Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09246.pdf: 5265828 bytes, checksum: 4d1524b4005b3c1696584a11c7c97252 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho, comprovou-se através do teste de fadiga que a camisa de cilindro pode ter sua resistência à fadiga elevada pela tensão residual compressiva induzida pelo roleteamento do raio de concordância. Utilizando a metodologia do Planejamento de Experimentos (DOE), criou-se um experimento para estudar a contribuição individual na elevação da tensão residual compressiva de cada um dos parâmetros do processo de roleteamento (força, tempo e rotação). Com o emprego da difração de raios X, foi possível mediar à tensão residual em todas as camisas utilizadas no experimento do DOE. Técnicas de tratamento estatístico como Análise de Variância (ANOVA), gráfico de Pareto e o teste de normalidade Anderson-Darling foram aplicadas ao conjunto de resultados obtidos pelas medições de difração de raios X, permitindo assim determinar que a força é o parâmetro de maior influência para a elevação da tensão residual compressiva no raio de concordância. O teste de eficácia do sistema de medição de tensão residual por difração de raios X comprovou que esse método possui a acurácia necessária para detectar eventuais desvios do processo de produção, tornando-o assim, um substituto mais econômico para o teste de fadiga, método atualmente utilizado para inspecionar as camisas de cilindr / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Dissertação (mestrado profissional)) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glyniadakis_GeorgesVretos_M.pdf: 4546733 bytes, checksum: 79710497f8d263afb43f905ddd4e41f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os requisitos de qualidade sonora estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados no mercado de caminhões médios e pesados. Assim, proprietários de veículos sentem-se incomodados pelo ruído de batida de dentes, principalmente na condição de motor na marcha lenta e o compressor de ar operando com carga. Algumas vezes o associam como falha, podendo até gerar reclamações na revenda bem como perda de qualidade na imagem do produto ou do fabricante. Uma opção para tratar este tipo de ruído é o uso de engrenagens com sistema de redução de folga. A literatura indica que conforme a folga é reduzida o ruído também é reduzido. Então entender o efeito desta solução é necessário antes de aplicá-la em produção. Sendo assim este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o efeito vibroacustico da engrenagem com sistema de redução de folga automático no ruído de batida de dentes (rattle) relativo à engrenagem do compressor de ar do motor MWM ACTEON 4.12TCE. Um modelo analítico simplificado foi desenvolvido para verificar as oscilações dos deslocamentos angulares e velocidades da engrenagem do compressor. Estes resultados foram posteriormente confrontados com resultados experimentais. Também foram analisadas as respostas vibroacústicas do motor através de experimentos e seus efeitos em termos de qualidade sonora através de teste de júri / Abstract: Sound quality requirements have been more often used in light and heavy duty trucks market. Then, vehicle owners fell uncomfortable with rattle noise mainly at idle speed with air compressor operating in load phase. Sometimes they associate this noise as a failure, which can generate a car shop dealer claim, as well as product and company image deterioration. One option to deal with this kind of noise is to apply an anti-backlash gears. The literature shows that as we decrease the backlash the rattle is reduced too. Then, to understand the effect of this solution is mandatory before to apply into production. The object of this work is to study the vibroacoustics effects of the anti-backlash gear system regarding to the air compressor rattle noise of the MWM ACTEON 4.12TCE diesel engine. A simplified analytical model was developed in order to verify the angular displacement and velocities fluctuation of the air compressor anti-backlash gear. These results were compared with experimental ones. Experimental vibroacoustics responses were also analyzed in terms of sound quality jury test / Mestrado / Dinâmica / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Waldyr Luiz Ribeiro Gallo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BritoLopes_AlissonVinicius_M.pdf: 16369458 bytes, checksum: e72c2c680cdccf96557c9588ce37e602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Um modelo de simulação fenomenológico de motores Diesel foi desenvolvido. O modelo permite a simulação das fases aberta e fechada do ciclo. A combustão é modelada utilizando um modelo de liberação de energia finita. É levado em conta um modelo unidimensional para escoamento sobre as válvulas e um modelo para a transmissão de calor instantânea entre os gases e a parede do cilindro. Por se tratar de um modelo paramétrico, uma série de estudos pode ser feita no sentido de avaliar as influências dos diversos parâmetros sobre os valores finais de eficiência global do motor. As curvas características e as eficiências do motor correspondem aos resultados finais obtidos após o processo iterativo. Um motor é comparado quando simulado em duas situações: com e sem cruzamento de válvulas. Ao simular o caso base (sem cruzamento de válvulas) foi possível comparar a potência efetiva de eixo declarada pelo fabricante (49 kW) e constatar que a potência calculada pelo modelo foi de 51.3 kW indicando assim que as hipóteses adotadas foram bastante razoáveis. Além disso, o modelo forneceu valores para eficiência volumétrica, consumo específico e eficiência térmica condizentes com os valores usualmente encontrados nas referências bibliográficas. Constatou-se que ao gozar de um curto cruzamento de válvulas o motor teve seus parâmetros de eficiência aumentada em 3%, além de uma redução de 3.3% no consumo específico de combustível, valores esses quando comparados ao caso base. O algoritmo desenvolvido permitiu também analisar a influência do ponto de injeção na curva de pressão de combustão, a influência da rotação na curva de taxas mássicas na admissão/escape e a influência da quantidade de combustível injetada sobre as potências de atrito, efetiva e indicada / Abstract: A phenomenological simulation model of Diesel engine was developed. The model is able to simulate the open and closed phase of the cycle. The combustion process is modeled by using a finite heat release model. A one-dimensional model is applied for the flow through the valves and the instantaneous heat transfer between gases and cylinder wall. As the model is parameterized, a series of studies can be done to evaluate the influence of several parameters on the final values of the overall engine efficiency. Typical engine curves and the engine efficiencies are obtained as a result of the interactive process. An engine is compared when simulated in two situations: with and without valve overlapping. By simulating the baseline case (without valve overlapping) it was possible to compare the brake power informed by the engine manufacturer (49 kW) and that obtained by model was (51.3 kW), showing that the hypothesis adopted was reasonable. Furthermore, the model provides values for the volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency in agreement with values usually found in both the bibliographic references and manufacturer¿s data. It was found that when the engine operated with a short valve overlapping, the engine achieved 3% of improvement in the efficiency parameters and 3.3% of reduction in specific fuel consumption, these values are compared with the base case. The algorithm developed also allowed to analyze the influence of the injection start point in the combustion pressure curve, the influence of engine rotation in the mass rate in intake and exhaust process and the influence of equivalence ratio on the friction, effective and indicated power / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se obter as características da movimentação do ar no início do tempo de admissão em um motor diesel, partindo de sua entrada no cabeçote, passando pelos pórticos de admissão e válvulas, até a câmara de combustão, utilizando dados reais da geometria e do processo de sobrealimentação de um motor diesel. Para tanto, utilizou-se da abordagem clássica da dinâmica dos fluidos para o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático constituído por equacionamentos que representassem o consumo de ar, a rotacionalidade do movimento do ar nos pórticos e a movimentação de ar no cilindro, descrita por linhas de corrente obtidas a partir da aplicação da teoria de escoamento potencial plano. Os cálculos foram efetuados usando planilhas eletrônicas geradas em aplicativo Excel e, tanto a avaliação dos efeitos da geometria dos condutos quanto a determinação das linhas de corrente, foram realizadas usando o aplicativo gráfico Rhinoceros. Neste trabalho foram estudadas seis condições associadas a seis ângulos de virabrequim do início do tempo de admissão e que geraram seis conjuntos de linhas de corrente. Os resultados foram comparados com ensaios de PIV - particle image velocimetry e apresentaram semelhanças relevantes nos formatos e nos sentidos das linhas de corrente. Concluiu-se que o procedimento utilizado, por sua simplicidade de implementação, não é prático quando há a necessidade de alteração de uma das variáveis envolvidas. Porém, ao desenvolver o equacionamento para os casos apresentados, foi possível estudar o fenômeno em profundidade satisfatória, mesmo com as hipóteses simplificadoras utilizadas. / In this work, the aim was to obtain the air flow characteristics in the beginning of the intake stroke in a diesel engine, considering the inlet in head, its passiage by intake runners and valves, up to the combustion chamber, using values obtained from geometry and supercharging process observed in a specific diesel engine. It was used a classical fluid dynamics approach to develop a mathematical model which represent the air consumption, the rotation of the air at intake runners and the air flow within the cylinder, described by streamlines obtained by the use of potential flow theory. The calculation used Excel electronic spreadsheets and both the effects from geometry of intake runners evaluation and the streamlines generation were conducted in drawing software Rhinoceros. In this work six different conditions, associated at six crankshaft angles in the beginning of the intake stroke were studied, resulting in six streamlines set. The results were compared to a PIV test - particle image velocimetry - and relevant similarities was observed both in shapes and rotation sense of streamlines. The conclusion was that the methodology, considering its simplicity in implementation, it is not the most practical method when a modification in variables involved is necessary. However, this methodology was enough to study the phenomenon in satisfactory depth, even using the simplifying assumptions.

La regulación mundial de emisiones contaminantes en el sector de la automoción está siendo cada día más estricta. La implantación de nuevos procedimientos está presionando la industria hacia la búsqueda de nuevas tecnologías que cumplan los objetivos de reducción de emisiones contaminantes. En el medio plazo se espera que las pruebas de emisiones a baja temperatura ambiente sean obligatorias en el proceso de homologación. La combustión a bajas temperaturas influye de forma importante en la velocidad de la reacción conllevando un aumento de las emisiones y finalmente al apagado de llama. Bajo estas condiciones, se produce un aumento de las emisiones de hidrocarburos (HC) y monóxido de carbono (CO) así como un aumento del consumo de combustible. Además, en condiciones de baja temperatura ambiente las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) pueden aumentar debido a la desactivación de los sistemas de recirculación de gases de escape. En la presente tesis, se ha analizado el efecto de la baja temperatura ambiente en un motor diesel HSDI. Los ensayos fueron realizados en ciclos de conducción NEDC y WLTC. La influencia directa de las bajas temperaturas en las emisiones se analizó por medio de las medida bruta de contaminantes, aguas arriba de los sistemas de postratamiento. El funcionamiento de los sistemas de postratamiento también fue evaluado a bajas temperaturas mediante la eficiencia de la oxidación catalítica de HC y CO. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron un deterioro de las emisiones y del rendimiento efectivo a bajas temperaturas. El efecto de las bajas temperaturas varió dependiendo de condiciones de carga. El ciclo NEDC se consolida como el peor escenario de conducción, para la realización de pruebas a baja temperatura, con un incremento del 270% en HC, 250% en NOx, 125% en CO y 20% en consumo específico. El mayor grado de carga junto con el carácter más transitorio del ciclo WLTC mostraron un efecto menor de las bajas temperaturas ambiente con un aumento del 150% en HC y 250% en NOx. A diferencia del ciclo NEDC, las emisiones de CO se redujeron en un 20% y no se detectó un aumento del consumo de combustible. Además del aumento de la formación de contaminates, el análisis del catalizador de oxidación mostró una reducción de la eficiencia en ambos ciclos de conducción NEDC y WLTC. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo comparar dos sistemas de gestión térmica para la mejora del funcionamiento de MCIA a bajas temperaturas. El primer sistema estaba basado en la gestión del flujo de refrigerante para evitar subenfriamiento en condiciones de funcionamiento en frío. Por un lado, se propusieron estrategias de bajo y nulo flujo en el circuito de refrigerante motor. Por otro lado, se realizaron ensayos con 0 flujo en el circuito de refrigerante del WCAC para evitar el subenfriamiento del aire de admisión durante puntos de baja carga en condiciones de funcionamiento en frío. El otro sistema incluía la recuperación de energía térmica del escape (EGHR). El refrigerante del WCAC se empleó como fluido de recuperación conectándose con un intercambiador de escape. La primera parte de los resultados de la gestión térmica están centrados en el análisis individual de los distintos sistemas de gestión. En las conclusiones se comparan todos los sistemas propuestas explicando las diferencias entre ellos. Mediante el uso del EGHR las emisiones de HC fueron reducidas, durante los puntos de baja carga, en comparación con el resto de estrategias térmicas planteadas. El análisis energético del EGHR se centró en la eficiencia y en el estudio la recuperación por cambio de fase. El papel que la entalpia de cambio de fase juega en la recuperación de calor residual fue estudiado por medio de la medición de concentración de vapor de agua en el gas de escape en la entrada y salida del intercambiador del EGHR. La condensación del vapor de agua de escape representó el 25% de toda la / Automotive world-wide pollutant emissions regulations are getting more stringent every day. New testing procedures are pushing the automotive industry towards researching new technologies to accomplish the emissions targets. In the mid-term future is expected that low ambient temperature emissions testing will become mandatory for any engine model type approval. Low ignition temperature greatly influences on combustion rate leading to emissions increase and eventually to misfiring events. In these conditions, high emissions of unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are released along with fuel consumption penalties. In addition, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions may rise under cold conditions owing to the disabling of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems at cold conditions. In this thesis the effect of low ambient temperature in a High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) Light Duty (LD) engine is analysed. Tests were performed in New European Driving Cycles (NEDC) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Tests (WLTC). Direct influence of low temperature on engine emissions was addressed by engine out pollutants sampling. The effect on aftertreatment systems was also evaluated by the CO and HC oxidation efficiency. The results of this survey indicated a general detriment of pollutant emissions and brake thermal efficiency at low ambient temperatures. The effect of low temperature varied depending on the engine load test conditions. NEDC comes up as the worst scenario for low temperature testing with an increase of 270% in HC, 250% in NOx, 125% in CO and 20% in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). Running at higher engine loads and transient conditions, as it's performed in WLTC tests, showed a lower effect of ambient temperature with an increase of 150% in HC and 250% in NOx. In contrast to NEDC, CO emissions were reduced in 20% and no engine efficiency penalty was spotted. In addition to the pollutant emission formation increase, the aftertreatment analysis showed a significant reduction of the Diesel Oxidative Catalyst (DOC) efficiency in both NEDC and WLTC. This work is aimed to analyse and compare two different thermal management approaches for engine enhancement running at low ambient temperature. The first approach relied on coolant management aimed to avoid overcooling when running at cold conditions. On one hand, low flow and 0 flow engine coolant strategies were performed while Water Charge Air Cooled (WCAC) coolant is recirculated. On the other hand, WCAC 0 flow was applied for avoiding overcooling at low ambient temperatures. The other layout was based on an exhaust gas heat recovery system (EGHR). WCAC coolant was directed to an exhaust tail pipe heat exchanger for waste heat recovery. Recovered heat was released in the WCAC for speeding up the intake air temperature increase. The first part of the thermal management results is focused on the analysis by thermal layout. Comparison of both thermal management is discussed in the conclusions section of that chapter. By enabling an EGHR system, HC emissions were reduced during low load driving phases in comparison with the other of layouts. EGHR energy analysis was also conducted, focusing on energy efficiency and phase change recovery analysis. The role that latent enthalpy plays on waste heat recovery was addressed by measuring the water vapour concentration in the exhaust stream at both EGHR heat exchanger inlet and outlet. Water vapour condensation represented the 25% of the total recovered energy. / La regulació mundial d'emissions contaminants en el sector de l'automoció està sent cada vegada més estricta. La implantació de nous procediments està pressionant la indústria cap a la cerca de noves tecnologies que complisquen els objectius de reducció d'emissions contaminants. En el mig termini s'espera que les proves d'emissions a baixa temperatura ambient siguen obligatòries en el procés d'homologació. La combustió a baixes temperatures influeix de forma important en la velocitat de la reacció comportant un augment de les emissions i finalment a l'apagat de flama. Sota aquestes condicions, es produeix un augment de les emissions d'hidrocarburs (HC) i monòxid de carboni (CO) així com un augment del consum de combustible. A més, en condicions de baixa temperatura ambiente les emissions d'òxids de nitrogen (NOx) poden augmentar a causa de la desactivació dels sistemes de recirculació de gasos d'escapament. En la present tesi, s'ha analitzat l'efecte de la baixa temperatura ambiente en un motor dièsel HSDI. Els assajos van ser realitzats en cicles de conducció NEDC i WLTC. La influència directa de les baixes temperatures en les emissions es va analitzar per mitjà de la mesura bruta de contaminants, aigües a dalt dels sistemes de postractament. El funcionament dels sistemes de postractament també va ser avaluat a baixes temperatures mitjançant l'eficiència de la oxidació catalítica de HC i CO. Els resultats d'aquest estudi van mostrar una deterioració de les emissions i del rendiment efectiu a baixes temperatures. L'efecte de les baixes temperatures variava depenent de les condicions de càrrega. El cicle NEDC es consolida com el pitjor escenari de conducció, per a la realització de proves a baixa temperatura, amb un increment del 270% en HC, 250% en NOx, 125% en CO i 20% en consum específic. El major grau de càrrega juntament amb el caràcter més transitori del cicle WLTC van mostrar un efecte menor de les baixes temperatures ambient amb un augment del 150% en HC i 250% en NOx. A diferència del cicle NEDC, les emissions de CO es van reduir en un 20% i no es va detectar un augment del consum de combustible. A més de l'augment de la formació de contaminants, l'anàlisi del catalitzador d' oxidació va mostrar una reducció de l'eficiència en tots dos cicles de conducció NEDC i WLTC. El present treball té per objectiu comparar dos sistemes de gestió tèrmica per a la millora del funcionament dels MCIA a baixes temperatures. El primer sistema estava basat en la gestió del flux de refrigerant per a evitar subrefredament en condicions de funcionament en fred. D'una banda, es van proposar estratègies de baix i nul flux en el circuit de refrigerant motor. D'altra banda, es van realitzar assajos amb 0 flux en el circuit de refrigerant del WCAC per a evitar el subrefredament de l'aire d'admissió durant punts de baixa càrrega en condicions de funcionament en fred. L'altre sistema incloïa la recuperació d'energia tèrmica de l'escapament (EGHR). El refrigerant del WCAC es va emprar com fluït de recuperació connectant-se amb un bescanviador d'escapament. La primera part dels resultats de la gestió tèrmica estan centrats en l'anàlisi individual dels diferents sistemes de gestió. En les conclusions es comparen tots els sistemes proposats explicant les diferències entre ells. Mitjançant l'ús del EGHR les emissions de HC van ser reduïdes, durant els punts de baixa càrrega, en comparació de la resta d'estratègies tèrmiques plantejades. L'anàlisi energètic del EGHR es va centrar en l'eficiència i en l'estudi de la recuperació per canvi de fase. El paper que l'entalpia de canvi de fase juga en la recuperació de calor residual va ser estudiat per mitjà del mesurament de concentració de vapor d'aigua en el gas d'escapament en l'entrada i eixida del bescanviador del EGHR. La condensació del vapor d'aigua de l'escapament va representar el 25% de tota l'energia recuperada. / Moratal Martínez, AA. (2018). EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THERMAL MANAGEMENT INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINES AT LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/111950 / TESIS

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第17915号 / エネ博第287号 / 新制||エネ||60(附属図書館) / 30735 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石山 拓二, 教授 星出 敏彦, 准教授 川那辺 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

other / no / The effect of sulphuric acid on the chemical and physical behaviour of the piston ring lubricant in a marine engine cylinder was investigated. To reveal the basic influence of H2SO4 on the lubricant film, the saturated hydrocarbon Squalane (C30H62) was chosen as a simple model oil. The interfacial tension between aqueous H2SO4 (0-98% w/w) and C30H62 was measured between -3 and 165 degrees C to understand droplet formation in the lubricant. Interfacial tension decreases with increasing acid concentration and is temperature dependent. / The wettability of engine parts with corrosive sulphuric acid was characterised by the contact angle. The contact angle of H2SO4 (0-98% w/w) on a grey cast iron cylinder liner material (Wartsila, RT84) and a piston ring chrome-ceramic coating (Federal Mogul Goetze, CKS, empty set960 mm) immersed in C30H62 was measured over a temperature range from 20 to 165 degrees C. In general, larger contact angles were measured under higher temperature conditions and on chrome surfaces. / In addition to the physical measurements, chemical reaction between H2SO4 and C30H62 was observed which influenced the interfacial tension, visual appearance, phase separation and formation of solid matter. The reaction time was found to be faster than the neutralisation times of commercially formulated lubricants. The reaction products were analysed using FTIR spectroscopy and EDX to find oxidation and sulphonation.

This paper presents the development and implementation of an Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) Multi-disciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) framework for the steady state engine calibration optimisation problem. The case is made that the ATC offers a convenient framework for the engine calibration optimisation problem based on steady state engine test data collected at specified engine speed / load points, which is naturally structured on 2 hierarchical levels: the ‘Global’ level, associated with performance over a drive cycle, and ‘Local’ level, relating to engine operation at each speed / load point. The case study of a diesel engine was considered to study the application of the ATC framework to a calibration optimisation problem. The paper describes the analysis and mathematical formulation of the diesel engine calibration optimisation as an ATC framework, and its Matlab implementation with gradient based and evolutionary optimisation algorithms. The results and performance of the ATC are discussed comparatively with the benchmark steady state solution for the engineering calibration of the diesel engine. The main conclusion from this research is that ATC optimisation framework offers an effective approach for engine calibration, with a potential to deliver significant fuel economy benefits. Further advantages of the ATC framework is that it is flexible and scalable to the complexity of the calibration problem, and enables calibrator preference to be incorporated a priori in the optimisation problem formulation, delivering important time saving for the overall calibration development process.

U.S. Federal regulations requiring on-board diagnostics of diesel particulate filters have created a demand for compact, inexpensive, fast, and accurate sensors for measuring the particulate matter (PM) content of diesel exhaust. An electronic sensor capable of measuring the carbonaceous fraction (soot) of PM has been developed at The University of Texas at Austin. The behavior and performance of this sensor was characterized in both an older style non-emission controlled diesel engine and a modern heavy-duty diesel certified in 2008 to meet current federal emissions standards. The ability of the sensor to detect particulates at the regulated level of 15 mg/bhp-hr downstream of a leaking particulate filter was demonstrated. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was shown to have a resolution of 0.003 mg/bhp-hr, or 0.005 mg/m3. The sensor operated by measuring the flux of charged particles, ions, and electrons to an electrode immersed in an exhaust gas flow. Two distinct modes of operation were demonstrated. In the first, the sensor detected particles carrying residual charge from the combustion process. In this mode, the sensor was shown to be relatively insensitive to particle morphology and to be sensitive to exhaust gas velocity. In the second, charge carriers (particles, electrons, and ions) were created in the strong electric field produced by a second electrode at high voltage. In this mode, the sensor was found to be relatively insensitive to exhaust gas velocity, but quite sensitive to the orientation of the sensor in the exhaust flow. The size and number density of the particles was found to have a strong influence on the sensor sensitivity: as number density increased with increasing load or decreasing EGR rate, so did sensor sensitivity. Thus, as changes in engine operating condition affect particle morphology, the behavior of the sensor changes. A numerical model of the discharge mechanism in the form of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge was implemented to model the charge creation and transport. The model accurately predicted the nanoamp-level electrode currents produced in a real sensor to within a half order of magnitude with no empirical fits. The model tended to over-predict the sensitivity of sensor output to applied voltage but matched the observed sensitivity within an order of magnitude. Due to the lack of modeling flow field effects it predicted a 250% increase in sensitivity for a gap width reduced by 50% where a comparison of real sensors showed a decrease in sensitivity of 25% with a 50% reduction in gap width. / text