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No. of bitstreams: 1 edilenenoronharodrigues.pdf: 5251162 bytes, checksum: 84e82c4603e207a783d3b2f6cffa3c4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-15 / O funcionamento diferencial do item ocorre quando um item é aplicado a dois grupos de alunos com mesma habilidade cognitiva e esses grupos obtêm desempenhos diferenciados ao responderem a esse item, levando um grupo a apresentar melhores resultados que o outro. O presente estudo levou em consideração grupos de alunos do sexo feminino e do masculino de diferentes grupos raciais e alunos de regiões distintas dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Os resultados estatísticos obtidos entre dois grupos de alunos podem demonstrar que um grupo está sendo beneficiado em relação ao outro. A importância de realizar a análise do funcionamento diferencial – DIF– dos itens nos diferentes grupos de alunos se justifica, para que a proficiência estimada seja de boa qualidade, e os resultados possam ser adequadamente equalizados. Pode também apontar uma diferenciação pedagógica entre as regiões escolares, devido a uma maior exposição ao tema ou maior ênfase curricular, diferenças culturais associadas a diferenças sócio-econômicas, ou diagnosticar deficiências pedagógicas existentes. O objetivo da pesquisa é identificar e analisar os itens de Língua Portuguesa, especificamente das 3ª, 4a e 5ª séries do Ensino Fundamental, referentes aos testes aplicados em 2005 pelo Programa Nova Escola e pelo Simave/Proeb, que apresentaram funcionamento diferencial, segundo sua dificuldade, para alunos de diferentes regiões e com diferenças de gênero e raça, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Inicialmente, apresentou-se uma revisão histórica da avaliação em larga escala no Brasil e dos principais programas de avaliação executados nos Estados; sem pretensão de esgotar o assunto, alguns métodos de medidas em avaliação educacional em larga escala e a construção da escala de habilidades foram descritos. A seguir, procurou-se descrever o Funcionamento Diferencial do Item – DIF, os principais métodos para sua detecção e sua evolução histórica. Posteriormente, identificou-se o Funcionamento Diferencial-DIF em itens do Programa Nova Escola e do Simave/Proeb, foram classificados os encontrados e que geraram hipóteses para explicar o DIF. No presente estudo constatou-se que nem todos os itens diagnosticados com DIF são ruins para efeito de avaliação, pois eles podem trazer informações importantes para diagnóstico do sistema educacional do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e de Minas Gerais; por intermédio deles, podem-se diagnosticar as deficiências curriculares, indícios de discriminações raciais ou diversidades culturais. Assim, nem sempre o procedimento mais adequado é a sua retirada dos testes. / The operation of the item gap occurs when an item is applied to two groups of students with cognitive ability and these same groups get different performances to respond to that item, leading a group to produce better results than the other. This study took into account groups of students were female and male from different racial groups and students from different regions of the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. The statistical results obtained between two groups of students can demonstrate that a group is being received in relation to the other. The importance of conducting an analysis of the functioning differential - DIF-of items in different groups of students is justified, so that the estimated proficiency is of good quality, and results can be adequately equalizados. It may also indicate a differentiation between the regions educational school, due to greater exposure to the subject or greater emphasis curriculum, cultural differences associated with socio-economic differences, or diagnose existing educational deficiencies. The objective of the survey is to identify and analyse the items of Portuguese Language, specifically the 3, 4th and 5 th series of elementary school, regarding the tests applied in 2005 by the New School Program and the Simave / Proeb, which showed differential operation, according to their difficulty For students from different regions and with differences in gender and race in the state of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Initially, presented to a review of historical assessment on a large scale in Brazil and the core program implemented in the evaluation; without pretension to exhaust the subject, some methods of measures in educational evaluation on a large scale and the scale of construction skills were described . Then, sought to describe the operation Differential Item - DIF, the main methods for its detection and its historical development. Subsequently, identified as the Operation Differential-DIF items in the Programme and the New School Simave / Proeb, were classified and that those found generated hypotheses to explain the DIF. In this study it was found that not all items are diagnosed with DIF bad for the purpose of evaluation, because they can provide important information for diagnosis of the educational system of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, through them, you can diagnose learning disabilities, evidence of racial discrimination or cultural diversity. So, not always the most appropriate procedure is the withdrawal of its tests.

Differentielles Testen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Qualitätssicherung von Software, mit dem Ziel Testeingaben zu generieren, die Unterschiede im Verhalten der Software deutlich machen. Solche Unterschiede können zwischen zwei Ausführungspfaden (1) in unterschiedlichen Programmversionen, aber auch (2) im selben Programm auftreten. In dem ersten Fall werden unterschiedliche Programmversionen mit der gleichen Eingabe untersucht, während bei dem zweiten Fall das gleiche Programm mit unterschiedlichen Eingaben analysiert wird. Die Regressionsanalyse, die Side-Channel Analyse, das Maximieren der Ausführungskosten eines Programms und die Robustheitsanalyse von Neuralen Netzwerken sind typische Beispiele für differentielle Softwareanalysen. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt in der effizienten Analyse von mehreren Programmpfaden (auch über mehrere Programmvarianten hinweg). Die existierenden Ansätze sind dabei meist nicht (spezifisch) dafür konstruiert, unterschiedliches Verhalten präzise hervorzurufen oder sind auf einen Teil des Suchraums limitiert. Diese Arbeit führt das Konzept des hybriden differentiellen Software Testens (HyDiff) ein: eine hybride Analysetechnik für die Generierung von Eingaben zur Erkennung von semantischen Unterschieden in Software. HyDiff besteht aus zwei parallel laufenden Komponenten: (1) einem such-basierten Ansatz, der effizient Eingaben generiert und (2) einer systematischen Analyse, die auch komplexes Programmverhalten erreichen kann. Die such-basierte Komponente verwendet Fuzzing geleitet durch differentielle Heuristiken. Die systematische Analyse basiert auf Dynamic Symbolic Execution, das konkrete Eingaben bei der Analyse integrieren kann. HyDiff wird anhand mehrerer Experimente evaluiert, die in spezifischen Anwendungen im Bereich des differentiellen Testens ausgeführt werden. Die Resultate zeigen eine effektive Generierung von Testeingaben durch HyDiff, wobei es sich signifikant besser als die einzelnen Komponenten verhält. / Differential software testing is important for software quality assurance as it aims to automatically generate test inputs that reveal behavioral differences in software. The concrete analysis procedure depends on the targeted result: differential testing can reveal divergences between two execution paths (1) of different program versions or (2) within the same program. The first analysis type would execute different program versions with the same input, while the second type would execute the same program with different inputs. Therefore, detecting regression bugs in software evolution, analyzing side-channels in programs, maximizing the execution cost of a program over multiple executions, and evaluating the robustness of neural networks are instances of differential software analysis with the goal to generate diverging executions of program paths. The key challenge of differential software testing is to simultaneously reason about multiple program paths, often across program variants, in an efficient way. Existing work in differential testing is often not (specifically) directed to reveal a different behavior or is limited to a subset of the search space. This PhD thesis proposes the concept of Hybrid Differential Software Testing (HyDiff) as a hybrid analysis technique to generate difference revealing inputs. HyDiff consists of two components that operate in a parallel setup: (1) a search-based technique that inexpensively generates inputs and (2) a systematic exploration technique to also exercise deeper program behaviors. HyDiff’s search-based component uses differential fuzzing directed by differential heuristics. HyDiff’s systematic exploration component is based on differential dynamic symbolic execution that allows to incorporate concrete inputs in its analysis. HyDiff is evaluated experimentally with applications specific for differential testing. The results show that HyDiff is effective in all considered categories and outperforms its components in isolation.

Side channels fundamentally changes the view of the cryptographic system security in cryptography. It is not enough to analyze the security algorithm only from a mathematical point of view using abstract models but it is necessary to focus on the implementation of the algorithms. The introduction of the thesis deals with the basic terms, principles of side channel attacks and basic clasification of side channels. The following chapter describes the objectives of the thesis. The main goal of the thesis is to propose and experimentally verify a new power analysis method whish will use the neural network. This main goal was based on the realized analyzes presented in the following chapters. These chapters contain a detailed analysis of currently used power analysis and analysis of AES encryption algorithm. AES was selected becouse the algorithm is resistant to the conventional cryptoanalysis. The following section describes the experimental results of the optimization of existing methods, the influence of the parameters affecting power consumption and the results of the proposed analysis using neural networks. This section includes the discussion of the results. This type of side channel attack has not been published yet thus it is a completely new idea. The final goal of the thesis was to summarize the possible countermeasures protecting against the side channel attacks.