A Mata Atlântica é um importante bioma da costa brasileira, apresenta grande diversidade de plantas e animais, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade microbiana. Da mesma forma, pouco se sabe sobre o papel funcional desses microrganismos. Vários microrganismos estão envolvidos na ciclagem do nitrogênio na Mata Atlântica, e dentre eles os diazotróficos são de particular interesse, pois contribuem para o aporte direto de nitrogênio nos ecossistemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de bactérias diazotróficas que nodulam leguminosas em duas parcelas permanentes do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar em diferentes altitudes. Nódulos de raízes foram coletados nas quatro estações do ano. As bactérias foram isoladas do interior dos nódulos, resultando em 105 isolados. A análise de diversidade genética destas bactérias foi feita utilizando-se BOX-PCR e sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA. A capacidade de nodulação dos isolados foi determinada através da formação de nódulos em caupi (Vignia unguiculata). Os resultados indicaram que há uma diferença na distribuição espacial e temporal dos nódulos nas áreas estudadas. A maior quantidade de nódulos foi encontrada na parcela de Picinguaba, em estações com menores índices pluviométricos. Os isolados apresentaram uma grande diversidade fenotípica, sendo separados em 6 grupos com características culturais semelhantes. Os perfis de BOX-PCR formaram 8 grupos genotípicos com mais de 80% de similaridade, agrupando tanto isolados de Picinguaba quanto de Santa Virgínia. Os perfis dos géis do BOX-PCR apresentaram variação no número e mobilidade das bandas. Os dados foram transformados em uma matriz binária de presença e ausência que possibilitou a análise de agrupamento hierárquicos com 8 grupos genotípicos com mais de 80% de similaridade, agrupando tanto isolados de Picinguaba quanto de Santa Virgínia. Através do sequenciamento parcial de fragmentos de gene rRNA 16S verificou-se que a estrutura das comunidades diazotróficas de Picinguaba e Santa Virgínia não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa, indicando que não há seleção de populações bacterianas especificas nas áreas.Dos isolados testados, 88% apresentaram capacidade de nodular caupi, porém alguns não foram eficientes em promover o crescimento das plantas. Nas duas áreas predominou UTOs filogeneticamente associados ao gênero Paenibacillus nos nódulos, sugerindo que essas bactérias são importantes para nodulação de leguminosas na Mata Atlântica. / The Atlantic Rainforest is a major biome of the Brazilian coast, which harbors great diversity of flora and fauna, but little is known about its microbial diversity. Furthermore, little is known about the functional role of these abundant microorganisms. Several microorganisms are involved in cycling of the Atlantic Rainforests nitrogen, among them the diazotrophs which are of particular interest because they contribute to the direct input of nitrogen to ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of legumes nodulating diazotrophs in two permanent plots of the Serra do Mar State Park at different altitudes. Root nodules were collected throughout the four seasons. The bacteria were isolated from inside of the nodules, resulting in 105 isolates. The analysis of genetic diversity was performed using BOX-PCR and rRNA 16S sequencing. The nodulation capacity of the isolates was determined by the nodule formation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The results indicated that there are spatial and temporal differences distribution in the areas studied. The largest number of nodules was found in the Picinguaba plot during seasons of low rainfall. The isolates showed a wide phenotypic diversity, hence divided into six groups with similar cultural characteristics. The BOX-PCR profiles formed eight genotypic groups with more than 80% similarity, when comparing the isolates from Picinguaba those from Santa Virginia. The BOX-PCR gel profiles showed variation in number and mobility of bands. The data was transformed into a binary matrix of presence and absence that allowed the hierarchical cluster analysis of eight genotypic groups with more than 80% similarity, again comparing both isolates Picinguaba and Santa Virginia. Through partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments no statistically significant difference was found between the diazotrophs community structures of Picinguaba the and that of Santa Virginia , indicating no selection for specific bacterial populations in these areas. In both isolates tested, 88% showed cowpea nodulating capacity, but some were not effective in promoting plant growth. In both areas OTUs phylogenetically associated with nodule of genus Paenibacillus predominated, suggesting that these bacteria are important for legume nodulation in the Atlantic Rainforest.

In aquatic environments the availability of nitrogen (N) generally limits primary production. N2-fixing prokaryotes (diazotrophs) can convert N2 gas into ammonium and provide significant input of N into the oceans. Cyanobacteria are thought to be the main N2-fixers but diazotrophs also include a wide range of heterotrophic bacteria. However, their activity and regulation in the water column is largely unknown. In this thesis the distribution, diversity, abundance, and activity of marine and estuarine heterotrophic diazotrophs was investigated. With molecular methods targeting the nifH gene, encoding the nitrogenase enzyme for N2 fixation, it was shown that diverse nifH genes affiliating with heterotrophic bacteria were ubiquitous in surface waters from ten marine locations world-wide and the estuarine Baltic Sea. Through enrichment cultures of Baltic Sea surface water in anaerobic N-free medium, heterotrophic N2 fixation was induced showing that there was a functional N2-fixing community present and isolates of heterotrophic diazotrophs were obtained. In Sargasso Sea surface waters, transcripts of nifH related to heterotrophic bacteria were detected indicating heterotrophic N2-fixing activity. Nitrogenase expression is thought to be highly regulated by the availability of inorganic N and the presence of oxygen. Low oxygen zones within the water column can be found in association with plankton. The presence of diazotrophs as symbionts of heterotrophic dinoflagellates was investigated and nifH genes related to heterotrophic diazotrophs rather than the cyanobacterial symbionts were found, suggesting that a symbiotic co-existence prevailed. Oxic-anoxic interfaces could also be potential sites for heterotrophic N2 fixation. The Baltic Sea contains large areas of anoxic bottom water. At the chemocline and in anoxic deep water heterotrophic diazotrophs were diverse, abundant and active. These findings extend the currently known regime of N2 fixation to also include ammonium-rich anaerobic waters. The results of this thesis suggest that heterotrophic diazotrophs are diverse and widely distributed in marine and estuarine waters and that they can also be active. However, limits in the knowledge on their physiology and factors which regulate their N2 fixation activity currently prevent an evaluation of their importance in the global marine N budget.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / New technologies are intended to assist the farmer in the inoculation process, as is the case of antecipated inoculation (pre-inoculation) provided by using osmoprotectors. In search of higher yields, the kind of inoculation and management with nitrogen fertilizer also need to be clarified. In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic performance of two inoculation strategies with Bradyrhizobium alone (conventional inoculation) or combined with Azsopirillum brasilense (co-inoculation). The first experiment, we evaluated the pre-inoculation (0, 7 and 10 days before seeding). The second experiment evaluated the response to supply urea (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1) split into two periods of three soybeans cultivars development stage (BMX Ativa RR, TEC 6029 IPRO and BMX Potência RR). We evaluated the interaction of nodulation, of morphophysiological components and grain yield at conditions of Santa Maria. Co-inoculation and conventional inoculation, both plus an osmoprotectors, showed increases in grain yield relative to treatment not inoculated 31 and 25%, respectively. With seven days before to sowing, use of osmoprotectors for both types of inoculation, did not differ statistically from the other treatments inoculated the same day of sowing. Co-inoculation provided increment in grain yield of 240 kg ha-1 compared to conventional inoculation. BMX Ativa, TEC 6029 IPRO and BMX Potência when co-inoculated showed increases in grain yield 6, 4 e 12%, respectively. The addition of 150 kg N ha-1 for the two indeterminate cultivars had an increases, but without economic return. The cultivars tested when inoculated conventionally not respond positively to the application of urea. Therefore, these results confirm the effectiveness of the use osmoprotectores and co-inoculation ond the seeds and low economic returns provided by the use of nitrogen fertilizer. It emphasizes the use of activation and protection substances on rhizobial inoculants for the formulation, as well as more studies concerning the efficiency of co-inoculation with rhizobacteria promote plant growth to obtain higher yields. / Novas tecnologias têm surgido para auxiliar o agricultor no processo de inoculação, como é o caso da pré-incoulação (inoculação antecipada) possibilitada pelo uso de osmoprotetores. Na busca por produtividades superiores, o tipo de inoculação e o manejo com fertilizante nitrogenado também precisam ser melhor esclarecidos. No presente trabalho, foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o desempenho agronômico de duas estratégias de inoculação com bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium isoladamente (inoculação convencional) ou combinadas com Azospirillum brasilense (co-inoculação). O primeiro experimento, testou a pré-inoculação (0, 7 e 10 dias anteriores à semeadura). O segundo experimento, testou à resposta ao fornecimento de ureia (0, 75 e 150 kg de N ha-1) fracionado em dois momentos do estádio de desenvolvimento de três cultivares de soja (BMX Ativa RR, TEC 6029 IPRO e BMX Potência RR). Avaliou-se os componentes da nodulação, morfofisiológicos e da produtividade de grãos nas condições edafoclimáticas de Santa Maria. A co-inoculação e a inoculação convencional, ambas acrescidas do osmoprotetor, apresentaram acréscimos na produção de grãos em relação ao tratamento não inoculado de 31 e 25%, respectivamente. Com sete dias anteriores à semeadura, o uso do osmoprotetor para os dois tipos de inoculação, não diferiu estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos inoculados no mesmo dia da semeadura. A co-inoculação proporcionou incremento na produtividade de grãos de 240 kg ha-1 quando comparado à inoculação convencional. Os cultivares BMX Ativa, TEC 6029 e BMX Potência quando co-inoculadas apresentaram incrementos na produtividade de 6, 4 e 12% respectivamente. Com a adição de 150 kg de N ha-1, os dois cultivares indeterminados apresentaram incremento na produtividade de 300 kg ha-1, porém, sem retorno econômico. Os cultivares testados quando inoculados convencionalmente não respondem positivamente à aplicação de ureia. Portanto, esses resultados confirmam a eficácia do uso de osmoprotetores e co-inoculação de sementes e o baixo retorno econômico proporcionado pelo uso de fertilizante nitrogenado. Enfatiza-se o uso de substâncias de ativação e proteção para os rizóbios na formulação de inoculantes, assim como, mais estudos quanto a eficiência da co-inoculação com rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas para obtenção de maiores produtividades.

A Brachiaria brizantha é considerada uma das forrageiras preferidas entre os agropecuaristas por possuir elevada produção de forragem, tolerância ao calor e ao déficit hídrico, alta resposta à aplicação de fertilizantes, produção em grande massa de raízes e sementes, resistência à cigarrinha das pastagens (exceto as pertencentes ao gênero Mahanarva) e boa competição com plantas invasoras. É considerada a principal fonte de alimento para bovinos, sendo utilizada tanto na cria, recria, como na engorda dos animais. As bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio ou diazotróficas são procariotos capazes de reduzir o N2 a NH3, forma assimilável pelos organismos, e também podem produzir hormônios vegetais, como ácido-indol-acético, que estimulam o crescimento radicular da planta. Estes micro-organismos apresentam grande importância para a manutenção dos ecossistemas. Sua associação com as raízes de plantas e seu efeito promotor quando associados à Brachiaria brizantha possibilitaria a recuperação de áreas de pastagens que apresentam deficiência de nitrogênio, o que é um mecanismo ainda pouco explorado. Com o objetivo de estudar esta possibilidade, foram escolhidas três áreas (Nova Odessa-SP, São Carlos- SP e Campo Verde-MT), preferencialmente onde o nitrogênio era limitante, constituídas por pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha para a amostragem de solo e raiz. Os três locais demonstraram a ocorrência de diazotróficos, após o isolamento e cultivo das bactérias em meio de cultivo semisólido sem adição de nitrogênio na forma combinada (JNFb). Foram obtidas 110 estirpes bacterianas e, após sorteio aleatório, 72 isolados foram mantidos para realização de testes a fim de se avaliar o potencial biotecnológico das bactérias. Destes, 10 demonstraram atividade da nitrogenase quando submetidos ao método de aumento na concentração de nitrogênio total (Ntotal) em meio de cultura. 57 isolados foram capazes de reduzir o gás acetileno a etileno quando submetidos à técnica de redução de acetileno. As estirpes bacterianas C4 (Pseudomonas sp.) e C7 (Azospirillum sp.), isoladas da rizosfera de Brachiaria brizantha da área de Campo Verde-MT, se destacaram das demais por apresentar atividade da nitrogenase muito superior até a de bactérias diazotróficas que foram incluídas na avaliação como testemunhas positivas. Outros 68 isolados produziram o hormônio vegetal ácido-indol-acético quando cultivados em meio de cultivo LB, na presença de triptofano. A produção variou de 0,39µg/mL a 195 µg/mL de AIA. Todos os 72 isolados foram utilizados em experimento em casa de vegetação para avaliar o efeito de inoculação em B. brizantha quando com eles inoculada. Avaliaram-se a matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz e o teor de nitrogênio total da parte aérea através do método micro-Kjeldhal. Nenhum isolado diferiu significativamente do controle sem inoculação bacteriana que continha a mesma dose de nitrogênio fornecido às plantas. O seqüenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA dos 72 isolados permitiu a caracterização de sete grupos genotípicos: Stenotrophomonas sp, Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Rhizobium sp, Sphingomonas sp. e Azospirillum sp. O gênero Stenotrophomonas sp. predominou (69%) nas três áreas de estudo. / Brachiaria brizantha is considered one of preferred fodders among farmers for having high forage yield, tolerance to heat and drought, high response to fertilizer application, large production of root mass and seeds, resistance to grassland leafhopper (except those belonging to the genus Mahanarva) and good competition with weeds. It is considered the main source of food for cattle, being used in the raising, breeding, and fattening of animals. The nitrogen fixing bacteria or diazotrophs are prokaryotes able to reduce N2 to NH3, which is assimilated by organisms, and may also produce plant hormones such as indole-acetic acid, which stimulates root growth. These micro-organisms have great importance for the maintenance of ecosystems. Their association with plant roots and their promoting effect when combined with Brachiaria brizantha enable recovery of nitrogen-deficient grazing areas, which is a mechanism still little explored. Therefore, three areas were chosen (Nova Odessa-SP, Sao Carlos-SP and Campo Verde-MT), preferably where nitrogen was limiting, consisting of Brachiaria brizantha from which samples of soil and roots were collected. The three sites showed the occurrence of diazotrophs after the isolation and cultivation of bacteria in semi-solid culture medium with no nitrogen added in the combined form (JNFb). It was obtained 110 bacterial strains and, after the raffle random, 72 were kept isolated for testing in order to assess the biotechnological potential of bacteria. From which, 10 showed nitrogenase activity when subjected to the method of total nitrogen concentration increase (N-total) in the culture medium. 57 isolates were able to reduce acetylene to ethylene when subjected to the acetylene reduction technique. The strains C4 (Pseudomonas sp.) and C7 (Azospirillum sp.), isolated from the rhizosphere of Brachiaria brizantha in the area of Campo Verde-MT, stood out from the others by presenting nitrogenase activity far superior to that of diazotrophs recommended as positive controls. Other 68 isolates produced the plant hormone indole-acetic acid when grown in LB culture medium in the presence of tryptophan. Production ranged from 0.39 g/mL to 195 g/mL of IAA. All 72 isolates were used in an experiment in a greenhouse to evaluate the effect of inoculation on B. brizantha. Evaluations were carried out on dry matter of shoot and root and total nitrogen content of the shoot through the micro-Kjeldahl method. None of the isolates differed significantly from the control without bacterial inoculation which contained the same amount of nitrogen supplied to plants. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA of the 72 isolates allowed the characterization of seven genotype groups: Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Rhizobium, Sphingomonas sp. and Azospirillum sp. The genus Stenotrophomonas sp. predominated (69%) in the three study areas.

No description available.

A mesocosm experiment was carried out in a Norwegian fjord near Bergen in May 2006, with the main objective being the study of the effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (and associated effects such as increased acidification) on blooms of natural marine coastal plankton. Three mesocosms were bubbled with CO2(g) to achieve a high (~700ppm) CO2 concentration (pH ~7.8) to simulate predicted future conditions as a result of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Another three mesocosms were treated as controls and bubbled with ambient air to represent a near pre-industrial scenario (atmospheric CO2 concentration ~300ppm, surface seawater pH ~8.15). Blooms in the mesocosms were stimulated by the addition of nutrients at a near-Redfield ratio ([N:P] ≈ [16:1]), and scientific measurements and analyses were carried out over the course of the blooms for approximately one month. Of particular interest in this study were the autotrophic plankton. The diversity and activities of these microorganisms under the two treatments was therefore investigated. By designing and using new degenerate primers specifically targeting ‘Green-type’ (Form IA and IB), ‘Red-type’ (Form IC and ID) and Form II RuBisCO, analysis of primary producers was carried out using PCR and either gDNA or cDNA (mRNA) templates from key time points spanning the complete duration of the blooms throughout the mesocosm experiment. Over 1250 novel RuBisCO large subunit sequences have been fully annotated and deposited in the NCBI GenBank® database. These sequences revealed distinct changes in the diversity of primary producers both over the courses of the blooms and between treatments. Particularly striking was the effect of acidification on the community structure of the eukaryotic picoplankton, Prasinophytes. A clade of prasinophytes closely related to Micromonas pusilla showed a distinct preference for the high CO2 conditions; a laboratory-based experiment confirmed the high tolerance of Micromonas pusilla to lower pH. Conversely, a clade related to Bathycoccus prasinos was almost entirely excluded from the high CO2 treatments. Clades of form II RuBisCO-containing dinoflagellates were also abundant throughout the experiment in both treatments. The high similarity of some of these clades to the toxin-producing species Heterocapsa triquetra and Gonyaulax polyedra, and apparent high tolerance of some clades to high CO2 conditions, is perhaps cause for concern in a high CO2 world and demands further research. In parallel with the RubisCO work, new primers were designed that target the gene encoding the Fe protein of nitrogenase (NifH). 82 Bergen genomic nifH sequences have been annotated and submitted to GenBank®. These sequences include those from organisms related to Alpha, Beta, and Gammaproteobacteria, and Cluster II and Cluster III sequences that align most closely with anaerobic Bacteria, Gram positive, and/or sulphur-reducing Bacteria. The biggest surprise, however, was the apparent abundance and significance of a Rhodobacter sphaeroides-like microorganism throughout the duration of the experiment in both treatments. Whilst this clade was unsurprisingly absent in the RuBisCO cDNA libraries, all but two of 128 nifH cDNA clones analysed were identical to the gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This shows that this clade was potentially fixing N2 throughout the entire experiment, even in the presence of combined N added to both sets of mesocosms at the start of the experiment. A group of Rhodobacter sphaeroides-like microorganisms present at Bergen may therefore have been an unexpected source of new N during the experiment and contributed to the maintenance of the mesocosm communities as nutrients became depleted. One organism dominated the autotrophic communities after the blooms in both treatments. Synechococcus spp. Form IA rbcL clones most closely related to the coastal strain Synechococcus sp. strain CC9902 were recovered throughout the experiment but were particularly numerous toward the end of the experiment and dominated the “Green-type” libraries at this time. Initially, rbcL clones from these cyanobacteria were mostly derived from the ambient CO2 mesocosms but were equally distributed between treatments by the end of the experiment. This suggests that cyanobacteria related to strain CC9902 may be less tolerant of elevated CO2 (which was greatest at the beginning rather than the end of the experiment). However, despite the mesocosms being Pi-limited at the end of the experiment, several Synechococcus species (including those related to strain CC9902 and another coastal strain, CC9311) thrived. Following on from this observation, Pi uptake and assimilation mechanisms in a Synechococcus species were investigated in the laboratory. This led to the sequencing and characterisation of a pstS gene from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH 8103. Unlike conventional pstS, it was discovered that the pstS II gene in this organism is constitutively expressed and unresponsive to or only weakly regulated by Pi supply. The use of PstS/pstS as a marker for P-limitation in natural samples, therefore, should be interpreted with caution.

La mer Méditerranée est une des zones océaniques les plus oligotrophes de la planète pour laquelle la fixation biologique d’azote a été proposée comme jouant un rôle important dans les flux de carbone et d’azote. Comme les organismes planctoniques potentiellement responsables de cette activité n’y ont jamais été étudiés, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de caractériser la diversité (abondance et richesse spécifique), la distribution spatio-temporelle, et les facteurs de contrôle des diazotrophes, en s’axant particulièrement sur les cyanobactéries unicellulaires (UCYN). Pour cela, des hybridations in situ (TSAFISH)sur différentes fractions de taille en combinaison avec des comptages microscopiques et des analyses phylogénétiques sur les gènes 16S ADNr et nifH ont été réalisées, à la fois lors d’un cycle saisonnier à la station côtière SOMLIT de Marseille, et lors du transect Méditerranéen BOUM. Alors que les cyanobactéries filamenteuses Richelia intra cellularis et Trichodesmium sp. ont été détectées seulement ponctuellement dans le temps et dans l’espace, en très faible concentration (0.02 filament.ml-1), la communauté des cyanobactéries diazotrophes était dominée à 99,9% par du picoplancton hybridé avec la sonde Nitro821, spécifique aux UCYN. Ces cellules, de petite (0.7-1.5 μm) ou de grande (2.5-3.2 μm)taille, ont été retrouvées en faible concentration (1-6 cellule.ml-1) dans toute la Méditerranée et tout au long de l’année, à l’exception de l’été 2006 lorsque la concentration des petites cellules a atteint 5300 cellule.ml-1 au cours d’un évènement exceptionnel de pollution atmosphérique urbaine. Des efflorescences similaire sont été observées suite à des enrichissements en poussières sahariennes à une station côtière en Corse et au large au centre de la Méditerranée, simultanément avec des augmentations de l’activité de fixation d’azote.L’affiliation des petites cellules aux UCYN-A a été confirmée par phylogénie dans les eaux du large de la Méditerranée occidentale. Les librairies de clones nifH de la fraction de taille picoplanctonique étaient dominées par des séquences d’α-protéobactéries appartenant à un nouveau groupe marin de Bradyrhizobium. D’autres groupes de rhizobia et des γ-protéobactéries ont été détectés ponctuellement.Alors que l’absence de Trichodesmium sp. au large pourrait être liée aux faibles concentrations en phosphate et en fer, les facteurs inhibant le développement des UCYN-B et –C restent inconnus. Lesdiazotrophes picoplanctoniques (Bradyrhizobium, rhizobia, UCYN-A) pourraient avoir développé des stratégies spécifiques, telles que des associations avec des eucaryotes ou des particules inertes, et/ou la capacité de photosynthèse, pour acquérir le carbone nécessaire au soutien du processus de la diazotrophie / The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic marine areas on earth where nitrogenfixation has been formally believed to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Although thisview is under debate, the diazotrophs responsible for this activity have still not been investigated. The aimsof this PhD were to characterise the diversity (abundance and species richness) and the spatio-temporaldistribution of diazotrophs, as well as factors controlling their development, with a particular focus onunicellular cyanobacteria. A combination of microscopic counts with size fractionated in situ hybridization(TSA-FISH), and 16S rDNA and nifH phylogenies were done, either over a year and a half seasonal cycle atthe coastal SOMLIT station off Marseilles, and across the entire Mediterranean Sea during the BOUMtransect. Low concentrations of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were detected and this community wasdominated at 99.9% by picoplankton hybridized with Nitro821 probe, specific for unicellular diazotrophiccyanobacteria (UCYN). Among filamentous cyanobacteria, only 0.02 filament ml-1 of Richeliaintracellularis and Trichodesmium sp. were detected sporadically in time and space. Small (0.7-1.5 μm) andlarge (2.5-3.2 μm) Nitro821-targeted cells were recovered in low concentrations (1-6 cell ml-1) across theentire Mediterranean Sea and all the year long, except over a month period in summer 2006 whenconcentrations of small cells reached 5300 cell ml-1, during an exceptionally high urban pollution event.Similar blooms of small and large cells were reported after Saharan dust inputs off Corsica and at open Sea,simultaneously with increases in N2 fixation rates. The affiliation of the small Nitro821-targeted cells toUCYN-A was confirmed by 16S and nifH phylogenies offshore in the western Mediterranean Sea. Rhizobiasequences, including the ones of a new marine group of Bradyrhizobium, were dominating nifH clonelibraries from picoplanktonic size fractions. A few sequences of γ-proteobacteria were also detected incentral Mediterranean Sea. While low phosphate and iron concentrations could explain the absence ofTrichodesmium sp. offshore, the factors that prevent the development of UCYN-B and C remain unknown.It is proposed that the dominating Mediterranean picoplankters (Bradyrhizobium, rhizobia, UCYN-A)probably developed specific strategies, such as associations with protists or particles, and/or photosyntheticactivity, to acquire carbon for sustaining diazotrophy.