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Concurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis: How Does It Affect the Clinical Course and Severity Scores?Wang, Yuchen, Attar, Bashar M., Hinami, Keiki, Jaiswal, Palashkumar, Yap, John Erikson, Jaiswal, Radhika, Devani, Kalpit, Simons-Linares, Carlos, Demetria, Melchor V. 01 November 2017 (has links)
Objectives Concurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is highly prevalent in patients with hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis (HP). Diabetic ketoacidosis could potentially complicate the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HP. This study aimed to directly compare the clinical course of HP with and without DKA and assess the outcomes of frequently used severity-prediction scores in such population. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 140 patients with HP; 37 patients (26.4%) had concurrent DKA. We compared epidemiologic characteristics, initial laboratory values, and clinical courses between the DKA and non-DKA groups. Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Ranson criteria, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and Marshall score were calculated and compared between groups. Results We observed more acute kidney injury in the DKA group. Patients with DKA more likely required intensive care unit admission, received intravenous insulin, and were discharged on subcutaneous insulin. Ranson criteria and APACHE II score were significantly higher with DKA. Conclusions Concurrent DKA does not affect length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and readmission rate in patients with HP. Higher Ranson criteria and APACHE II score likely reflected derangement of clinical parameters secondary to DKA rather than true severity of pancreatitis in such population.
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Therapie der diabetischen Ketoazidose im Kindes- und Jugendalter in zwei kinderdiabetologischen ZentrenTelleis, Dagmar 26 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Diabetes mellitus Typ1 ist eine häufige chronische Erkrankung im Kindes- und Jugendalter,
die mit schwerwiegenden Komplikationen, sowohl akut als auch als Spätfolgen auftretend,
einhergeht. Zu einer der häufigsten und auch letal bedrohenden Komplikationen zählt die
diabetische Ketoazidose. Im pädiatrischen Bereich gibt es derzeit zwar Leitlinien zur Thera-
pie, jedoch sind diese je nach Studien- und Erfahrungslage immer wieder anzupassen.
Als leitliniengerechte Insulindosierung gilt derzeit 0,1 IE/kgKG/h, um die Ketoazidose ef-
fizient zu durchbrechen mit möglichst geringen Nebenwirkungen wie Hypoglykämien oder
Auftreten eines Hirnödems. Neuere Studien belegen jedoch, dass das auch mit einer gerin-
geren Insulingabe von 0,05 IE/kgKG/h erreicht werden kann. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde der
Einfluss zweier unterschiedlicher Therapiekonzepte hinsichtlich Flüssigkeits- und Insulindo-
sierung bei der DKA im Kindes- und Jugendalter untersucht. Ausgangspunkt hierfür waren
die objektiv differenten Therapieschemata der Kinderklinik des Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH
sowie der Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche in Leipzig. Die Insu-
lindosierung liegt in einem Zentrum bei 0,025 IE/kgKG/h, in dem anderen leitliniengerecht
bei 0,1 IE/kgKG/h. Retrospektiv wurden alle Kinder, die innerhalb der Jahre 1998 bis 2005
in den Kliniken aufgrund einer DKA behandelt wurden, in die Studie aufgenommen. Nach
Untersuchung hinsichtlich Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien ergaben sich die Probandenkollek-
tive mit 23 Patienten in Zentrum A und 41 Patienten in Zentrum B. Alle notwendigen Daten
wurden sorgfältig aus den Archivakten herausgearbeitet. Anhand dieser Informationen soll-
ten insbesondere Antworten auf folgende Fragestellungen gefunden werden:
1. Gibt es Unterschiede in der Dauer der Blutzuckersenkung, der Dauer bis zur Normali-
sierung des pH-Wertes?
2. Wie häufig treten Komplikationen unter der Therapie (Hypoglykämien, Hypokaliämi-
en) auf?
Nach Analyse der vorliegenden Daten gibt es Unterschiede in der Dauer der Blutzuckersen-
kung bis hin zur Normalisierung des pH-Wertes. Höhere Insulindosen in Zusammenhang mit
höherer Flüssigkeitssubstitution führten zu signifikant rascherem Absinken der Blutzucker-
werte und tendenziell schnellerer Normalisierung von pH und Standardbikarbonat. Bezüg-
lich des Auftretens von Hypoglykämien konnte kein wesentlicher Unterschied nachgewiesen
werden, jedoch kam es unter niedrigerer Insulindosis gehäuft zu Späthypoglykämien. Hypo-
kaliämien traten in Zentrum B signifkant häufiger auf, hier wurde die Kaliumsubstitution
erst bei fallenden Kaliumwerten begonnen. In Zentrum A wurde leitliniengerecht mit Be-
ginn der Diurese Kalium substituiert. In Zentrum B wurde nach Vorlage der Ergebnisse die
späte Kaliumsubstitution ebenfalls verlassen. Auch wenn in Zentrum B ein Proband ein Hirn-
ödem entwickelte, ist der Zusammenhang mit der Therapie nicht nachweisbar. Eine höhere
Flüssigkeitssubstitution von 10 ml/kgKG/h scheint keinen nachteiligen Effekt im Sinne ei-
nes Hirnödems zu haben, sondern fördert die Rehydrierung und dadurch die Durchbrechung
der DKA. Ein Nutzen der Therapie durch zusätzlicher Gabe von Bikarbonat konnte nicht
nachgewiesen werden. Zusammenfassend unterstützen die Ergebnisse dieser Vergleichsstu-
die die Empfehlung, die Insulindosierung in der Behandlung der diabetischen Ketoazidose
zu reduzieren. Bei akuten Komplikationen zeigt sich dies ebenso sicher und effizient wie die
empfohlene Dosis von 0,1 IE/kgKG/h. Unter der Dosierung von 0,025 IE/kgKG/h wurde
die DKA zwar tendenziell langsamer durchbrochen, allerdings zeigte sich das nur im Abfall
der Blutzuckerwerte als signifikant, so dass man sich fragen muss, in welchem Maße der
nur geringe Zeitunterschied klinisch relevant ist. Hierfür wäre eine prospektive randomisiert
kontrollierte Studie mit differenten Insulindosierungen notwendig, um aufzuzeigen, inwie-
weit die Unterschiede in den Therapieschemata Einfluss haben auf Stoffwechsel, Länge des
Krankenhausaufenthalts, Kosten und den weiteren Verlauf der Erkrankung.
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The effects of protein starvation and diabetes on the activity and content of the hepatic branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexGibson, Reid G. January 1992 (has links)
This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).
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Cetoacidose diabetica : analise das internações no departamento de pediatria do Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas no periodo de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2003 / Diabetic ketoacidosis : evaluation of admissions in the pediatrics departament at Clinical Hospital of State University of Campinas from January, 1994 to december, 2003Castro, Lelma 02 June 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Gil Guerra Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T07:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Castro_Lelma_M.pdf: 2684687 bytes, checksum: cb55c2a730aa505f713a68de763a3370 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Introdução e objetivo: A cetoacidose diabética (CAD) é a principal causa de hospitalização e morte em crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). A mortalidade está principalmente relacionada ao edema cerebral, considerado uma complicação do tratamento. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as características dos pacientes com CAD tratados na Pediatria do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais de 74 internações por CAD no período de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2003. Resultados: As 74 internações corresponderam a 49 pacientes. Doze pacientes tiveram mais de uma internação, 27 (55%) eram do sexo feminino e a idade variou de 0,9 a 14,5 anos. O tempo médio de DM1 foi de 3 ± 3,1 anos, sendo em 20 casos a primeira manifestação do DM1. Quando comparados o número de internações de pacientes já com diagnóstico de DM1 com o de pacientes com primeira descompensação em relação ao ano de internação, houve diferença a partir do ano de 2000, quando houve predomínio de internações por primeira descompensação. Quando realizada a mesma comparação com relação à idade, houve predomínio de internações por primeira descompensação em pacientes menores de 9 anos. A CAD foi classificada em grave em 51% e moderada em 30%; 17 e 13 apresentaram, respectivamente, choque e coma na admissão. O tempo decorrido para a normalização da glicemia, do pH e do bicarbonato apresentou correlação significativa positiva com o valor inicial. O potássio sérico inicial variou de 3,1 a 5,9 mEq/l, sendo 8% com valores abaixo de 3,5 e 62% acima de 4,5. A hipoglicemia ocorreu em 10 internações e o edema cerebral com óbito em uma. O tempo total de tratamento correlacionou-se significativamente de forma positiva com tempo de fluidoterapia e tempo para normalização do pH, e negativamente com o Pronto Socorro como local de internação. Conclusões: Na amostra estudada houve predomínio de pacientes do sexo feminino, abaixo de 10 anos, com manifestação grave da doença. Cerca de 25% dos pacientes foram responsáveis por metade das internações. O tempo necessário para a normalização da glicemia variou de 1 a 24 horas e da acidose de 3 a 36 horas; o tempo total de tratamento variou de 6 a 80 horas. O bicarbonato foi utilizado em apenas 4% das internações. Edema cerebral ocorreu em apenas um caso, o qual evoluiu para óbito. Os dados encontrados são comparáveis aos da literatura mundial. Unitermos: acidose, cetose, diabetes mellitus, glicemia, pediatria, potássio / Abstract: Introduction and objective: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the main cause of hospitalization and death in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). The mortality is mainly related to cerebral edema, considered a treatment complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of patients with DKA treated in the Department of Pediatrics at Unicamp Clinical Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of clinical and laboratorial variables of 74 admissions due to DKA from January, 1994 to December, 2003. Results: The 74 admissions were related to 49 patients. Twelve patients were admitted more than once, 27 were females and the age ranged from 0.9 to 14.5 years. The mean time from DM1 diagnosis to admission was 3 ± 3.1 years and 20 cases presented DKA at the onset of DM1. When the number of admissions of patients with DM1 diagnosis was compared to those with new onset DM1 considering year of admission, there was a prevalence of the latter after year 2000. When the same comparison was performed considering age under or above nine, there was a prevalence of new onset DM1 admission under the age of nine. DKA was severe in 51% and moderate in 30%, 17 and 13 patients presented, respectively, shock and coma at admission. The time for normalization of glycemia, pH, and bicarbonate had a significant positive correlation with the initial value. Endovenous bicarbonate was used in only 3 admissions. The initial serum potassium value ranged from 3.1 to 5.9 mEq/l; in 8%, value was fewer than 3.5 and in 62%, greater than 4.5. Hypoglycemia occurred in 10 admissions and cerebral edema and death occurred in one. The total length of treatment had significant positive correlation with the time for fluid replacement and pH normalization and negative correlation with Emergency Room as admission place. Conclusions: The analyzed sample showed a predominance of female patients, under the age of ten, with severe manifestation of the disease. The time for glycemia normalization ranged from 1 to 24 hours and for acidosis normalization from 3 to 36 hours. Total treatment lasted from 6 to 80 hours. Bicarbonate was administered in only 4% of admissions. Death occurred in one case only, due to cerebral edema. Twenty-five percent of patients accounted for 50% of admissions / Mestrado / Pediatria / Mestre em Saude da Criança
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Therapie der diabetischen Ketoazidose im Kindes- und Jugendalter in zwei kinderdiabetologischen ZentrenTelleis, Dagmar 05 September 2012 (has links)
Diabetes mellitus Typ1 ist eine häufige chronische Erkrankung im Kindes- und Jugendalter,
die mit schwerwiegenden Komplikationen, sowohl akut als auch als Spätfolgen auftretend,
einhergeht. Zu einer der häufigsten und auch letal bedrohenden Komplikationen zählt die
diabetische Ketoazidose. Im pädiatrischen Bereich gibt es derzeit zwar Leitlinien zur Thera-
pie, jedoch sind diese je nach Studien- und Erfahrungslage immer wieder anzupassen.
Als leitliniengerechte Insulindosierung gilt derzeit 0,1 IE/kgKG/h, um die Ketoazidose ef-
fizient zu durchbrechen mit möglichst geringen Nebenwirkungen wie Hypoglykämien oder
Auftreten eines Hirnödems. Neuere Studien belegen jedoch, dass das auch mit einer gerin-
geren Insulingabe von 0,05 IE/kgKG/h erreicht werden kann. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde der
Einfluss zweier unterschiedlicher Therapiekonzepte hinsichtlich Flüssigkeits- und Insulindo-
sierung bei der DKA im Kindes- und Jugendalter untersucht. Ausgangspunkt hierfür waren
die objektiv differenten Therapieschemata der Kinderklinik des Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH
sowie der Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche in Leipzig. Die Insu-
lindosierung liegt in einem Zentrum bei 0,025 IE/kgKG/h, in dem anderen leitliniengerecht
bei 0,1 IE/kgKG/h. Retrospektiv wurden alle Kinder, die innerhalb der Jahre 1998 bis 2005
in den Kliniken aufgrund einer DKA behandelt wurden, in die Studie aufgenommen. Nach
Untersuchung hinsichtlich Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien ergaben sich die Probandenkollek-
tive mit 23 Patienten in Zentrum A und 41 Patienten in Zentrum B. Alle notwendigen Daten
wurden sorgfältig aus den Archivakten herausgearbeitet. Anhand dieser Informationen soll-
ten insbesondere Antworten auf folgende Fragestellungen gefunden werden:
1. Gibt es Unterschiede in der Dauer der Blutzuckersenkung, der Dauer bis zur Normali-
sierung des pH-Wertes?
2. Wie häufig treten Komplikationen unter der Therapie (Hypoglykämien, Hypokaliämi-
en) auf?
Nach Analyse der vorliegenden Daten gibt es Unterschiede in der Dauer der Blutzuckersen-
kung bis hin zur Normalisierung des pH-Wertes. Höhere Insulindosen in Zusammenhang mit
höherer Flüssigkeitssubstitution führten zu signifikant rascherem Absinken der Blutzucker-
werte und tendenziell schnellerer Normalisierung von pH und Standardbikarbonat. Bezüg-
lich des Auftretens von Hypoglykämien konnte kein wesentlicher Unterschied nachgewiesen
werden, jedoch kam es unter niedrigerer Insulindosis gehäuft zu Späthypoglykämien. Hypo-
kaliämien traten in Zentrum B signifkant häufiger auf, hier wurde die Kaliumsubstitution
erst bei fallenden Kaliumwerten begonnen. In Zentrum A wurde leitliniengerecht mit Be-
ginn der Diurese Kalium substituiert. In Zentrum B wurde nach Vorlage der Ergebnisse die
späte Kaliumsubstitution ebenfalls verlassen. Auch wenn in Zentrum B ein Proband ein Hirn-
ödem entwickelte, ist der Zusammenhang mit der Therapie nicht nachweisbar. Eine höhere
Flüssigkeitssubstitution von 10 ml/kgKG/h scheint keinen nachteiligen Effekt im Sinne ei-
nes Hirnödems zu haben, sondern fördert die Rehydrierung und dadurch die Durchbrechung
der DKA. Ein Nutzen der Therapie durch zusätzlicher Gabe von Bikarbonat konnte nicht
nachgewiesen werden. Zusammenfassend unterstützen die Ergebnisse dieser Vergleichsstu-
die die Empfehlung, die Insulindosierung in der Behandlung der diabetischen Ketoazidose
zu reduzieren. Bei akuten Komplikationen zeigt sich dies ebenso sicher und effizient wie die
empfohlene Dosis von 0,1 IE/kgKG/h. Unter der Dosierung von 0,025 IE/kgKG/h wurde
die DKA zwar tendenziell langsamer durchbrochen, allerdings zeigte sich das nur im Abfall
der Blutzuckerwerte als signifikant, so dass man sich fragen muss, in welchem Maße der
nur geringe Zeitunterschied klinisch relevant ist. Hierfür wäre eine prospektive randomisiert
kontrollierte Studie mit differenten Insulindosierungen notwendig, um aufzuzeigen, inwie-
weit die Unterschiede in den Therapieschemata Einfluss haben auf Stoffwechsel, Länge des
Krankenhausaufenthalts, Kosten und den weiteren Verlauf der Erkrankung.
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Family functioning and diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric patients with type i diabetesWalker, Kelly N. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 42 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Revisión crítica: cuidados de enfermería a pacientes con cetoacidosis diabética en el servicio de emergenciaPizarro Coronado, Luz Bella January 2024 (has links)
El trabajo académico titulado "Cuidados de Enfermería a Pacientes con Cetoacidosis Diabética en el Servicio de Emergencia" es de naturaleza secundaria, el objetivo fue identificar los cuidados de enfermería proporcionados en el servicio de emergencia a pacientes con cetoacidosis diabética. La metodología de enfermería basada en la evidencia (EBE) se utilizó en este estudio. La pregunta clínica se realizó siguiendo el esquema PICOT: ¿Cuáles son los cuidados de Enfermería proporcionados a los pacientes con cetoacidosis diabética en el servicio de Emergencia? En este estudio bibliográfico, se emplearon recursos como la biblioteca virtual ALICIA, Google Académico, BVS, Dialnet y SCIELO, de donde se extrajeron diez artículos. Estos artículos fueron posteriormente evaluados mediante la lista de validación propuesta por Gálvez Toro, resultando en la selección de dos artículos. Se optó por una guía de práctica clínica basada en evidencia, utilizando la metodología GRADE Adolpment y la lista AGREE II, donde el nivel de evidencia es IA. Encontrando los siguientes cuidados: Monitoreo periódico cada 4 horas, Controlar los niveles de glucosa en un rango de 140 a 180 mg/dL, Monitoreo continuo de la diuresis en con la posibilidad de colocar una sonda urinaria si es necesario, Administración inicial de NaCl 0,9% a 1000 ml/h para corregir el shock hipovolémico, seguido por NaCl 0,9% a 500 mL/h durante 4 horas y luego continuar a 250 mL/h. Estos cuidados son esenciales para el manejo de la cetoacidosis diabética en el entorno de emergencia. / The academic work entitled "Nursing Care of Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department" is secondary in nature, the objective was to identify the nursing care provided in the emergency department to patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Evidence-based nursing (EBN) methodology was used in this study. The clinical question was conducted following the PICOT scheme: What is the nursing care provided to patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency department? In this bibliographic study, resources such as the ALICIA virtual library, Google Scholar, BVS, Dialnet and SCIELO were used, from which ten articles were extracted. These articles were subsequently evaluated using the validation list proposed by Gálvez Toro, resulting in the selection of two articles. An evidence-based clinical practice guideline was chosen, using the GRADE Adolpment methodology and the AGREE II list, where the level of evidence is IA. Finding the following care: Periodic monitoring every 4 hours, Controlling glucose levels in a range of 140 to 180 mg/dL, Continuous monitoring of diuresis with the possibility of placing a urinary catheter if necessary, Initial administration of NaCl 0.9% at 1000 mL/h to correct hypovolemic shock, followed by NaCl 0.9% at 500 mL/h for 4 hours and then continue at 250 mL/h. This care is essential for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency setting.
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Concentração sanguínea de lactato em cães diabéticos / Blood lactate concentration in diabetic dogsSilva, Poliana Claus 30 July 2013 (has links)
Em humanos, pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) podem apresentar aumento da concentração sérica de lactato quando comparados a indivíduos não-diabéticos. Considerando que existem poucas informações quanto aos valores de lactato em cães diabéticos, o objetivo principal desse trabalho foi determinar a concentração do lactato em cães com DM não tratados (ao diagnóstico), cães com DM em tratamento e cães em cetoacidose diabética (CAD), em comparação com cães hígidos. Foram incluídos 86 cães, sendo 25 do grupo controle e 61 diabéticos (14 ao diagnóstico, 24 em tratamento e 23 em cetoacidose diabética), sendo a maioria proveniente da rotina de atendimento do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia USP, e alguns obtidos em Hospital Veterinário privado. Todos os exames foram processados com os mesmos equipamentos. Os cães diabéticos foram selecionados com base em testes de glicemia, exame de urina e hemogasometria. Somente nos animais do grupo em CAD, foram admitidos pacientes com comorbidades graves, uma vez que estas podem ser responsáveis pela descompensação e que nestes animais indica-se a monitoração da concentração de lactato. Foram excluídos animais em sepse/ choque séptico ou choque cardiogênico, considerando que estas condições causam alteração do lactato. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os quatros grupos, quando se excluiu CAD, e nem mesmo quando observados pares de grupos isolados (P> 0,05). A existência de correlação positiva do lactato com a concentração de glicose referida por outros autores aumenta a possibilidade da acidose lática na CAD não ser somente causada pela hipoperfusão como também pela alteração do metabolismo da glicose, merecendo maior investigação a respeito do seu papel na fisiopatologia do DM e nas suas complicações. / In humans, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients may present increased lactate levels compared to non-diabetics. Considering that there is little information regarding lactate levels in diabetic dogs, the main goal of this study was the determination of lactate concentration in diabetic dogs at diagnosis, under treatment and in ketoacidosis (DKA), compared to healthy dogs. Eighty six dogs were included: 25 controls and 61 diabetics (14 at diagnosis, 24 under treatment, and 23 in DKA), most patients from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, and a few from a private Veterinary Hospital. All the laboratory analyses were performed with the same equipments. The diabetic dogs were selected based on glycemia levels, urinalysis and blood gas analysis. Only the DKA patients were allowed to have comorbidities, since these may be the cause of decompensation. Patients with sepsis/ septic shock or cardiogenic shock were excluded, as these conditions may lead to lactate changes. There was no difference in lactate levels among groups when compared all together, when excluding DKA group or even when compared as isolated pairs (P>0.05). The existence of a positive correlation between lactate concentration and glycemia referred by other authors, suggests that lactic acidosis seen in DKA may not be only due to poor perfusion, but also due to changes in glucose metabolism, therefore lactate levels deserves further investigation regarding its role in DM pathophysiology and complications.
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Concentração sanguínea de lactato em cães diabéticos / Blood lactate concentration in diabetic dogsPoliana Claus Silva 30 July 2013 (has links)
Em humanos, pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) podem apresentar aumento da concentração sérica de lactato quando comparados a indivíduos não-diabéticos. Considerando que existem poucas informações quanto aos valores de lactato em cães diabéticos, o objetivo principal desse trabalho foi determinar a concentração do lactato em cães com DM não tratados (ao diagnóstico), cães com DM em tratamento e cães em cetoacidose diabética (CAD), em comparação com cães hígidos. Foram incluídos 86 cães, sendo 25 do grupo controle e 61 diabéticos (14 ao diagnóstico, 24 em tratamento e 23 em cetoacidose diabética), sendo a maioria proveniente da rotina de atendimento do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia USP, e alguns obtidos em Hospital Veterinário privado. Todos os exames foram processados com os mesmos equipamentos. Os cães diabéticos foram selecionados com base em testes de glicemia, exame de urina e hemogasometria. Somente nos animais do grupo em CAD, foram admitidos pacientes com comorbidades graves, uma vez que estas podem ser responsáveis pela descompensação e que nestes animais indica-se a monitoração da concentração de lactato. Foram excluídos animais em sepse/ choque séptico ou choque cardiogênico, considerando que estas condições causam alteração do lactato. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os quatros grupos, quando se excluiu CAD, e nem mesmo quando observados pares de grupos isolados (P> 0,05). A existência de correlação positiva do lactato com a concentração de glicose referida por outros autores aumenta a possibilidade da acidose lática na CAD não ser somente causada pela hipoperfusão como também pela alteração do metabolismo da glicose, merecendo maior investigação a respeito do seu papel na fisiopatologia do DM e nas suas complicações. / In humans, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients may present increased lactate levels compared to non-diabetics. Considering that there is little information regarding lactate levels in diabetic dogs, the main goal of this study was the determination of lactate concentration in diabetic dogs at diagnosis, under treatment and in ketoacidosis (DKA), compared to healthy dogs. Eighty six dogs were included: 25 controls and 61 diabetics (14 at diagnosis, 24 under treatment, and 23 in DKA), most patients from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, and a few from a private Veterinary Hospital. All the laboratory analyses were performed with the same equipments. The diabetic dogs were selected based on glycemia levels, urinalysis and blood gas analysis. Only the DKA patients were allowed to have comorbidities, since these may be the cause of decompensation. Patients with sepsis/ septic shock or cardiogenic shock were excluded, as these conditions may lead to lactate changes. There was no difference in lactate levels among groups when compared all together, when excluding DKA group or even when compared as isolated pairs (P>0.05). The existence of a positive correlation between lactate concentration and glycemia referred by other authors, suggests that lactic acidosis seen in DKA may not be only due to poor perfusion, but also due to changes in glucose metabolism, therefore lactate levels deserves further investigation regarding its role in DM pathophysiology and complications.
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Avaliação dos distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos de cães com cetose e cetoacidose diabética / Evaluation of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in dogs with diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosisSilva, Ricardo Duarte 31 January 2006 (has links)
A cetoacidose diabética (CAD) é uma das complicações mais graves do diabetes mellitus (DM) em pequenos animais. A CAD é uma emergência médica caracterizada por alterações metabólicas extremas, incluindo hiperglicemia, acidose metabólica, cetonemia, desidratação e perda de eletrólitos. Embora seja um distúrbio comum e de alta mortalidade, os padrões dos distúrbios ácido-base de cães com CAD ainda não foram avaliados objetivamente. Muitas das assunções sobre a CAD em cães são generalizadas com base em dados de pacientes humanos e estudos experimentais em cães. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever os distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos de cães com CAD e cetose diabética (CD) e caracterizá-los segundo a freqüência de ocorrência, adequação dos mecanismos de compensação e ocorrência de distúrbios mistos. Foram avaliados 40 cães diabéticos (22 animais recém diagnosticados e 18 cães em tratamento com insulina) atendidos apresentando cetonúria e hiperglicemia (>250 mg/dL). De acordo com critérios clínicos, esses cães foram distribuídos em dois subgrupos: (CAD, n=22 e CD n=18) e foram determinados o pH e a hemogasometria arteriais e eletrólitos plasmáticos (sódio, cloro, potássio, cálcio ionizado) e o magnésio total e o fósforo inorgânico séricos. As alterações do equilíbrio ácido-base foram avaliadas sistematicamente pelo método de Van Slyke-Henderson-Hasselbalch. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de 37 cães clinicamente hígidos. Com relação aos distúrbios ácido-base, a acidose metabólica foi o mais comumente identificado (n = 27). A maior parte dos animais apresentava acidose normoclorêmica. A acidose hiperclorêmica foi observada em sete pacientes. Dos cães com acidose metabólica, 15 apresentavam alcalose respiratória concomitante. A distribuição dos valores de eletrólitos foi diferente entre o grupo de estudo e o controle, com exceção do magnésio. Não houve diferença na distribuição dos valores dos eletrólitos entre os subgrupos, com exceção do potássio plasmático. A hiponatremia e a hipocloremia foram os distúrbios eletrolíticos mais comumente observados nos 40 cães com DM. A hipocalemia ocorreu com maior freqüência no subgrupo CAD e a hipercalemia no subgrupo CD. Os valores do fósforo inorgânico sérico foram semelhantes entre os subgrupos de estudo. A hiperfosfatemia foi comum em ambos os subgrupos e nenhum paciente apresentou hipofosfatemia. A hipermagnesemia foi observada em sete pacientes com CAD e em apenas um com CD. A maior parte dos pacientes tinha hipocalcemia por ocasião do atendimento inicial. Distúrbios ácido-base mistos, principalmente a acidose metabólica normoclorêmica associada a alcalose respiratória são comuns em cães com cetose ou cetoacidose diabética, assim como distúrbios eletrolíticos como hiponatremia, a hipocloremia e hipocalemia e hiperfosfatemia. / Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) in small animals. DKA is a medical emergency characterized by extreme metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, ketonemia, dehydration, and electrolyte losses. Despite it is a common disorder and with high mortality, the patterns of the acid-base disturbances in dogs with DKA were not evaluated objectively. Many of the assumptions about DKA in dogs are derived from studies in human beings and experimental studies in dogs. The objective of the present study was to describe the acid-base and electrolytic disturbances in dogs with DKA and diabetic ketosis (DK) according to their frequency, adequacy of the compensatory mechanisms e occurrence of mixed disturbances. Forty dogs with DM (22 with new onset diabetes and 18 insulin-treated dogs) with ketonuria and hyperglycemia (> 250 mg/dL) were enrolled. On the basis of clinical criteria, the dogs were assigned to one of two subgroups: (DKA, n=22 e DK n =18). Arterial blood gases and plasma electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium and, ionized calcium), and serum total magnesium and inorganic phosphorus were determined in all dogs. The acid base abnormalities were evaluated systematically by the Van Slyke-Henderson-Hasselbalch method and the results compared to those obtained from 37 healthy dogs (control group). Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid-base disorder identified (n = 27) and most of the dogs had normochloremic acidosis. Hyperchloremic acidosis was observed in seven patients. Fifteen of the dogs with metabolic acidosis had coexisting respiratory alkalosis. The distribuition of the electrolytes values was different between the study group and the control group, with the exception of serum magnesium. The distribution of the electrolytes values was similar between the subgroups, with the exception of plasma potassium. Hyponatremia and hypochloremia were the most common observed electrolyte abnormalities showed in dogs with DK or DKA. Hypokalemia occurred more frequently in dogs with DKA and hyperkalemia in dogs with DK. Serum inorganic phosphorus values were similar between the subgroups. Hyperphosphatemia was a common finding and hypophosphatemia was not observed. Hypermagnesemia was detected in seven patients with DKA and in only one with DK. Most of the dogs were hypocalcemic on admission. Mixed acid-base disorders, mainly metabolic normochloremic acidosis with coexisting respiratory alkalosis are common in dogs with diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis and electrolytic disturbances, mostly hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and hyperphosphatemia, were also common.
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