No description available.

A research report submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health. 20 October 2014 / Background: Health experts are calling sugar the new tobacco (Action on Sugar, 2014). The WHO recently revised its recommendations for a maximum daily limit on sugar intake of 25 grams. Yet a 2012 study showed that South African children and adolescents are consuming up to 50 grams and 100 grams per day respectively (Steyn et al., 2003). Sugar is now recognized for its role, not only in promoting caries, obesity and diabetes, but also in the development of cancers. The World Cancer Report 2014, warns of a ‘cancer tidal wave’ over the next 20 years (IARC, 2014) Health promotion alone is insufficient; drawing on the example of tobacco control, such as advertising restrictions, legislation is the key to prevention. The sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) industry is the leader among all sectors in marketing to young people (Arredondo et al., 2009), thus a similar approach is recommended for restricting SSB advertising to reduce chronic disease risk. There is no data regarding SSB advertising and obesogenic environments in South Africa. This pilot study is the first to describe the location, content and characteristics of outdoor print advertisements for SSBs and fast foods in South Africa. Methodology: This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a larger 2013 study investigating the obesogenic environment in Soweto, South Africa. All visible outdoor advertising and branding of SSBs and fast food in a five-square kilometer demarcated area were included. Data on content, quantity, location, size and type of advertisements was collected in the field and a photograph was taken for further analysis. Comparisons were drawn to photographs of alcohol advertising in the same area. Data was captured using a coding sheet and was analysed descriptively and using inferential statistics. The advertisements included billboards, banners, posters, pole advertisements, painted signs, branded school signs, branded shop signs, directional signs and branded umbrellas and fridges. A total of 237 photographs were included in the study. Results: The main findings of this study indicate a significant presence of advertising and branding for sugar-sweetened beverages in Soweto. SSB and fast food advertising and branding accounted for 62.86% of all advertising in the area under study. Of all SSB and fast food brands available in South Africa, Coca-Cola accounted for 86.58% of this advertising and branding. Unlike alcohol advertising, which is restricted to the locations in which alcohol is sold, advertising for SSBs is pervasive throughout the community, seen everywhere from shops and schools to transit stops and on street sides. Most SSB advertising and branding signage is medium or large in size. Images of people were only present in a small number of the adverts. However when people were present, they were consistently young people under the age of 35. The race of people in the adverts consistently represented the black African demographic of Soweto. While the main goal of the adverts appears to be product and brand recognition, there is a trend across the SSB adverts to convey messages of happiness, positivity, friendship, fun and well-being, suggesting that consumption of these products would lend to such outcomes for the consumer. A small percentage also promoted special deals to encourage product purchase. Conclusion: SSB advertising in Soweto is extensive, far surpassing advertising for junk food or alcohol. The government should consider implementing legislation, to restrict SSB advertising. The country should also urgently move to adopt WHO’s new guidelines on the daily upper limit for sugar intake (Mann, 2012), and to limit SSB intake specifically, which should be reflected in revisions to South Africa’s food-based dietary guidelines. Further research should focus on the association between the high rate of exposure to SSB advertising in Soweto and the level of consumption of SSBs and on the understanding of the advertising environment and how this affects the health literacy of South African children and adolescents.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 91 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91).

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 145 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Obesity is considered an epidemic and a precursor for many diseases. Children from lower income families are more likely to be obese, however previous studies on differences in child dietary intake based on parental income show mixed results. This study used NHANES 2005-2010 data to examine reported food consumption of children ages 6 to 11. Comparisons were made between children (n = 1433) of lower income parents (PIR <= 1.85) and children (n = 1162) of higher income parents (PIR > 1.85). Variables included total fruit and vegetable intake, total energy, food groups, oils, fiber, total sugar, added sugars and solid fats. SUDAAN was used to analyze data and differences were significant at p < 0.05. Regression model indicated head of household education but not family income was positively associated with greater total fruit and vegetable intake. Minimal intake differences were found between income groups

African American women are suffering from high rates of debilitating illnesses and diseases. Over 50% of African American women are obese; close to 44% of African American women have hypertension or are taking medication for high blood pressure; 4.1% of African American women have had a stroke; and 12.4% of African American women have diabetes. Dietary behaviors play pivotal roles in improving the health of African American women. African American women have shown consistent dietary habits that include eating foods higher in fat, and foods lower in desirable nutrient content. These dietary habits have been linked to higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes. The culture of African American women often includes the African American church, which is a venue that may be utilized to promote dietary interventions. Eve’s Apple Nutrition Education program was an 8-week program designed using a faith-based approach to promote healthy dietary behaviors among African American women. Program objectives were to increase lowat eating behaviors and decrease negative dietary behaviors. The program was implemented with African American women (n=38) in Little Rock, Arkansas. Data were collected from pre and post surveys, as well as a focus group survey. Paired-samples t tests determined that at eight weeks, participants significantly decreased all negative dietary behaviors (emotional eating, snacking on sweets, haphazard planning, meal skipping, cultural factors) and increased lowat eating behaviors and lowat eating styles (p<.01). These results indicate Eve’s Apple Nutrition Education Program was successful in improving dietary behaviors during the program. A focus group with eight of the participants was completed post-intervention and also indicated that the faith-base was an important component in improving dietary behaviors. For African American women, faith-based nutrition education programs provide cultural relevance, support, and are unique in specifically targeting their health and nutrition needs.

No description available.