Orientador: Maeli Dal Pai Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_FrancisdaSilva_M.pdf: 7866898 bytes, checksum: ade20c607baab16a33f7564ca3630b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é caracterizada pela intolerância ao exercício físico, devido à fadiga precoce e à dispnéia. Entre as alterações que podem contribuir para a dispnéia nesta síndrome, tem sido descrita a miopatia diafragmática com atrofia e mudanças na miosina de cadeia pesada (MHC) do tipo II "rápida" para a do tipo I "lenta". Entretanto, os mecanismos regulatórios músculos específicos que alteram a expressão das isoformas de miosinas no diafragma durante a IC não são conhecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, no músculo diafragma (DIA) de ratos Wistar com IC induzida por monocrotalina, se a transição da expressão protéica das MHCs está associada com alterações na expressão do RNAm dos fatores de regulação miogênicos (MRF). A região costal do diafragma de ratos Wistar machos (3-4 semanas de idade; 80-100g) dos grupos IC (n= 09) e Controle (CT; n= 06) foi estudada quando os sinais de IC estavam evidentes, aproximadamente 22 dias após a administração da monocrotalina nos animais IC. A expressão de MyoD e miogenina foi determinada através da técnica de RT-PCR enquanto que a expressão das MHCs foi estudada através de eletroforese por gel de poliacrilamida. Os animais com IC apresentaram diminuição tanto na expressão protéica da MHC Ila/llx quanto na expressão gênica de MyoD, sem alterar a expressão das MHCs I e IIb e da miogenina. Em conclusão, na IC, a alteração na expressão do RNAm da MyoD pode, em parte, explicar a alteração na expressão protéica da MHC Ilalllx / Abstract: Heart failure (HF) is characterized bya reduced tolerance to exercise due to early fatigue and dyspnea. Alterations that may contribute to dyspnea in this syndrome are diaphragmatic myopathy with atrophy and shift from type 11 "fast" to type I "slow" myosin heavy chain (MHC). However, the skeletal muscle-specific molecular regulatory mechanisms that alter MHC expression in the diaphragm during heart failure have not been defined. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether myosin heavy chain expression during heart failure is associated with changes in myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) mRNA expression in Wistar rat diaphragm with heart failure (HF) induced by monocrotaline. Costal diaphragm (DIA) muscle from HF (n=09) and control (n=06) 3-4 week old, 80-100g male Wistar rats was studied when overt HF had developed in the HF animais 22 days after monocrotaline administration. MyoD and myogenin expression were determined by RT-PCR, MHC isoform expression was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HF animais presented decreased myosin heavy chain lIa/llx protein isoform and MyoD gene expression content, without altering MHC I & IIb and myogenin expression. In summary, our results show that in HF, alterations in MyoD mRNA expression may, in part, explain alterations in MHC lIalllx content / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O comportamento do esfÃncter esofÃgico inferior (EEI) foi estudado atravÃs de manometria em 21 voluntÃrios, de ambos os gÃnero, com idade variando de 20 a 47 anos que foram distribuÃdos em 2 grupos: um grupo denominado ESOFAGITE (GE) e um segundo grupo, chamado CONTROLE (GC). O GE foi composto por 13 paciente com diagnÃstico de esofagite de refluxo leve sem hÃrnia hiatal ou com hÃrnias de atà 2 cm. O GC foi de voluntÃrios sadios. Uma entrevista prÃvia foi realizada onde a sintomatologia dos pacientes era registrada atravÃs de escores. O exame foi realizado com uma sonda Dentsleeve. O exame consistia em 2 fases. Inicialmente eram realizadas manobras ventilatÃrias padronizadas: arritmia sinusal respiratÃria (ASR), inspiraÃÃo forÃada sob a resistÃncia de uma vÃlvula de resistÃncia inspiratÃria linear (Threshold IMTÂ) com cargas de 17, 35 e 70 cmH2O. Finalmente, apÃs uma refeiÃÃo calÃrica padronizada, procedia-se a observaÃÃo dos relaxamentos transitÃrios espontÃneos do EEI (RTEEEIs) por uma hora. Todos os pacientes com esofagite apresentavam pirose. RegurgitaÃÃo ocorreu em 84,6% e disfagia em 69,2%. A pressÃo basal do EEI nos voluntÃrios com esofagite de refluxo foi semelhante a do grupo de voluntÃrios sadios (GC = 25,1  4,1 versus GE = 20,1  2,1; p = 0.251). A pressÃo mÃxima do EEI durante a manobra de ASR foi menor no GE (94,3  9,4 mmHg versus 28,8  13,85 mmHg; p = 0.046). A pressÃo de contraÃÃo do EEI durante a inspiraÃÃo com carga de 70 cmH2O foi menor no GE (166,6  18 mmHg versus 121,2  11,9 mmHg; p = 0,041). Esta pressÃo se correlacionou positivamente com a pressÃo basal do EEI (r2 = 0,224; p = 0,023). O nÃmero de relaxamentos espontÃneos do EEI por hora foi maior no GE {[15 (6 â 20)] versus [22 (9 â 38)], p= 0,025}. O somatÃrio da duraÃÃo de todos os RTEEEI tambÃm foi maior no GC (332,0  72,1 versus 711,2  131,3, p = 0,078),GE (332,0  72,1 versus 711,2  131,3, p = 0,078), mas nÃo alcanÃou significÃncia estatÃstica. A duraÃÃo mÃdia dos relaxamentos nÃo foi diferente entre os dois grupos grupos (GC = 23,3  2,2 versus GE = 28,2  3,1; p= 0,337). Conclui-se que a pressÃo de contraÃÃo da barreira antirefluxo em pacientes com esofagite erosiva à menor que em voluntÃrios sadios, mesmo quando apresentam pressÃo basal do EEI normal. / The behavior of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was studied by manometry in 21 healthy volunteers of both gender, aged 20-47 years who were divided into two groups: one group called the ESOPHAGITIS (GE) and a second group , the CONTROL group (GC). The GE was composed of 13 patients diagnosed with mild reflux esophagitis without hiatal hernia or hernias up to 2 cm. The GC was of healthy volunteers. A previous interview was conducted where the symptoms of patients was recorded by scores. The examination was performed with a probe Dentsleeve. The survey consisted of two phases. Initially standardized ventilatory maneuvers were performed: respiratory sinus arrhythmia (ASR), forced inspiration in the strength of a linear inspiratory resistance valve (Threshold  IMT) with loads of 17, 35 and 70 cmH2O. Finally, after a standardized caloric meal, we proceeded to the observation of spontaneous transient relaxation of the LES (RTEEEIs) for one hour. All patients with esophagitis had heartburn. Regurgitation occurred in 84.6% and dysphagia in 69.2%. The basal LES pressure in subjects with reflux esophagitis was similar to the group of healthy volunteers (GC = 25.1  4.1 versus 20.1  GE = 2.1, p = 0251). The maximum pressure during the maneuver of the EEI during the ASR was lower in GE (94.3  9.4 mmHg versus 28.8  13.85 mmHg, p = 0.046). The contraction of the LES pressure during inspiration with a load of 70 cmH2O was lower in the GC (166.6  18 mmHg versus 121.2  11.9 mmHg, p = 0.041). This pressure was positively correlated with basal LES pressure (r2 = 0.224; p = 0.023). The number of spontaneous relaxations of the LES per hour was higher in GE {[15 (6-20)] versus [22 (9-38)], p = 0.025}. The total duration of all RTEEEI was also higher in the GC (332.0  72.1 versus 711.2  131.3, p = 0.078), but did not reach statistical significance. The average duration of relaxation was not different between the two groups grupos (GC = 23.3  2.2 versus GE = 28.2  3.1; p= 0.337). We conclude that the contraction pressure of antireflux barrier in patients with erosive esophagitis is lower than in healthy volunteers, even when they have normal basal pressure of the LES.

La dysfonction diaphragmatique, au même titre que la neuromyopathie de réanimation qui touche les membres périphériques sont des causes fréquemment impliquées dans l'échec du sevrage de la ventilation mécanique. Des données suggèrent que ces deux atteintes sont le reflet d'une même affection ayant un tropisme respiratoire et locomoteur. Cette thèse met en évidence que la dysfonction diaphragmatique et la neuromyopathie de réanimation sont deux atteintes distinctes dont la coexistence est relativement faible. De plus, la dysfonction diaphragmatique a un impact délétère plus important sur le sevrage et le pronostic vital que la neuromyopathie de réanimation. Toutefois, le niveau de fonction diaphragmatique requis pour permettre une séparation du ventilateur est plus faible que le niveau de fonction définissant la dysfonction diaphragmatique. Ce travail montre également que l'exploration de la fonction diaphragmatique peut être simplifiée par l'utilisation de l'échographie et de l'électromyographie du diaphragme. / Diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness associated neuropathy and myopathy are frequently suspected to cause weaning failure from mechanical ventilation. Some data suggest that both may be gathered into a same entity with two localisations, respiratory and peripheral. This thesis highlights that diaphragm dysfunction and critical illness neuromyopathy are two distinct diseases that don’t frequently coexist. In addition, diaphragm dysfunction has a more severe impact on weaning outcome and prognosis than critical illness associated neuromyopathy and myopathy. However, the level of diaphragm function required to ensure safe mechanical ventilation discontinuation is lower than the level of diaphragm function defining diaphragm dysfunction. This work also shows that investigating diaphragm function may be simplified by the use of ultrasound and diaphragm electromyogram activity.

La VC est nécessaire à la survie des patients les plus graves et impose le plus souvent sédation profonde et une mise au repos des muscles respiratoires. Si la VC est un traitement de référence en cas d'insuffisance respiratoire aigüe, elle peut cependant entraîner une altération des propriétés contractiles du diaphragme, principal muscle respiratoire, et promouvoir la survenue d'infections nosocomiales, pulmonaires en particulier. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d'abord montré les effets délétères d'une VC de courte durée en acidose hypercapnique aigüe puis nous avons montré les effets protecteurs de l'acidose hypercapnique modérée et prolongée et du maintien de cycles ventilatoires spontanés sur la dysfonction diaphragmatique en comparaison à la VC. Deuxièmement, dans le cadre des effets délétères de la ventilation prolongée sur l'incidence des complications infectieuses pulmonaires nosocomiales, nous avons rapporté l'intérêt de la prise en compte des facteurs de risque de bactéries multi-résistantes dans le traitement des Pneumonie Acquise sous Ventilation Mécanique (PAVM) et avons ensuite montré l'apport de la surveillance de la colonisation trachéale dans le diagnostic et le traitement précoce de la PAVM. Finalement, nous présentons les perspectives d'interactions entre dysfonction diaphragmatique et sepsis, en particulier d'origine pulmonaire à travers nos projets de travaux expérimentaux et cliniques. / Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life saving procedure for critically ill and often needs deep sedation and rest muscles. Although MV is a basic treatment for acute respiratory failure, it can alter diaphragmatic contractile properties (Ventilator Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, VIDD) and can promote nosocomial infections, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in particular. In this thesis, we first showed the deleterious effects of acute hypercapnic acidosis and the protective effects of both moderate and prolonged hypercapnic acidosis and by maintaining spontaneous ventilation activity while initiating MV in a healthy piglet model. Second, we reported the potential impact of considering tracheal colonisation as a guide for an early diagnosis and adequate initial treatment of VAP. Finally, we present the potential interactions and futures animal and clinical studies suggesting the potential interaction between VIDD and VAP.

In this work several algorithms for diaphragm detection in 2D views of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) raw data are developed. These algorithms are tested on 21 Siemens megavoltage CBCT scans of lungs and the result is compared against the diaphragm apex identified by human experts. Among these algorithms dynamic Hough transform is sufficiently quick and accurate for motion determination prior to radiation therapy. The diaphragm was successfully detected in all 21 data sets, even for views with poor image quality and confounding objects. Each CBCT scan analysis (200 frames) took about 38 seconds on a 2.66 GHz Intel quad-core 2 CPU. The average cranio-caudal position error was 1.707 ± 1.117 mm. Other directions were not assessed due to uncertainties in expert identification.

Deep-ocean pressure measurements are a necessary component for ocean characterization and oceanographic monitoring. Some principle applications such as tsunami detection and ocean floor subsidence are reliant on deep-ocean pressure measurement data. The deep ocean is a challenging environment especially for pressure measurements; discerning pressure changes that are a small fraction of the ambient pressure calls for intelligent engineering solutions. An ocean-deployable concept model of a pressure sensor is developed. The design is based on a diaphragm transducer intended for measuring hydrostatic pressure changes on the order of 1 centimeter of water (cmH2O) while exposed to ambient pressures several orders of magnitude greater for up to 2500 meters of water (mH2O). Two laboratory-scale pressure sensors are fabricated to test the fundamental principle of the proposed concept at lab-safe pressures. One is a single-sided sensor exposed to atmospheric pressure. The second sensor is a two-sided design that operates at a defined target depth pressure and measures the differential pressure across both faces of the diaphragm. The sensor design built for atmospheric pressure testing observed a mean experimental sensitivity of 6.05 pm/cmH2O in contrast to 6 pm/cmH2O determined theoretically. The percent error between the experimental and theoretical values is 0.83%. The second design was tested at target depth pressures of 10, 20, 40, and 60 psi (7, 14, 28, and 42 mH2O) and performance was within 5.8%, 2.8%, 0.7%, 4.0% respectively when considering percent error of the mean experimental and theoretical. The repeatability was sufficient for a given sample and pressure response within the range proposed in theory when a pressure preload was present to the diaphragm. Future work will aim at developing a design concept that incorporates a piston and is tested at a higher hydrostatic pressure system, and within ocean waters. A deployment plan and consideration of challenges associated with ocean testing will be accounted for. / Graduate

This thesis is focused on so-called diaphragm discharge, which is one kind of electric discharges in liquid, which belongs among so-called AOP´s techniques, still more used for water cleaning in the present. One of effectiveness and stability indicators of diaphragm discharge is generation of hydrogen peroxide. In theoretical part, detail principle description of electric discharge in liquid is situated. Further, properties of electrolyte are introduced and general spectrophotometric method of obtained sample determination is described. In experimental part, a full procedure of experiment is introduced. Next part containing results and discussions introduces particular results of individual measurements and their reasons. Final chapter is the end, which forms total summary and evaluation of all results. By the application of all chosen electrolytes in solution at diaphragm discharge formation of hydrogen peroxide has appeared. Inorganic and organic electrolytes were used. As inorganic electrolytes following salts were selected – solutions of halogenides, next sodium nitrate as a representative of nitrates, potassium dihydrogenphosphate as a representative of phosphates, etc. Representative of organic electrolytes was citric acid. The value of initial conductivity of electrolytes had the main influence on hydrogen peroxide formation. Electrolytes potassium dihydrogenphosphate and sodium sulphate the great influence on effectiveness and stability of the diaphragm discharge. Their rate constants reached maximum value by the application of solution with initial conductivity of approximately 400 mikrosiemens, particularly 0.0492 mmol/l.min and 0.048 mmol/l.min. On the contrary, low values of rate constant were achieved in electrolyte ammonium chloride at around the same initial conductivity – 0.0269 mmol/l.min. During experiments stainless steel and platinum electrodes were used. It was found that kind of electrode material hadn’t influence on generation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide was formed only in the cathode space.

Plasmachemical processes are one of the methods used for wastewater treatment. Sewage and household wastewaters include a variety of organic substances that must be removed to reuse water in industry or households. The aim of this diploma thesisisthe observation of alkaloids decomposition by plasma chemical process. The theoretical part is focused on plasma generation in liquids and characterization of selected alkaloids. The decomposition of caffeine and quinine in direct current electrical discharge in liquid with diaphragm configuration is investigated in this work. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor divided into two parts by a diaphragm made from ceramic material ShapalTM-M (thickness 3.0 mm, pin-hole diameter 1.0 mm). The stainless steel electrodes of 5×12 cm size were used. The mean electric power was set to 135 W for an operation time of 60 minutes in each experiment. Caffeine solutions (total volume of 4 L) were prepared in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 ppm, quinine solutions in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ppm. The initial conductivity was adjusted by sodium chloride at three different values – 400, 750 or 1000 µS•cm-1. The experimental part consisted also of using analytical methods necessary for compound quantification. Hydrogen peroxide formation during the electrical discharge was determined by colorimetric method based on generation of yellow complex with titanium(IV) sulfate reagent. The caffeine concentration was measured by UV spectrometric method at wavelength 273 nmand thenHPLC/MS analysis was performed. Quinine degradation was monitored by UV-VIS spectrometry and fluorescent measurements. The plasma generation in water solutions induces formation of hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, hydrogen and other reactive species. Hydrogen peroxide is produced and then utilized in degradation of organic compounds and thus lower concentration of H2O2was measured in solution with caffeine and quinine than in solution without alkaloids. However, the situation is different between cathode chamber and anode chamber. There is only negligible amount of H2O2used on degradation in cathode chamber. In contrary, the considerable degradation of caffeine and quinine and diminished concentration of H2O2 was observed in anode chamber.

The aim of this thesis was simplified design of diaphragm wall affected by excavation from both sides. This wall is a part of temporary shaft that serves for exchange of tunnel boring machines and at the same time it is a permanent structure of an adjacent metro station. Part of the thesis deals with description of construction sequence of diaphragm walls, excavation of the shaft, excavation of the adjacent metro station and following construction of metro tubes and backfilling of the shaft. Inseparable part of the thesis is assessment of geological conditions and geotechnical parameters. Furthermore, a study on temperature loads on struts was carried out and the results of the study were used for design of the struts. To fulfil the requirements of the assignment several models of the shaft structure and adjacent metro station were built in program Plaxis and one model of the diaphragm wall of the shaft was created in program Geo5. The model outputs were subsequently compared to each other. Furthermore a model of lateral support frame was created in program Scia Engineer. Outputs from programs Plaxis and Scia Engineer were used as a basis for design checks of the structure. The design checks were done according to Eurocodes. The diaphragm wall and the lateral support frame were designed to support the loads considered in this thesis. In order to simplify the calculation variable loads from construction machines were not considered and the only variable load considered was the temperature load on struts. Lateral support frame was also designed to accidental load – loss of a strut.

Problém: Obstrukce dýchacích cest a průtoková limitace, způsobená chronickou obstrukční plicní nemocí (CHOPN) nebo astma bronchiale (AB), může způsobit změny tvaru, pozice a pohybů bránice v důsledku zvýšení plicních objemů. Hypotézy: U pacientů s obstrukčním respiračním onemocněním se bude funkce bránice lišit oproti kontrolní skupině zdravých jedinců, což se projeví na jejím postavení a rozsahu pohybu. Existuje vztah mezi plicními funkcemi a polohou a pohyby bránice. Cíl: Cílem práce bylo zjistit, zda pozice, tvar a pohyby bránice u ležících pacientů s průtokovou limitací během maximálních dechových a posturálních manévrů se liší od tvaru, pozice a pohybů bránice za stejné situace u jedinců bez patologie respiračního systému. Zkoumali jsme rozdíly mezi pacienty s CHOPN, pacienty s AB a zdravými jedinci. Cílem bylo také stanovit tyto vztahy v kontextu vážnosti průtokové limitace, resp. obstrukce dechových cest. Metodika: Soubor tvořily 3 skupiny probandů, celkem 31 dospělých: 10 jedinců s klinicky stabilním AB (5 žen a 5 můžů), 11 jedinců s klinicky stabilním, středně těžkým CHOPN (7 mužu a 4 ženy) a kontrolní skupinu tvořilo 10 zdravých jedinců (5 mužů a 5 žen). Všichni probandi podstoupili komplexní měření plicních funkcí a kardiopulmonální zátežové vyšetření. Bránici jsme vyšetřovali pomocí...