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Magnesium is the lightest metal with a very high specific strength. However, its practical applicability is limited by its toughness and reliability. Mg, being HCP has low ductility. This makes the improvement of toughness a grand challenge in Mg alloys. Friction stir processing (FSP) is a thermomechanical technique used to effect microstructural modification. Here, FSP was utilized to affect the toughness of WE43 sheets through microstructural modification. Room temperature Kahn-type tests were conducted to measure the toughness of WE43 sheets. Microscopic techniques (SEM, TEM) was utilized to study the effect of various microstructural factors like grain size, texture, constituent particles, precipitates on crack initiation and propagation. Tensile properties were evaluated by mini-tensile tests. Crack growth in WE43 sheets was also affected by mechanics and digital image correlation (DIC) was utilized to study the plastic zone size. The underlying mechanisms affecting toughness of these sheets were understood which will help in formulating ways in improving it. WE43 nanocomposites were fabricated via FSP. Uniform distribution of reinforcements was obtained in the composites. Improved mechanical properties like that of enhanced strength, increased hardness and stiffness were obtained. But contrary to other metal matrix composites which show reduction in ductility with incorporation of ceramic reinforcements, the nanocomposites showed good strength-ductility combination. The composites were precisely characterized and mechanisms governing this property were studied. The nano-length of the reinforcements was observed to be the main criteria and the dislocation-particle interaction, the main reason behind the strength-ductility property.

Solicitud de envío manuscrito de artículo científico. / Solicitud de envío manuscrito de artículo científico. / El presente proyecto de tesis propone el desarrollo de un sistema portátil de detección de billetes falsos de 50, 100 y 200 soles de diagnóstico automático basado en procesamiento digital de imágenes e implementado en un computador de placa reducida. En la actualidad, las técnicas de falsificación de billetes que se usan en el Perú son capaces de burlar a los sistemas de detección tradicionales. El sistema propuesto se basa en una detección más eficiente ya que enfoca la adquisición y segmentación de imagen en los patrones calcográficos de marcas de alto relieve. Para optimizar este proceso, se hace uso de una cámara, una lente y un recinto portable. Al resultado se le aplican filtros de repujado, de sobel, de erosión y de dilatación sucesivamente, para resaltar las características distintivas de los billetes legítimos. Finalmente, se usan Máquinas de Soporte Vectorial para clasificar los billetes falsos y los verdaderos, de acuerdo al proceso de entrenamiento realizado para cada denominación. El resultado entregado permitirá que el algoritmo pueda discernir la legitimidad del billete e indicarlo en un display para el entendimiento de cualquier usuario. Asimismo, el computador va conectado a una base de datos para transmitir las estadísticas de billetes falsos detectados. Para la validación de la solución, se han procesado muestras de 278 billetes entre verdaderos y falsos de 50, 100 y 200 soles provistos por el BCRP, o Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. En estas pruebas se obtuvo un porcentaje precisión mayor al 97% para identificar billetes falsos. / The present thesis project proposes to design a portable system to detect 50, 100 and 200 soles counterfeit bills with automatic diagnosis based on digital image processing and implemented on a reduced plate computer. Nowadays, the current counterfeiting techniques for bills being used in Peru are capable of eluding the traditional detection systems. The system being proposed is based on a more efficient detection because the acquisition and image segmentation is being focused on the chalcographic patterns of high relief. To optimize this process, a camera, a lens and a portable enclosure are being used. Then, the system applies the embossing filter, the sobel filter, the erosion filter and the expansion filter successively, to emphasize the distinctive characteristics of the legitimate bills. Finally, Support Vector Machines are used to classify real and counterfeit bills, based on the training process performed for each denomination. The result delivered will allow the program to discern the legitimacy of the bill and show it on a display to ease the understandment by any user. Likewise, the computer is connected to a database in order to transmit the statistics of counterfeit bills detected. To validate the solution, samples of 278 bills, counterfeit and legal, of 50, 100 and 200 soles were processed. These were provided by the BCRP, the official organism of Peru in charge of coins and bills. In this tests, the results show a presicion of over 97% of counterfeited bills correctly identified. / Tesis

INTRODUCTION: Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly infectious and often lethal filovirus that causes hemorrhagic fever, with a reported case fatality rate of 40-90%. There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical countermeasures (MCMs) for EBOV. Non-human primates (NHPs) remain the gold standard animal model for EBOV research as they most accurately recapitulate human disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the temporal viral pathogenesis of EBOV in the liver of infected rhesus macaques using routine histopathology, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) and multiplex fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (mFISH), refined by digital pathology (DP) and image analysis (DIA). METHODS: 21 FFPE liver sections from EBOV-infected rhesus macaques were examined microscopically (Uninfected controls n=3; 3 DPE n=3; 4 DPE n=3; 5 DPE n=3; 6 DPE n=3; Terminal n=6). Tissues were stained with H&E and PTAH for histopathological scoring. Three serial sections were fluorescently immunolabeled or hybridized under three independent conditions (1.EBOV VP35, Tissue Factor, CD68; 2.EBOV VP35, Heppar, Myeloperoxidase (MPO); 3.EBOV VP35, IL-6, ISG-15). Slides were digitized by a Vectra PolarisTM fluorescent whole slide scanner and DIA was conducted using HaloTM image analysis software. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad PrismTM 8.0. RESULTS: Comparing peracute (3-4 DPE) to acute (5-6 DPE) and terminal (6-8 DPE) EBOV infection, there is a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in hepatic inflammation and fibrin thrombi, correlating with an absolute increase in macrophages (CD68), neutrophils (MPO), and total % of Tissue Factor in the liver. There is also a significant increase in the severity of necrosis, which correlates with a decrease in Heppar. While there was significant colocalization of VP35 and CD68 starting at 4 DPE, there was only rare colocalization of VP35 with Heppar, even in terminal animals. Similar to mIHC, progressive and statistically significant differences were observed in gene expression when comparing peracute to acute and terminal EBOV infection. IL-6 predominated within periportal fibrovascular compartments, but also colocalized within cells concurrently expressing EBOV VP35. EBOV VP35 expression was observed within histiocytes, endothelial cells, and less commonly hepatocytes. ISG-15 expression was observed in periportal regions and in proximity to cells expressing EBOV VP35, but colocalization within EBOV VP35 expressing cells was an extremely rare event. CONCLUSION: Qualitative tools are well suited for confirming virulence and viral tissue tropism, but do little to build on our current understanding of disease. Using DIA in partnership with mIHC and mFISH, this study quantified statistically significant temporal changes in the immunoreactivity and hybridization of host and viral biomarkers that have previously been linked to the pathogenesis of EBOV. Taken together, these tools have enabled us to characterize minute changes that reflect magnitudes of biological variability simply not feasible to detect with the human eye. Furthermore, spatial context has refined our current understanding of differential gene expression of EBOV, which has the potential to aid in development of host-directed therapies. The establishment of these benchmarks will serve as a guide for the validation of cross-institutional EBOV animal models.

Ces travaux de thèse sont dédiés à la mesure de formes 3D, de champs cinématiques 3D surfaciques et à l'identification de paramètres mécaniques à partir de mesures par corrélation d'images. Cette méthode optique se base sur l'utilisation de caméras comme support de la mesure. Pour cette raison, une étude des différents modèles de caméra classiquement utilisés est effectuée, puis le passage d'un formalisme continu pour la description des images à une approche discrète utilisant la notion de pixel est décrit. Une attention particulière est portée aux distorsions optiques et une approche utilisant la corrélation d'images pour les évaluer est développée. Une nouvelle méthode de mesure de forme 3D et de champs de déplacements 3D surfaciques par stéréo-corrélation d'images est introduite. Elle utilise un modèle numérique de l'objet observé comme support pour la corrélation. Cette méthode mène à une formulation globale de la stéréo-corrélation. Elle peut être écrite dans le cas général et particularisée à des surfaces NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines). Le champ de déplacement est également exprimé dans un formalisme NURBS complètement cohérent avec le modèle géométrique utilisé pour définir la forme observée. Des mesures sont validées en utilisant des mouvements imposés à un carreau de Bézier usiné. La faisabilité de la technique dans plusieurs cas industriels est également étudiée avec, par exemple, la mesure des déplacements d'une pièce composite de train d'atterrissage chargée mécaniquement. Enfin, à partir de cette formulation isogéométrique de la mesure de champs, une étude de la caractérisation de propriétés élastiques est effectuée. Deux méthodes inspirées d'approches existantes sont ainsi proposées, utilisant des mesures de champs et des calculs numériques dans un formalisme isogéométrique pour identifier des paramètres de loi de comportement élastique isotrope sur un cas test numérique et pour un essai de traction uniaxiale. / This thesis is dedicated to measurement of 3D shapes, 3D kinematic fields on surfaces and identification of mechanical properties from digital image correlation measurements. This optical method uses cameras as measurement tools. For this reason, a study of the classical camera models used is performed and the description of the digitalization of an image from a continuous to a discrete formalism using the pixel is described. A specific work is dedicated to optical distortions and a method based on digital image correlation to evaluate these distortions is developped.A new method for 3D shapes and 3D displacement fields on surfaces using stereo-correlation is introduced. A numerical description of the observed object is used as a support to perform the correlation. This method lead to a global approach to stereo-correlation. It can be rewrite in a generic case or in particular to be applied to NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) surfaces. The displacement fields is therefore expressed in a NURBS formalism which is completely consistent with the geometrical model used to described the observed shape. Measurements are validated using prescribed motions on a Bezier patch. The feasibility of such a technique in several industrial cases is then studied with for example the measurement of the displacement of a composite part of a landing gear under mechanical loading.Finally, from this isogeometric formulation of full-field measurement, a study of the identification of elastic properties is performed. Two methods inspired from existing approaches are proposed, using full-field measurement and numerical simulations in a common isogeometric formalism to identify parameters of an isotropic linear elastic constitutive law on a both a numerical test case and a uniaxial tensile test.

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