopods (lingulids) are the main study object of the present dissertation. Taphonomic and stratigraphic data, associated with the record of the Devonian lingulids were collected. The main factors influencing the choice of this group as the subject of study were: abundance of specimens, their different occurrence forms, absence in some outcrops, and the presence of extant species (i.e.similar animals that live at present and that can cooperate with (paleo)biological, (paleo)ecological and taphonomical studies of the fossil forms). Thirty-two outcrops were analyzed in terms of their lithologies and sedimentary structures; when possible, high resolution taphonomic data was obtained and sequence stratigraphic analyses were preformed on the outcrops. Every fossil specimen found was properly considered, i.e. there was no tendency to collect only lingulids. The investigated outcrops pertain to the Devonian succession of the sedimentary Paraná Basin; presently they occupy the Campos Gerais phytogeographic region, Paraná State, Brazil. A taphonomic database was constructed to analyze the collected material. During the period at the Virginia Tech Institution, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray was used to analyze lingulids of exceptional preservation. During this same period, statistical analyses were applied to Devonian and Miocenic/Eocenic fossil material containing lingulids. Visits to some museum collections were done with comparative aims, once the taxonomic problematic of the Devonian lingulids had already entered the dissertation list of issues. The main hypothesis of the present dissertation are linked to the following possibilities: (1) the use of recent lingulids to interpret the Devonian lingulid record; (2) that lingulid intrinsic characteristics (i.e. chitinophosphatic shell, infaunal life habit) could act as agents of preferential preservation in different depositional contexts; and (3) the taphonomic analysis being dependent of a true lingulid taxonomy. The obtained results indicate that actualistic data can be used but within these careful paramaters: (1) Devonian lingulids were more biomineralized (though not implying that they were thicker) when compared to recent ones, which could enhance the preservation potential of the fossil lingulids and would affect their taphonomy (this could explain the presence of fragmented lingulids in the Paleozoic record); (2) there is a negative analytical bias accounting for the absence of fragmented lingulids in Cenozoic record; (3) the intrinsic lingulid characteristics can be used as a key to recognize specific depositional environments, over successive systems tracts; and (4) the correct taxonomic identification helps to avoid taphonomical interpretative errors. In the present case, the lingulid type(s) of preservation did not help to achieve an accurate diagnosis of the genus. It was possible, instead, to abolish Lingula and use Lingularia cf. to refer to the Devonian lingulids of the Paraná Basin.

Fósseis devonianos de braquiópodes infaunais denominados informalmente de lingulídeos compõem o principal objeto de estudo da presente tese. Dados tafonômicos e estratigráficos associados ao registro desses fósseis foram coletados. A abundância dos lingulídeos, suas diferentes formas de ocorrência, sua ausência em determinados afloramentos, e o fato de possuírem pares recentes (i.e. animais semelhantes que vivem nos mares atuais e que podem vir a colaborar na compreensão da paleobiologia, paleoecologia e nos processos tafonômicos dos lingulídeos fósseis) foram os fatores que influenciaram na escolha do grupo como alvo de estudo. No total analisaram-se 32 afloramentos que tiveram descritas suas litologias e estruturas sedimentares, e quando possível, foram realizadas coletas tafonômicas de alta resolução e a inserção de tais afloramentos em arcabouço de estratigrafia de sequências. Nas coletas todos os táxons encontrados foram devidamente considerados. Os afloramentos investigados distribuem-se pela sucessão devoniana da bacia sedimentar do Paraná, e atualmente encontram-se na região fitogeográfica Campos Gerais, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para análise do material coletado foi construído um banco de dados tafonômicos. Também foram realizadas análises com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, para alguns lingulídeos extremamente bem preservados, durante o período de estágio sanduíche. Ainda neste intervalo, métodos estatísticos foram aplicados com material de lingulídeos fósseis devonianos e também com material Miocênico/Eocênico contendo lingulídeos. Visitas a coleções de museus no exterior foram realizadas com intuito comparativo, uma vez que a incerteza taxonômica dos fósseis devonianos já havia adentrado a tese como mais uma problemática. As principais questões abordadas na presente tese se referem à possibilidade (1) de utilização de dados de lingulídeos atuais na interpretação do registro devoniano destes animais; (2) das características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos (i.e. concha quitinofosfática, hábito de vida infaunal) atuarem como agentes de preservação diferencial em diferentes contextos deposicionais; e por último: (3) da análise tafonômica ser dependente da identificação taxonômica precisa dos lingulídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso de dados atualísticos pode ser efetuado, com algumas reservas; aparentemente as conchas dos lingulídeos devonianos eram mais biomineralizadas (não significa que eram mais espessas) que as conchas de lingulídeos atuais, o que aumentaria o potencial de fossilização dos lingulídeos devonianos, afetando sua tafonomia e explicando, por exemplo, a ocorrência de fragmentos de lingulídeos preservados no registro paleozóico; outro fator observado é de que há provavelmente um tendenciamento analítico negativo para a presença de fragmentos de organismos quitinofosfáticos no registro cenozóico. Além disso, as características intrínsecas dos lingulídeos podem sim ser a chave para o reconhecimento de situações deposicionais específicas, ao longo dos tratos de sistemas. Finalmente, a correta identificação taxonômica ajuda a prevenir erros tafonômicos interpretativos; no caso dos lingulídeos aqui estudados, o(s) tipo(s) de preservação dos bioclastos não auxiliou em sua classificação taxonômica específica, mas, com o uso de uma nomenclatura aberta e com o máximo de dados taxonômicos observados foi possível propor o fim do gênero Lingula, e a utilização de Lingularia cf. para se referir aos fósseis de lingulídeos do Devoniano da bacia do Paraná. / Devonian fossils of infaunal lingulid brachiopods (lingulids) are the main study object of the present dissertation. Taphonomic and stratigraphic data, associated with the record of the Devonian lingulids were collected. The main factors influencing the choice of this group as the subject of study were: abundance of specimens, their different occurrence forms, absence in some outcrops, and the presence of extant species (i.e.similar animals that live at present and that can cooperate with (paleo)biological, (paleo)ecological and taphonomical studies of the fossil forms). Thirty-two outcrops were analyzed in terms of their lithologies and sedimentary structures; when possible, high resolution taphonomic data was obtained and sequence stratigraphic analyses were preformed on the outcrops. Every fossil specimen found was properly considered, i.e. there was no tendency to collect only lingulids. The investigated outcrops pertain to the Devonian succession of the sedimentary Paraná Basin; presently they occupy the Campos Gerais phytogeographic region, Paraná State, Brazil. A taphonomic database was constructed to analyze the collected material. During the period at the Virginia Tech Institution, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray was used to analyze lingulids of exceptional preservation. During this same period, statistical analyses were applied to Devonian and Miocenic/Eocenic fossil material containing lingulids. Visits to some museum collections were done with comparative aims, once the taxonomic problematic of the Devonian lingulids had already entered the dissertation list of issues. The main hypothesis of the present dissertation are linked to the following possibilities: (1) the use of recent lingulids to interpret the Devonian lingulid record; (2) that lingulid intrinsic characteristics (i.e. chitinophosphatic shell, infaunal life habit) could act as agents of preferential preservation in different depositional contexts; and (3) the taphonomic analysis being dependent of a true lingulid taxonomy. The obtained results indicate that actualistic data can be used but within these careful paramaters: (1) Devonian lingulids were more biomineralized (though not implying that they were thicker) when compared to recent ones, which could enhance the preservation potential of the fossil lingulids and would affect their taphonomy (this could explain the presence of fragmented lingulids in the Paleozoic record); (2) there is a negative analytical bias accounting for the absence of fragmented lingulids in Cenozoic record; (3) the intrinsic lingulid characteristics can be used as a key to recognize specific depositional environments, over successive systems tracts; and (4) the correct taxonomic identification helps to avoid taphonomical interpretative errors. In the present case, the lingulid type(s) of preservation did not help to achieve an accurate diagnosis of the genus. It was possible, instead, to abolish Lingula and use Lingularia cf. to refer to the Devonian lingulids of the Paraná Basin.

This work is focused on conodont biostratigraphy of the Silurian/Devonian boundary interval in the Prague Synform. The Na Požárech and Praha-Radotín sections were selected in order to study conodont diversity and changes in conodont faunas in different carbonate facies - shallower and deeper-water limestones around the Silurian/Devonian boundary and also to test the assumption, whether differences in bathymetry affect the diversity of taxa of the family Spathognathodontidae. In total 22 samples were analysed, particularly 13 samples from the section Praha-Radotín and 9 samples from the section Na Požárech. All samples were processed in laboratory and the obtained conodont material was studied in detail. The conodont material is abundant in both sections (more than thousand elements) and shows a high diversity and disparity in the family Spathognathodontidae. In total 17 taxa were identified and a new species Zieglerodina petrea is described. This new taxon is easily recognizable because of a distinct morphology and could be usefull for the identification of the base of Devonian in the Prague Synform. Its potential use in global correlation will, however, need further and thorough studies. Also conodonts of the family Icriodontidae are surprisingly abundant in both sections. Thin sections (13 from...

1 Abstract In recent years, the term small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) has been established to accomodate fragile organic-walled fossils of micro- to mesoscopic size that are usually extracted by means of the 'low-manipulation HF extraction' method. This method has so far only been utilized by several authors and no reports have been published on the usage of the method on samples from the Barrandian area. To test the applicability of the method, samples from the Barrandian area were processed. The samples came from eleven localities representing six stratigraphic units (Paseky Shale, Jince Formation, Letná Formation, Kosov Formation, Daleje Shale and Roblín Member). All the units have been studied before by 'standard' methods of palynological processing. Various previously unreported fossils are described, including wiwaxiid sclerites, putative chaetognath remains and acritarch clusters. Furthermore, it is discovered, that the 'low-manipulation HF extraction' can also be used for extraction of originally calcareous fossils. The pilot study provides a further proof that the 'low-manipulation HF extraction' is a useful tool with the potential to significantly expand our knowledge of fossil assemblages. Key words: Small carbonaceous fossils, Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Barrandian area

It has been hypothesized that authigenic carbonate minerals, formed within the pore spaces of marine siliciclastic formations during early diagenesis, may have had a substantial influence on the global carbon cycle, particularly in times of low oxygen in Earth history. According to this idea, alkalinity is generated via anaerobic organic matter degradation, resulting in carbonate oversaturation and the precipitation of low δ13C carbonate cements. If a substantial amount of 13C-depleted carbonate was sequestered in this authigenic sink, the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the global ocean would be driven to more positive values without significant organic carbon burial - a signal which would be recorded in marine carbonates. Research presented herein tests this hypothesis from newly acquired lithostratigraphic and coupled stable carbon and oxygen isotope data of Upper Devonian limestone and black shale formations preserved within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. The Late Devonian includes a mass-extinction event, and is characterized by pervasive ocean anoxia and a dramatic reduction in platformal carbonate sediment deposition. As such, it has been hypothesized to represent an ideal time for the emergence of an active authigenic carbonate sink. Results show that both basinal shale (Besa River and Exshaw formations) and platform carbonates (Wabamun Group and its equivalents), record a δ13C signal that is within the expected range of Devonian seawater (3‰ to -2‰), signifying that precipitated authigenic carbonate had no influence on the isotopic composition of DIC. It was observed, however, that evaporitic depositional settings can accumulate carbonate sediment with low δ13C values (down to -8.4‰), potentially caused by local water column organic matter respiration during prolonged water-mass residence in a restricted marginal marine setting. If such depositional environments were globally pervasive, such as during during global sea-level lows, it is plausible that the carbon isotope mass balance would be affected. / Graduate / 2021-06-18

An Algerian Phacopid fauna, described by Lemaître in 1952, is reexamined here. Species arereevaluated in order to be in agreement with modern taxonomy. To characterize the size and shape of our specimens, as well as inter- and intraspecific variations, a morphometric analysis was performed. Only holaspids were analyzed. Results of our analysis show that genera can be be well differentiated thanks to quantitative methods. However, at a specific level, only Austerops lemaitrii nov. sp. is well- defined. Other species can be defined, however, thanks to quantitative methods. Shape variations during growth were also defined in order to understand the evolution of our specimens. Three species show a correlation between shape and size variations for cephala, and two species for the pygidia, which show an ontogenic control of the shape. A covariate analysis was made between the shape of the cephala and the shape of the pygidia, and all of the specimens analyzed show a covariance betweencephalic and pygidial shape. / Trilobiter utgjorde en viktig del av faunun under paleozoikum. I denna artikel studeras ochomprövas en trilobitpopulation från Algeriets devon. För att bättre förstå populationstillväxt och evolution görs analyser av storlek (biometrisk analys) och form (morfometrisk analys). Resultaten visar att de olika släktena är väldefinierade och att tillväxten av somliga arter påverkar formen.Analysen visar också på en samvariation mellan cephalons och pygidiums form.

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<p> Solitary rugose corals of the Middle Devonian Hungry Hollow Formation exhibit annual, synodic month and periodicities of their epithecal growth lines. Annual cyclicity is poorly developed due to the slight seasonal variation of the 33°S paleolatitude. Thirteen monthly bands each with a mean of 30.38 diurnal lines comprise a Middle Devonian year of approximately 395 days. Corallite measurements yielded a monthly vertical growth rate of .377 cm. A major correlative reduction in monthly growth is apparent at approximately seven monthly bands from the apex. Environmental deterioration probably accounts for this reduction and the randomly occurring disturbance lines visible on the epithecae. Random periods of rejuvenescence in which the corallite diameter is reduced may be linked to abnormal environmental conditions. Bryozoan larvae actively settled on corallite areas which provided shelter from abrasion, water currents and light. The growth of the corallites is anisometric and exhibits no apparent relationship between monthly growth rate and diameter increase.</p> <p> The frequent occurrences of geniculate corallites in the sample are indicative of occasionally turbulent water conditions that toppled the immature corallites. Storms probably created turbulence that toppled much of the coral population with heights of 2.0-4.0 cm and resulted in subsequent geniculation. An exceptionally violent storm probably destroyed the shallow epicontinental sea habitat of the rugosa by intense wave action. The skeletal debris was transported inland and deposited unconformably on the lime mud of the carbonate platform. When conditions normalized, lime mud was deposited onto the fossiliferous shale unit.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)