La médecine a été une grande motivation dans la recherche en informatique, et nous pensons que la simulation de procédures médicales sera un élément majeur de la médecine du 21e siècle. Pour ces applications, la simulation physique doit être interactive et proposer un comportement et un rendu visuel des objets simulés qui soient réalistes tout en faisant avec un temps de calcul limité. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à la simulation du geste chirurgical de la suture, faisant interagir des modèles hétérogènes (rigides, déformables 1d et 3d) dans la reproduction d'un geste complexe. Nous proposons de modéliser ces interactions par des contraintes de complémentarité, avec une méthode générique et une résolution indépendante des types de contraintes utilisées. Cette approche a permis la mise au point de contraintes spécifiques pour créer des modèles d'interaction nouveaux. Ces contraintes ont permis une simulation complète de l'insertion d'aiguille, validée par les mesures expérimentales des travaux antérieurs, qui suit les lois physiques et s'adapte à la manipulation de l'utilisateur. Enfin, une simulation interactive très réaliste a été réalisée pour l'entraînement au geste de suture dans le cadre d'opérations laparoscopiques. / Medicine has been a great motivation in computer science, and we think the simulation of medical gestures will be an important part of the medicine of the 21st century. For these applications, the physical simulation has to be interactive and use realistic models for the behavior and the visualization of the simulated objects, all in a limited computation time. In this work, we have looked at the medical simulation of the complex gesture of the suture, where heterogeneous models interact (rigids, 1d and 3d deformable models). We propose a generic method based on complementarity constraints for the modelisation of these interactions, using a resolution independent of the types of constraints used in the simulation. This approach enabled us to create specific constraints for new interaction models. Using these constraints following the physical laws, a complete simulation of the insertion of needles has been proposed. The user has the control over this interactive simulation, and the interaction model has been validated using previous experimental measures. A realistic interactive simulation of the suture has been created for the training of surgeons during laparoscopic operations.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette recherche examine l’insertion professionnelle des enseignants immigrants de minorité visible dans les écoles de la Division scolaire franco-manitobaine. Au début de leur carrière, les nouveaux enseignants immigrants de minorité visible vivent une période d’adaptation éprouvante marquée par la négociation des différences de philosophie éducative entre leur pays d’origine et celle de leur communauté d’accueil. Cette recherche qualitative s’est donné comme objectif d’aller à la rencontre d’enseignants immigrants de minorité visible afin de mieux comprendre comment ils sont parvenus à construire leur identité professionnelle en surmontant les défis professionnels et personnels afin de s’intégrer à la communauté scolaire franco-manitobaine. Au moyen d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’un groupe d’une dizaine d’enseignants, cette recherche donne la parole à ces enseignants qui partagent les qualités personnelles et les stratégies qu’ils ont utilisés pour réussir leur intégration au système scolaire franco- manitobain. Enfin, ils offrent aussi leurs recommandations pour faciliter l’insertion professionnelle des enseignants immigrants de minorité visible dans les écoles de la DSFM. Notre recherche a permis d’élucider une problématique jusqu’ici peu étudiée au Manitoba. / February 2017

Accurate needle placement is critical to the success of needle-based interventions. Needle deflection due to tissue non-homogeneity and dynamic forces results in targeting error, potentially requiring repeated insertions. Real-time imaging enables closed-loop control of the needle during insertion, improving insertion accuracy. The needle localization algorithm proposed in this thesis models the needle as a parametric polynomial equation optimized to minimize beam bending energy relative to a set of observed needle coordinates. Simulated insertions using an MRI dataset show that the minimum bending energy model allows planning of subsequent imaging planes to capture the moving needle while estimating the shape of the needle with low error.

1S801 is a transposable element isolated from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight of bean. Fragments of the element are present in multiple copies on an indigenous plasmid, pMMC7105, of strain LR781, and have been implicated as sites of homologous recombination leading to imprecise excision of the chromosomally integrated form of the plasmid. The element, which has been completely sequenced, is 1512 base pairs in length and is unusual among transposable elements in that it does not have direct or inverted repeats in its termini. The terminal regions of the element were uncoupled from the two major open reading frames, and trans-acting activity of the putative transposase was demonstrated in Escherichia coli (recA). An alignment of the sequences of thirteen insertions defined the precise borders of the element, and demonstrated that it does not duplicate its targets upon insertion. The target specificity of IS801 is similar to, but more degenerate than, the target specificity of two transposable elements to which it is closely related, IS91 and IS1294. The consensus derived from the aligned target sequences is G/C-A/G-A-C/G, and the target tetramer is found immediately adjacent to the right terminus of the element upon transposition. IS91 was demonstrated to mobilize 1S801, but not with the specificity characteristic of 1S801. The structure of 1S801 and the characteristics of IS91-activated transposition of 1S801 are discussed in light of a proposed model for IS91 transposition, and it is suggested that 1S801 could have been derived from IS91 by a modification of its left end. Remnants of IS801 are present near avirulence genes of various P. syringae pathovars, suggesting that the element has been involved in genetic rearrangements in the vicinity of these loci. / Graduation date: 1996

Surgical operations and processing of natural product require accurate presentation of the target area in order to achieve precise incisions. An excellent example is the deboning automation for chicken breast meat, for which the pose of the wing can greatly affect the cutting efficiency, ability to fix the structure, and product yield. In contrast to engineering objects, biological products present difficulties such as variation in size, shape, and material properties. Unlike past research, which generally found ways to emulate the manual cutting motion, this thesis investigates the effects of wing manipulation on incision tasks. The objective of this thesis is to develop an analytical model for characterizing the manipulation for pose presentation of a musculoskeletal structure for a specified incision. The manipulation model consists of joint kinematics, the mechanics of bio-materials, and a grasping mechanism to determine the joint pose and forces for a given manipulation trajectory. The model provides a basis for monitoring the cutting of bio-material via non-visual information, as well as for design of a compliant mechanism that can be used in an industrial automation application. To gain a better understanding, a wing manipulation test-bed consisting of a force/torque sensor at the point of wing manipulation has been developed. Two specific examples are investigated. The first is needle insertion into bio-materials, and the other is the shoulder cutting operation associated with chicken breast meat deboning. The effects of manipulation on needle insertion forces are used to quantify improvements in insertion point accuracy and required insertion force. Force signatures are also developed for insertion into the biomaterials located within the shoulder joint. The information gathered from both the manipulation model and needle insertion experiments provide a basis for successful implementation of the automation of the shoulder cut. While the experimentation presented in this thesis is developed in the context of poultry processing, which has immediate contributions as a tool that would facilitate the design of the automated cutting mechanisms in poultry industry, we expect that the development of the models will find a broad range of applications ranging from general meat processing, to surgical simulation, and physical therapy.

The purpose of this study is to develop the optimum design of fiber coupler package. Three different kinds of fiber coupler packages are investigated to understand the results of the optical properties under the environmental tests. The environmental test includes the temperature cycling, water immerse, and impact test. The results of fiber coupler packages will be accepted if the measurements for the optical properties are within a small range change under the environmental tests. There are so many components in fiber coupler packages that it is difficult to identify the specific components which should responsible for the optical property changes under environmental test. Therefore, a metallographic analysis is used to understand the structure change of fiber coupler package under environmental test. In this work, the optimum design of fiber coupler package are (1) a ceramic substrate, (2) the epoxy which bonding fiber and substrate should mixed with silicon powder, (3) the silicone should fill the empty space of steel tube fully, and (4) a good protection between the fiber and steel tube.