Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 2004. / Title from title page screen, viewed November 17, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Dent Rhodes (chair), Kenneth Jerich, Cheri Toledo, Denise Charron-Prochownik. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-105) and abstract. Also available in print.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy that affects 1-14% of all pregnancies. If not properly managed, GDM can be a devastating disease, leading to birth complications such as shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia. GDM has many long-term implications as well, such as increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in both the mother and the offspring. Additionally, women with a history of GDM are at increased risk of recurrent GDM in a subsequent pregnancy and multiple episodes of GDM further increases a woman’s risk for these short and long-term consequences. For this reason, a diagnosis of GDM provides an opportunity to target GDM and T2DM risk factors to prevent recurrence of GDM and halt the diabetes disease course. Research has shown that diet and physical activity interventions provided after a pregnancy complicated by GDM can delay or prevent the onset of T2DM yet literature on prevention of recurrent GDM is lacking. This thesis will propose a new intervention applied to the inter-pregnancy interval (IPI), designed to reduce incidence of recurrent GDM. The study will examine the effect of a diet and physical activity intervention for women with a recent pregnancy complicated by GDM on recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy and weight gain in the IPI. We hypothesize that our intervention will reduce incidence of GDM recurrence compared to the control group and that women in the intervention group will lose more weight compared to women in the control group. The results of this study will provide a background for further study on the prevention of GDM recurrence with the hope that prevention of recurrent GDM will prevent the short and long-term sequela of GDM.

Orientador: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon / Coorientador: Carlos Frederico Martins Merick / Banca: Estela Maris Andrade Foreli Bevilacqua / Banca: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Banca: Mara Sandra Hoshida / Banca: Silvia Regina Rogatto / Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

nÃo hà / Diabetes mellitus (DM) à uma sÃndrome associada a secreÃÃo de insulina deficiente, resistÃncia à aÃÃo da insulina ou uma associaÃÃo de ambas. Caracteriza-se por hiperglicemia crÃnica que a longo prazo poderà causar retinopatia, nefropatia, neuropatia perifÃrica e autonÃmica. Este estudo do tipo intervencionista, prospectivo e aberto teve como objetivo avaliar a eficÃcia terapÃutica da sitagliptina no controle metabÃlico do diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 recentemente diagnosticado (menos de seis meses) e nas vias de conduÃÃo nervosa somato-sensitiva e visual. Antes de iniciar o tratamento, foram avaliados os Ãndices antropomÃtricos e a pressÃo arterial. TambÃm foram realizadas as dosagens em jejum de triglicerÃdeos, colesterol total, colesterol de alta densidade (HDL), gama glutamil transferase, aspartato amino transferase, alanina amino transferase, proteÃna C reativa, microalbuminÃria, Ãxido nÃtrico, glicose, hemoglobina glicada (A1C), peptÃdeo C, insulina e glucagon. ApÃs um estÃmulo alimentar de 566 Kcal foram feitas coletas de sangue seriadas durante 3 horas nos tempos de 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 minutos para a dosagem de glicose, insulina e glucagon com a construÃÃo da Ãrea sob a curva (AUC) destes analitos. Um subgrupo de 20 pacientes realizou ainda, anÃlises seriadas das incretinas (GLP-1 ativo e GIP total) apÃs estÃmulo alimentar e, tambÃm, exames eletroneurofisiolÃgicos (potenciais evocados somato-sensitivos â PESS, e visuais - PEV). ApÃs estas avaliaÃÃes, os pacientes receberam sitagliptina 100 mg (1 comprimido/dia) por um perÃodo de 3 meses, apÃs o qual, eles retornaram para avaliaÃÃo clÃnica e para realizar todas as dosagens bioquÃmicas e os exames de PESS e PEV que haviam realizado no inÃcio do estudo. Dos 41 pacientes avaliados, 28 eram do sexo feminino e 13 do sexo masculino, idade mÃdia de 53,2  9,43 anos, em mÃdia obesos e 50% deles eram hipertensos. ApÃs o tratamento, observou-se a melhora dos Ãndices antropomÃtricos, de todos os parÃmetros laboratoriais com Ãnfase na glicose em jejum (prÃ: 174,43  67,18 e pÃs: 129,07  29,19 mg/dL), A1C (prÃ: 8,76  2,68 e pÃs: 6,64  1,11%) e Ãxido nÃtrico (prÃ: 85,21  44,02 e pÃs: 39,91  20,99 ÂM), todos com P<0,0001 e ainda, aumento da concentraÃÃo da AUC de GLP-1 ativo (P=0,003) e diminuiÃÃo da AUC de GIP total (P=0,001), bem como diminuiÃÃo das latÃncias N9D (P<0,0001), N13E (P=0,036), N20D (P=0,028) e dos tempos de conduÃÃo central N13-N9E (P=0,045), N20-N13D (P=0,044), alÃm de correlaÃÃes com significÃncia estatÃstica entre parÃmetros bioquÃmicos e eletroneurofisiolÃgicos. Este estudo concluiu que houve melhora clÃnica, metabÃlica e nas vias de conduÃÃo do impulso nervoso somato-sensitivo e visual dos pacientes tratados com sitagliptina. / Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome associated with deficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action or the combination of both. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that in a long term can cause retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. The present interventional, prospective and open study was designed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of sitagliptin in metabolic control of diabetes mellitus type 2 recently diagnosed (less than 6 months) and in pathways of visual and somatosensory nerve conduction. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were colected before treatment. Measures of fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, microalbumin, nitric oxide, glucose, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), C-peptide, insulin and glucagon were also collected. Also during the pre-study, after a feeding stimulus of 566 Kcal, biochemical evaluations were conducted of the metabolism in fasting and during 3 hours, in standard intervals of 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes for glucose, insulin and glucagon for design of the area under curve (AUC) of these analytes. In a subgroup of 20 patients were performed dosages in pre-fixed times of incretins (active Glucagon Like Peptide -1, GLP-1, and total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP) after feeding stimulus and electroneurophysiological tests (somatosensory evoked potentials - SEP, and visual - VEP). After these evaluations, the patients received sitagliptin 100 mg (1 tablet a day) for 3 months and then returned for clinical evaluation and to repeat all the biochemical dosages, SEP and VEP exams. From 41 patients evaluated, 28 were female and 13 male, the average age was 53.2  9.43 years, in average obese and 50% were hypertensive. After treatment, improvement was observed in all anthropometric and laboratory parameters, specially fasting glucose (pre: 174,43  67,18 mg/dL and post: 129,07  29,19 mg/dL), A1c (pre: 8,76  2,68 and post: 6,64  1,11%), and nitric oxide (pre: 85,21  44,02 and post: 39,91  20,99 ÂM), all with P<0.0001, and also increase in the concentration of the AUC of active GLP-1 (P=0.003), decrease of the AUC of total GIP (P=0.001), and decrease of the N9D (P<0.0001), N13E (P=0.036 ), N20D (P=0.028) latencies and of the central conduction time N13-N9E (P=0.045), N20-N13D (P=0.044). There were also statistically significant correlations between biochemical and electrophysiological parameters. This study concluded that there was clinical, metabolic and somatosensory and visual nerve impulse conduction pathways improvement in patients treated with sitagliptin.

ABSTRACT Patients with poorly controlled blood sugar levels and type 2 diabetes have been suggested to be at greater risk of tooth decay; however, the number of studies on this topic is scarce. This study aims to evaluate the association between self-reported diabetes, blood sugar levels, and dental caries in Swedish 40-year-old Swedes. Here we utilized the Gene Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Diseases (GLIDE) database, which provides access to self-reported diabetes, blood sugar levels, and the Decay, Missing, Filled Surfaces (DMFS) status in approximately 90,000 individuals. For this study, we identified 1,617 self-reported diabetes patients, and for each case, two sex- and age-matched controls were randomly selected (n = 3,234). Logistic and linear regression were employed, with appropriate adjustment for age, sex, and years between the dental caries examination and the reported diabetic diagnosis. Patients with self-reported type 2 diabetes displayed a 2.2 DMFS increase (p = 0.019). Additionally, increased blood sugar levels were associated with self-reported type (p &lt; 0.001) and an increased DMFS score (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, patients with self-reported type 2 diabetes and poorly controlled blood sugar are associated with an increased DMFS score in Sweden.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom som ökar världen över och livsstilsförändringar är ofta en del av behandlingen då hälsosamma levnadsvanor minskar risken för senkomplikationer. Att diagnostiseras med diabetes mellitus typ 2 och att förändra levnadsvanor kan innebära att personen genomgår olika former av transition. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig del i omvårdnaden genom att ge information om sjukdomen och risker för senkomplikationer samt att stödja personen till förändring av levnadsvanor. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vuxna personers erfarenheter av förändrade levnadsvanor vid diabetes mellitus typ 2. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design och induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i två teman: Att hantera livsstilsförändringar och Omgivningens betydelse för en lyckad livsstilsförändring. Personer med diabetes mellitus typ 2 har utmaningar att förändra levnadsvanor och att bevara förändringar över tid. I resultatet beskrivs hur omgivningen påverkar personens förmåga till förändring samt hur hälso- och sjukvården kan stödja och motivera till hälsosamma levnadsvanor. Slutsats: Samhället behöver erbjuda fler platser som är anpassade för fysisk aktivitet för att stödja personer med diabetes mellitus typ 2 till hälsosamma levnadsvanor. Informationen från hälso- och sjukvården var alltför omfattande när personer blivit nydiagnostiserad med diabetes mellitus typ 2 och informationen och sättet att ge information på behöver utvecklas och anpassas för den enskilda personens situation och behov. Även strategier för att skapa möjlighet för personer att få kompletterande informationen senare i sjukdomsförloppet behöver utvecklas.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of known risk factors associated with diabetes among James Moody Adams (JMA) clinic patients in order to develop and test educational material and clinical interventions to reduce the incidence of pre-diabetes and uncontrolled Type II Diabetes. The research objectives for this study focused on: 1. prevalence of Type II Diabetic patients at the Clinic; 2. pre- and post-test knowledge level of patients regarding their Type II Diabetes; 3. relationship between dependent variables (body mass index [BMI], blood glucose level, blood pressure, waist circumference, level of tobacco use, and level of depression) and the independent variables (age, gender, family history of diabetes, socio-demographical data [education level, level of income], literacy, and exercise regimen, medication, and diabetes knowledge); 4. effectiveness of a nutritional and lifestyle modification intervention program to control Type II Diabetes. Two hypotheses tests: 1. decrease blood glucose levels of Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients; 2. decrease weight by 5 percent among pre-diabetic and Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients. A follow-up survey determined participant's reflection on key dimensions of the study and impact of unforeseen political unrest that occurred during this study. The methodology was a case study with clinical and educational intervention across a 6 months. The population included patients presenting at the JMA clinic at onset of the study; an initial sample of 96 reduced to 48 due in part to political unrest was still within power test specification. Instrumentation include researcher developed, standard of care clinical practice and standardized forms. Analyses utilized descriptive statistics and t-test. Significant gain was determined for diabetic knowledge (p < 0.001); and significant decrease in Type II Diabetic blood glucose with p = 0.031. An important conclusion is that implementing a Type II Diabetic prevention program is feasible and effective in this study. Future recommendations include replication of the study and implementation of protocols and education that were successful in this study. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

No description available.

A obesidade tem aumentado dramaticamente nos últimos anos, tornando-se o maior fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, vários tipos de câncer, e também do Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2). A associação da obesidade com o desenvolvimento do DM 2 pode ser explicada, em parte, pela secreção alterada pelo tecido adiposo de adipocinas, como a adiponectina, um hormônio com propriedades antiinflamatórias e de sensibilização à insulina. O excesso do tecido adiposo regula negativamente a secreção de adiponectina, o que ocorre de 10 a 20 anos antes da hiperglicemia crônica, fazendo com que este hormônio seja um bom indicador para o diagnóstico preditivo de DM 2. A concentração de adiponectina em plasma é usualmente aferida por ELISA, método não amplamente utilizado devido ao seu alto preço, necessidade de pessoal qualificado e material e, dessa maneira, ainda praticamente inacessível à grande parcela da população. Sendo assim, o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias e de ferramentas de diagnóstico confiáveis e de baixo custo (que possam ser implementados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde SUS) é imprescindível. Aqui, desenvolvemos um biossensor simples e de baixo custo para detecção de adiponectina baseado na espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) ou voltametría cíclica (CV) usando plataformas nanoestruturadas contendo receptores transmembrana de adiponectina (AdipoR1 e AdipoR2) ou anticorpos anti-AdipoQ imobilizados em eletrodos de ouro. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos através do uso dos receptores AdipoR1/R2 em conjunto com CV. Neste caso, os biossensores foram capazes de detectar concentrações de adiponectina tão baixas quanto 7 nmol L-1 com uma faixa linear entre 0,01 a 0,75 mol L-1 de adiponectina, R²=0,992. O dispositivo apresentou ótima seletividade, estabilidade e reprodutibilidade (ca. 1,7% para n=3). Além disso, em amostras de plasma humano, o biossensor obteve resultados muito próximos aos obtidos pelo método pardão ELISA, com desvio de 14%. Esperamos que este estudo propicie maior acessibilidade ao diagnóstico preditivo do DM 2 através de dispositivos mais baratos, rápidos e portáteis e que um maior número indivíduos possam ser alertados e orientados, evitando o desenvolvimento posterior da doença. / Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few years, becoming the biggest risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases, several types of cancer and also the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). The association between obesity and DM 2 can be partially explained by the altered secretion of adiponectin hormone by the adipose tissue, which presents anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing properties. The excess of adipose tissue regulates negatively adiponectin secretion, which occurs 10 to 20 years before chronic hyperglycemia, making this hormone a great biomarker for predictive DM 2 diagnosis. Adiponectin plasma concentration is usually measured by ELISA, a method not widely used due to its high cost, personal and material demand, being, therefore, not accessible to part of the population. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic methodologies and tools trustable and low-cost (that can be implemented by Sistema Único de Saúde SUS) is crucial. Here we developed a simple and low-cost biosensor for adiponectin detection based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or cyclic voltammetry (CV) using nanostructured platforms containing adiponectin transmembrane receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) or anti-AdipoQ antibodies immobilized on gold electrodes. The best results were achieved using AdipoR1/R2 receptors among with CV. In this case, biosensors were able to detect adiponectin at concentrations down to 7 nmol L-1 in a linear detection range from 0.01 to 0.75 mol L-1 of adiponectin, R²=0.992. The device displayed great selectivity, stability and reproducibility (ca. 1.7% for n=3). For human plasma samples, analyses using the biosensor and the ELISA technique presented similar results, with deviations of 14%. Therefore, we expect that this study leads to a greater accessibility to predictive DM 2 diagnoses through cheaper, faster and portable devices, so that a higher number of patients may be alerted and oriented, avoiding further disease development.