No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis presents the characterization of the optical and mechanical properties of silica nanoparticle films fabricated by ionic self-assembly, also known as layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. Utilizing electrostatic attraction of oppositely-charged materials permits uniform and rapid growth of the constituents onto planar and curved surfaces. In this work, silica nanoparticles are adsorbed onto glass and polycarbonate substrates, as well as micron-scale glass fibers, with the purpose of improving the optical quality of the respective media. Several methods are presented to improve the adhesion and cohesion of silica nanoparticle films on glass substrates. In the first method, the substrate and nanoparticle surfaces are coated with materials containing sulfonate end groups. Next, a photo-reactive polycation known as diazo-resin (DAR) is used in ISAM deposition with the modified silica nanoparticles. Subsequent exposure to UV converts the ionic bonds between the DAR and sulfonate groups into covalent ones. The second method to improve the mechanical strength is to heat the ISAM silica nanoparticle film at a high enough temperature (500 °C) to remove the polymer and partially fuse the nanoparticles. This technique is known as calcination and is shown to significantly improve the mechanical robustness of the film without compromising the optical properties. The final method involves the deposition of precursor and capping polymer layers around bulk silica nanoparticle films with both bilayer and quadlayer designs. The addition of these polymer layers improves the surface contact between adjacent nanoparticles but reduces the film porosity and consequently the optical transparency. Currently the calcination technique is the only one that significantly improves the film adhesion and cohesion, but suggestions are offered to potentially improve the performance of films made by the other two methods. An alternative way to functionalize polycarbonate substrates for silica nanoparticle ISAM deposition is also presented. The molecular structure of polycarbonate at the surface can be modified by exposing it to deep UV (λ = 185, 254 nm). By doing so, the surface becomes populated with carboxylate species, and thus permits ISAM deposition of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and silica nanoparticles. A variety of spectroscopic methods show that the molecular structure is changed by this procedure, and SEM shows that UV treatment improves the uniformity of ISAM films on polycarbonate. Finally, PAH/silica nanoparticle ISAM films are deposited onto glass fibers. The fibers are used for mechanical reinforcement of polymer composite optical media. The role of the nanoparticle film on the fibers is to reduce light scattering at the interfaces of materials with different thermo-optic coefficients, in other words, transmittance losses associated with changes in temperature. Fiber bundles coated with silica nanoparticles suffer from unacceptable levels of aggregation, and hence do not currently improve the transmittance over the temperature spectrum. Some evidence is presented, however, to suggest that the transparency can be improved if fiber aggregation during ISAM deposition can be avoided. / Ph. D.

A novel acid-catalyzed self-condensation reaction of 6-diketones in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethane (TFD) has been discovered. This reaction is of interest because not many methods are available for the preparation of cyclized products (e.g., aromatic natural products) from 6-dicarbonyl units. Acid-catalyzed reactions of 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione and several substituted derivatives of 1- phenyl-1,3-butanedione with TFD afforded two groups of substituted biphenyl compounds. One of these groups could be an important synthon for the preparation of larger polycyclic aromatic compounds. Several cyclized products have also been obtained from the reaction of 2, 4-pentanedione with TFD. Two potential mechanisms have been suggested to describe this cyclization process. Mechanistic studies utilizing dienophiles suggest that the previously described cyclized products have originated from Michael addition reactions. Several NMR techniques have been utilized to characterize the reaction products which were obtained in this study. These techniques include ¹³C labeling, the ¹³C NMR INADEQUATE pulse experiment, and applications of lanthanide shift reagents. The results that were obtained from the lanthanide shift reagent studies illustrate that certain oxygen atoms can be converted to 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl ethers to prevent complexation with lanthanide shift reagents. This methodology was successfully utilized to simplify the interpretation of lanthanide shift reagent results that were obtained from polyfunctional molecules. The reactions of several additional β-diketones have also been studied to better understand the cyclization process. / Ph. D.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is an emerging novel therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have shown ability to block angiogenesis and cell cycling, as well as initiate differentiation and apoptosis. In fact, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is the first in the class of HDACi approved by the FDA for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. On the other hand, there is a sustained interest in the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications - bioimaging, drug delivery, and binary therapy techniques such as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This interest in AuNPs is facilitated by favorable attributes such as ease of fabrication, bioconjugation and biocompatibility, and unique optical and electronic properties. However, HDACi- and AuNPs- based antitumor agents are plagued with problems common to all chemotherapeutic agents such as lack of selectivity, which often results in systemic toxicity. Therefore, availability of a methodology to selectively deliver AuNPs and HDACi to cancer cells will significantly improve their therapeutic indices and lead to the identification of novel agents for use in diagnostic imaging and targeted cancer therapy applications.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-174).

Les cyclopropanes sont des motifs régulièrement incorporés lors du développement de nouvelles molécules bioactives de par les propriétés qu’ils apportent à celles-ci. Cela a donc poussé les chimistes organiciens à développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour leur synthèse en modulant notamment les différentes substitutions. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent donc dans cette thématique : le développement de méthodologies permettant l’accès à des cyclopropanes hautement substitués. Afin d’accéder à des motifs 1,2,3-trisubstitués et stéréoenrichis, nous avons dans un premier temps envisagé de réaliser des couplages de Suzuki-Miyaura sur des halocyclopropanes 2,3-disubstitués synthétisés dans le groupe grâce à l’utilisation du ligand chiral de type dioxaborolane. Des conditions douces et reproductibles ont été développées, notamment grâce à la synthèse d’un pré-catalyseur de type Buchwald. Les chapitres suivants ont été consacrés à la synthèse de motifs cyclopropaniques substitués de manière plus directe en utilisant des composés diazoïques portant les groupements à introduire. Des diazoalcanes semi-stabilisés (portant des groupements possédant des liaisons π proximales tels que des aryles ou des alcènes) ont tout d’abord été employés. L’utilisation d’une porphyrine de fer a permis de réaliser des cyclopropanations d’aryldiazométhanes générés in situ à partir de 2-nosylhydrazones dans des conditions douces, ce qui a permis d’élargir la gamme de composés diazoïques semi-stabilisés utilisables en cyclopropanation. Nous avons par la suite envisagé de réaliser des cyclopropanations de dialkyldiazoalcanes générés in situ à partir d’arylsulfonylhydrazones. Des gem-diméthyl cyclopropanes, motifs d’intérêt pour l’industrie pharmaceutique, ont été synthétisés avec succès et ce sans nécessiter la présence d’un catalyseur métallique. De hautes températures ont cependant été nécessaires. À cause de ces conditions très dures, nous nous sommes tournés vers une autre stratégie pour la synthèse de composés diazoïques non-stabilisés. Nous avons alors envisagé d’oxyder des hydrazones libres, ce processus pouvant se dérouler à basses températures et générant moins de déchets. Après l’achèvement d’un projet initié par d’autres membres du groupe employant une quantité stœchiométrique d’un oxydant métallique, nous nous sommes tournés vers l’utilisation de l’iodosylbenzène. Cet oxydant organique a permis la génération de nombreux composés diazoïques aliphatiques et a été compatible avec une réaction de cycloaddition [3+2] in situ de divers accepteurs de Michael. Alors que les conditions réactionnelles ne permettaient pas la conversion spontanée de toutes les 1-pyrazolines générées en cyclopropanes, un processus de photolyse en chimie en flux continu a été développé afin d’induire ces contractions de cycle. Des dérivés d’amino acides non naturels ainsi que des gem-diméthyl cyclopropanes ont été obtenus avec de hauts rendements. En immobilisant l’iodosylbenzène dans un réacteur à garnissage et en utilisant la technologie en flux continu, nous avons par la suite généré des solutions relativement pures de phényldiazométhane. Cependant, la génération de composés diazoïques non-stabilisés en utilisant ce processus s’est avérée plus complexe en raison de diverses incompatibilités. Enfin, la synthèse de cyclopropanes substitués par des groupements amino, alkoxy ou aryloxy a été envisagée via l’utilisation de composés diazoïques substitués par ces hétéroatomes. Lors de l’initiation de ces travaux, un faible rendement en aminocyclopropane a été obtenu, indiquant néanmoins la génération et cyclopropanation du composé diazoïque déstabilisé désiré. / The cyclopropane moiety is present in a large number of bioactive molecules as its incorporation usually improves their physicochemical properties. As a result, the development of new methodologies allowing the synthesis of various substituted cyclopropanes have become of significant interest. In order to access stereoenriched 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropanes, we first developed a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 2,3-disubstituted halocyclopropanes synthesized in the group using a chiral dioxaborolane ligand. Mild and highly reproducible reaction conditions were developed, especially thanks to the synthesis of a Buchwald type pre-catalyst. The next chapters were devoted to the synthesis of substituted cyclopropanes using diazo compounds bearing the groups to introduce. Semi-stabilized diazoalkanes (bearing π-system-containing groups such as aryl or alkene moieties) were first employed. The use of an iron porphyrin allowed the cyclopropanation of aryldiazomethanes generated in situ from 2-nosylhydrazones under mild conditions, enabling a broader scope of semi-stabilized diazo compounds that can be used in cyclopropanation reactions. Then, we investigated the cyclopropanation of dialkyldiazoalkanes generated in situ from arylsulfonylhydrazones. Gem-dimethyl cyclopropanes, motifs of particular interest in medicinal chemistry, were synthesized under metal-free conditions. However, high temperatures were needed to decompose the diazo precursors. Because of these harsh reaction conditions, we moved to another strategy enabling the synthesis of non-stabilized diazo compounds. We envisioned the oxidation of free hydrazones, being a more atom economical process that typically requires lower temperatures. After the completion of a project initiated by other group members employing stoichiometric amounts of a metallic reagent, we investigated the use of an organic oxidant. Iodosylbenzene allowed the generation of numerous aliphatic diazo compounds and was compatible with the in situ [3+2] cycloaddition of various Michael acceptors. Conversion of the 1-pyrazolines into the corresponding cyclopropanes was not always spontaneous under these reaction conditions, and therefore a photolysis process using continuous flow was developed in order to induce the ring contractions. Unnatural amino acids and gem-dimethyl cyclopropanes were synthesized in high yields using methodology. Immobilizing the iodosylbenzene in a packed bed reactor using a continuous flow set up allowed us to rapidly generate clean solutions of phenyldiazomethane. However, the production of non-stabilized diazo compounds using this process turned out to be more complicated due to numerous incompatibilities. Finally, the syntheses of amino-, alkoxy- or aryloxycyclopropanes were attempted by generating heteroatom-substituted diazo compounds from the corresponding free hydrazones. An aminocyclopropane was obtained during the initial investigation of this reaction. Although in low yield, this result showed the feasibility of each and every step.