The series of experiments that comprises this thesis consider the use of prebiotics and probiotics to improve success in European lobster Homarus gammarus culture. Research was conducted at the National Lobster Hatchery and The University of Plymouth, UK between April 2007 and March 2010. Great potential was revealed for the application of biotics as dietary supplements in the culture of larval and juvenile H. gammarus. Specific biotics, namely; prebiotic mannon oligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic Sanolife® (Bacillus spp.) were revealed to increase growth and survival during the culture of early lobster life stages. Lobsters that showed enhanced development and/or survival were found to possess improved feed conversion, immune status and/or stress tolerance. Furthermore it was found that biotic fed lobsters displayed shifts in gastrointestinal (GI) microbiology and enhanced physical GI structures, which may account for improved feed conversion and consequently growth. The work presented thus demonstrates that by making positive changes in GI structure and bacterial community composition combined with influencing immune status culture success can be positively enhanced through the biotic supplementation of diets. However, it must be considered that the outcome of dietary biotic supplementation is heavily influenced by the situation in question.

Orientador: Celio Kenji Miyasaka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lollo_PabloChristianoBarboza_M.pdf: 4184736 bytes, checksum: 3b13bac14d821be3f7d31a4ad595e6b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O futebol assim como outras modalidades esportivas vem utilizando os conhecimentos científicos produzidos para a preparação dos atletas. Esse melhor preparo resulta em distâncias percorridas durante o jogo cada vez maiores além de um melhor desenvolvimento da musculatura para desempenhar as tarefas necessárias durante as partidas. É reconhecido que essa atividade física eleva as necessidades protéicas dos atletas, porém não se sabe exatamente qual é o requerimento protéico dos atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas. Os principais motivos citados para esse aumento no requerimento protéico de atletas são: hipertrofia muscular (em determinadas fases do treinamento); oxidação de proteínas corporais durante atividades de longa duração para fornecimento de energia (via esqueleto carbônico dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada - BCAA); danos em proteínas musculares decorrentes de alterações fisiológicas causadas pelo exercício (queda de pH, elevação da temperatura intramuscular e tensões mecânicas nos músculos e demais estruturas do aparelho locomotor). As proteínas de soro de leite são consideradas excelente fonte de BCAA, e possuem alto valor biológico. Objetivo: verificar os efeitos da suplementação com proteínas de soro de leite na composição corporal, desempenho físico e parâmetros bioquímicos de futebolistas. Metodologia: quarenta e oito futebolistas juvenis (masculino), idade 16,7 + 0,6 anos, medindo 179,2 cm + 6,7 e pesando 74,42 kg + 6,44, foram realizados 2 experimentos (n=24 em cada experimento), o primeiro experimento submeteu os 24 atletas a suplementação protéica diária de 1g.kg-1.dia-1 mais 0.4 g.kg-1.dia-1 de carboidrato (sacarose) por 8 semanas com as diferentes proteínas: a) caseína (CAS, n=8); b) proteína do soro de leite isolada (PSLI1, n=8); c) proteína do soro de leite hidrolisada (PSLH2 n=8). O segundo experimento submeteu 24 atletas à suplementação protéica ou glicídica diária de 1g.kg-1.dia-1 por 12 semanas com: a) maltodextrina (MALTO, n=8); b) PSLI2 (n=8); c) PSLH2 (n=8). Foram realizados testes antropométricos (composição corporal), de desempenho físico ¿ ¿Yo-yo intermittent recovery level 2¿, saltos verticais, 4 minutos contra o relógio, 3000m e 3200m à 85% da freqüência cardíaca (FC) máxima e os parâmetros bioquímicos: ácido úrico, colesterol, HDL, creatinina, glicose plasmática e dosagem das enzimas: creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Resultados: após a suplementação, os grupos CAS e PSLI2 aumentaram significativamente a massa muscular em 2,83% e 3,36% respectivamente. No desempenho físico, foi observado que os atletas dos grupos PSLI2 e PSLH2 aumentaram a distância percorrida em 4,44% e 3,41% respectivamente no teste 4 minutos contra o relógio. No teste de 3200m em 85% da FC máxima o tempo dos atletas dos grupos PSLI2 e PSLH aumentaram o tempo em 5,48% e 6,8%. Nos parâmetros bioquímicos analisados verificamos queda significativas nas enzimas indicadoras de lesão muscular nos atletas dos grupos PSLH2 e aumento significativo no ácido úrico nos atletas dos grupos, PSLI1, MALTO, PSLI2 e PSLH2 / Abstract: The soccer as well as other sporting modalities comes using the knowledge produced for training the athletes. These better training results in large distances covered during the game. So the better preparation of the muscle is need for the soccer players. The physical activity raises the proteins requirements, however, how much is not known accurately. The main reasons cited for this increase in the proteins requirements in athlete are: muscular hypertrophy (in determined phases of the training); body protein oxidation during exercise of long term for energy supply (main skeleton carbonic of the branched chain amino acids - BCAA); damages in muscular proteins decurrently of physiological alterations caused by the exercise (fall of pH and rise of the temperature intramuscular and mechanical tensions in the muscles and another structures of the locomotive device). The whey protein is excellent source of (BCAA), and protein of high biological value. Objective: to verify the effect of the supplementation with whey proteins in the body composition, physical performance and biochemistry parameters of soccer players. Methodology: Forty eight youthful soccer players (masculine), age 16.7 + 0.6 years, heighted 179.2 cm + 6.7 and weighted 74.42 kg + 6.44, in 2 groups (n=24 in each group), the first group was submitted to the daily protein supplementation of 1g.kg-1.dia-1 plus 0.4g.kg-1.dia-1 of carbohydrate (sucrose) for 8 weeks with different proteins: a) the casein (CAS, n=8); b) whey protein isolated (PSLI1, n=8); c) whey protein hydrolyzed (PSLH2 n=8). The group 2 was submitted to daily the protein supplementation of 1g.kg-1.dia-1 for 12 weeks with: a) maltodextrine (MALTO, n=8); b) PSLI2 (n=8); c) PSLH2 (n=8). Anthropometric tests had been carried through (body composition), of physical performance ¿ Yo-yo intermittent recovery level 2, jump tests, 4 minutes against the clock, 3000m and 3200m to 85% of the cardiac frequency (FC) maximum ¿ and biochemistry tests - acid uric, cholesterol, HDL, creatinine, plasmatic glucose and enzymes: lactate dehydrogenize (LDH) and creatina kinase (CK) and anthropometry. Results: After the supplementation groups CAS and PSLI2 had increased significantly the muscular mass in 2,83% and 3,36% respectively. In the physical performance, it was observed that groups PSLI2 and PSLH2 had increased in the distance covered in 4,44% and 3,41% for PSLI2 respectively in test 4 minutes against the clock. In the test of 3200m to 85% of the maximum FC the time of the groups PSLI2 and PSLH had increased the time in 5,48% and 6,8%. In the biochemistry parameters it was verified significantly reduction in enzymes of muscular injury in group PSLH2 and significant increase in the uric acid of groups PSLI1, MALTO, PSLI2 and PSLH2 / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in infancy are common in low-income settings. These are partly due to maternal malnutrition and may impair child health and development. We studied the impact of maternal food and micronutrient supplementation, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), growth and infection on infant anemia and micronutrient status. In the MINIMat trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, pregnant women were randomized to Early or Usual promotion of enrolment in a food supplementation program and to one of three daily micronutrient supplements. Capsules containing 400µg folic acid and (a) 30 mg iron (Fe30Fol), (b) 60 mg iron (Fe60Fol), (c) 30 mg iron and other micronutrients (MMS) were provided from week 14 of gestation. Capsule intake was assessed with the eDEM device recording supplement container openings. Blood samples (n=2377) from women at week 14 and 30 were analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb). Duration of EBF and infant morbidity was based on monthly maternal recalls. Infants were weighed and measured monthly. Blood samples (n=1066) from 6-months-old infants were analyzed for Hb and plasma ferritin, zinc, retinol, vitamin B12 and folate. In women, Hb increase per capsule reached a plateau at 60 Fe60Fol capsules, indicating that nine weeks of daily supplementation produced maximum Hb response. Anemia was common (36%) at capsule intakes >60 indicating other causes of anemia than iron deficiency. In infants, vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence was lower in the MMS (26.1%) than in the Fe30Fol group (36.5%), (p=0.003) and zinc deficiency prevalence was lower in the Usual than in the Early group. There were no other differential effects of food or micronutrient supplementation on infant anemia or micronutrient status. Infants exclusively breast-fed for 4-6 months had a higher mean plasma zinc concentration (9.9±2.3 µmol/L) than infants exclusively breast-fed for <4 months (9.5±2.0 µmol/L), (p< 0.01). No other differences in anemia, iron or zinc status were observed between EBF categories. Infection, low birth weight and iron deficiency were independent risk factors for infant anemia. Regardless of studied interventions, prevalence of anemia (43%), deficiency of zinc (56%), vitamin B12, vitamin A (19%) and iron (22%) in infancy was high and further preventive strategies are needed. / MINIMat

The effect of shared enemies between invasive and native species has been argued to facilitate biological invasions (i.e., the apparent competition hypothesis or ACH). This study investigated a previously untested possibility: whether granivorous small mammals facilitate cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion by driving food-mediated apparent competition between cheatgrass and native grasses. Specifically, we tested three predictions that must be true if such apparent competition occurs. First, cheatgrass invasion augments total seeds available to granivorous small mammals. Second, density of granivorous small mammals increases in response to increased seed availability (simulated with experimental additions of cheatgrass seeds). Third, granivorous small mammals prefer seeds from native grasses over cheatgrass seeds. We tested these predictions in the Great Basin Desert of Utah, USA. Cheatgrass invasion augmented total yearly seed production. Granivorous small mammals preferred native seeds over cheatgrass seeds. However, neither abundance, richness, nor diversity of granivorous small mammals increased in response to experimental additions of cheatgrass seed. We therefore conclude that granivorous small mammals did not drive food-mediated apparent competition during the study period. The lack of support for the ACH in this study may suggest that the role of small mammal-driven apparent competition is either unimportant in the Great Basin, or that the appropriate indirect interactions between small mammals, cheatgrass, and native grasses have yet to be evaluated. Testing the third prediction required the separation of seeds from the soil matrix. We employed a chemical flotation methodology to recover target seeds from soil, and developed a novel method of decanting target material from the flotation solution. We compared the utility of the novel method to that of a traditional decantation method. Specifically, we compared effectiveness (the proportion of seeds recovered from a known sample), rapidity (the time required to decant that sample), efficiency (the number of seeds decanted per second), and recovery bias (the effect of relative density on seed recovery) between methods. Our proposed method was more effective, more rapid, more efficient, and less biased than the traditional method. Therefore, any future work relying on flotation to analyze seed banks should clearly describe how samples are decanted and should consider the proposed method as a potential means of enhancing the efficiency of chemical flotation.