Fung Man-yi, Wendy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-106). / Text in English; abstracts and appendices in English and Chinese. / Fung Man-yi, Wendy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Presentation --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Research Background --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.5 / Justification of the Study --- p.6 / Hypotheses --- p.6 / Definition of Terms --- p.7 / Assumptions --- p.8 / Delimitations --- p.8 / Limitations --- p.9 / Significance of the Study --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.10 / "Engergy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.10 / "Causes of Fatigue During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.16 / Factors Influencing Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis During Recovery --- p.21 / Factors Influencing Rehydration During Recovery --- p.27 / Effect of Muscle Glycogen Replenishment During Recovery on Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.30 / Effect of Rehydration During Recovery on Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.32 / Effect of Glycemic Index Meals Before Exercise on Exercise Performance --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Methodology --- p.37 / Participants --- p.37 / Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.37 / Standardized Experimental Procedures --- p.38 / Collection and Analysis of Blood Samples --- p.42 / Preliminary Measurements --- p.45 / Dietary Analyses and Training Control --- p.50 / Preliminary Testing --- p.51 / Statistical Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.56 / Run Time to Exhaustion --- p.56 / Dietary Analysis --- p.57 / Postprandial Responses of the Test Meals During Screening Session --- p.58 / Postprandial Responses During Recovery --- p.60 / Responses During Exercise and Recovery --- p.62 / Body Mass Changes and Fluid Balance --- p.74 / Changes in Plasma Volume and Urine Volume --- p.75 / Summary of the Results --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.77 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.83 / References --- p.84 / Appendixes --- p.107

Siu Ming Fai Parco. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-117). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Siu Ming Fai Parco. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Research Background --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.6 / Hypotheses --- p.6 / Definition of Terms --- p.7 / Assumptions --- p.8 / Delimitations --- p.9 / Limitations --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.10 / Importance of Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis During Recovery from Exercise --- p.10 / Factors Affecting Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis --- p.10 / Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis and Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.17 / Importance of Rehydration on Recovery from exercise --- p.22 / Factors Affecting Rehydration --- p.22 / Rehydration and Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.25 / Glycemic Index Foods and Exercise --- p.26 / Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) --- p.26 / Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise --- p.28 / Ingestion of GI Foods During Recovery --- p.33 / Frequency of CHO Ingestion and Exercise --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Methodology --- p.39 / Participants --- p.39 / Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.39 / Preliminary Measurements --- p.40 / Dietary Analysis and Training Control --- p.45 / Preliminary Testing --- p.46 / Standardized Experimental Procedure --- p.51 / Collection and Analysis of Blood Sample --- p.57 / Statistical Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.62 / Run Time to Exhaustion --- p.63 / Dietary Analysis --- p.63 / Postprandial Responses of the Prescribed Foods During Screening Test --- p.64 / Postprandial Responses During Recovery of Main Trial --- p.67 / Metabolic and Physiological Responses During Exercise and Recovery --- p.70 / "Body Mass Change, Fluid Balance and Urine Volume" --- p.89 / Changes in Plasma Volume --- p.90 / Summary of the Results --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.92 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.99 / References --- p.101 / Appendices --- p.118

In conclusion, the studies reported in this thesis suggested that the CHO amount, whether provided by a pre-exercise CHO meal or short-time, i.e., 3-day, CHO loading, plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune responses before, during, and after endurance exercise. Although GI and GL independently affect the exercise performance and immune responses, the amount of CHO consumed remains a determining factor. The potential benefits on immune system and endurance performance after the low GI and low GL diet (L-L) should be noted and warrant further investigation. Although the HGI and LGI meals demonstrated similar effects on endurance performance when large amount of CHO-electrolyte solution consumed during the exercise, pre-exercise LGI meal can hasten the IL-6 responses during the recovery. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meal(s) with different glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on endurance running performance, physiological, and immune responses. / The first study (Chapter 4) examined the influence of a pre-exercise meal with different GI and GL on subsequent endurance running performance, physiological, and immune responses. Eight endurance-trained male runners completed three trials in a randomized order, separated by at least seven days. These responses were characterized by a lower CHO oxidation with a concomitant higher glycerol and FFA in the H-L trial. Consumption of a pre-exercise high CHO meal, i.e., H-H and L-L, resulted in less perturbation of circulating numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils, and T lymphocyte subsets, decreased elevation of plasma IL-6 concentrations immediately after exercise and during the 2 h recovery period when compared to the H-L trial. These responses were accompanied by an attenuated increase in plasma IL-10 concentrations and plasma cortisol concentrations at the end of 2 h recovery. It was concluded that the amount of CHO consumed 2 h before endurance exercise appears to be the main influencing factor on immune responses irrespective of its GI and GL value. / The second study (Chapter 5) examined the influence of a 3-day CHO loading with different GI and GL meals on the supercompensation status, running performance, physiological and immune responses. Nine endurance-trained male runners were recruited in this study. The procedures basically involved a 3-day CHO loading with different GI and GL meal [CHO intake (% of energy intake), GI, and GL per day are 73%, 80, and 553 for the high-GI and high-GL (H-H); 73%, 42, and 249 for the low-GI and low-GL (L-L); 31%, 78.5, and 227 for the high-GI and low-GL (H-L) respectively] after a glycogen-lowering exercise. Two hours after the breakfast on day 4, participants performed the running protocol as described in the first study. There was no difference in time to complete the 10-km TT between the two trials with high-CHO loading, i.e., H-H and L-L (51.3 +/- 5.3 min vs 48.6 +/- 1.3 min, NS). These results suggested that 3-day CHO loading with low GI and low GL (L-L) is more effective in improving endurance performance when compared to a high GI but low GL diet (H-L). It appears that the amount of CHO consumed during the 3-day CHO loading remains the key influencing factor on immune responses despite of the differences in the GI and GL value. / The third study (Chapter 6) investigated the influence of pre-exercise meal with different GI on subsequent endurance running performance and immune responses when CHO-electrolyte solution was consumed during exercise. Pre-exercise LGI meal attenuated the increases of cortisol when compared with CON and hastened the recovery of the IL-6 value to baseline when compared to that in HGI and CON trials during the first hour of the recovery. The results suggested that beside of CHO quantity (CHO content), the role of CHO quality (GI) in the diet consumed 2 h before exercise should be considered when investigating the influence of CHO supplementation on the exercise-induced transitory immunosuppressive effects. / Chen Yajun. / "August 2006." / Adviser: Stephen Wong Heung-Sang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1597. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-225). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-73). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Study --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Review of Literature --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Metabolism in Humans / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Amount of Energy Stores in Body / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Substrates Utilization during Prolonged Exercise / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Pre-exercise Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pre-exercise CHO Supplementation / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Timing of CHO and Transient Hypoglycemia / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Type of CHO / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Nutrients / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of the Glycemic Index to Pre-exercise Nutrition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary of the Previous Findings / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Prescribed Glycemic Index Meals --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Running Performance --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological Changes At Rest and During Exercise --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Changes in Perceptual Variables and Heart Rates At Rest and During Exercise --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Discussion --- p.56 / Recommendation and Applications --- p.61 / References --- p.62 / Appendices --- p.74