Zugl.: Zürich, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2008

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des invariants quantiques en dimension 3 et 4 ainsi que les TQFTs et HQFTs qui leurs sont associées. Cette thèse établit que pour toute catégorie $\C$ sphérique la TQFT de Turaev-Viro est issue d'une HQFT en dimension 1+2 ayant pour but l'espace classifiant $B\grad$. Grâce aux méthodes développées pour montrer ce résultat, nous avons donné une nouvelle description l'invariant de Turaev-Viro homologique. En outre, nous introduisons la notion de catégorie de Picard qui nous permet de relier l'invariant de Turaev-Viro à l'invariant de Dijkgraaf-Witten. Nous construisons également un invariant quantique de dimension 4 que nous comparons à l'invariant quantique de dimension 4 défini par Crane, Kauffman et Yetter. Ce nouvel invariant est obtenu à partir de couples de catégories prémodulaires de dimensions inversibles.

The development of spatio–temporal geoscience information systems (TGSIS) as the next generation of geographic information systems (GIS) and geoscience information systems (GSIS) was investigated with respect to the following four aspects: concepts, data models, software, and applications. These systems are capable of capturing, storing, managing, and querying data of geo–objects subject to dynamic processes, thereby causing the evolution of their geometry, topology and geoscience properties. In this study, five data models were proposed. The first data model represents static geo–objects whose geometries are in the 3–dimensional space. The second and third data models represent geological surfaces evolving in a discrete and continuous manner, respectively. The fourth data model is a general model that represents geo–objects whose geometries are n–dimensional embedding in the m–dimensional space R^m, m >= 3. The topology and the properties of these geo–objects are also represented in the data model. In this model, time is represented as one dimension (valid time). Moreover, the valid time is an independent variable, whereas geometry, topology, and the properties are dependent (on time) variables. The fifth data model represents multiple indexed geoscience data in which time and other non–spatial dimensions are interpreted as larger spatial dimensions. To capture data in space and time, morphological interpolation methods were reviewed, and a new morphological interpolation method was proposed to model geological surfaces evolving continuously in a time interval. This algorithm is based on parameterisation techniques to locate the cross–reference and then compute the trajectories complying with geometrical constraints. In addition, the long transaction feature was studied, and the data schema, functions, triggers, and views were proposed to implement the long transaction feature and the database versioning in PostgreSQL. To implement database versioning tailored to geoscience applications, an algorithm comparing two triangulated meshes was also proposed. Therefore, TGSIS enable geologists to manage different versions of geoscience data for different geological paradigms, data, and authors. Finally, a prototype software system was built. This system uses the client/server architecture in which the server side uses the PostgreSQL database management system and the client side uses the gOcad geomodeling system. The system was also applied to certain sample applications.

Le travail effectué dans cette thèse consiste à construire et adapter dans d'autres cadres des objets issus de la géométrie algébrique. Nous nous intéressons d'abord à la théorie des classes de Chern pour les faisceaux cohérents. Sur les variétés projectives, elle est complètement achevée dans les anneaux de Chow grâce à l'existence de résolutions globales localement libres et se ramène formellement à la théorie pour les fibrés. Un résultat de Voisin montre que ces résolutions n'existent pas toujours sur des variétés complexes compactes générales. Nous construisons ici par récurrence sur la dimension de la variété de base des classes de Chern en cohomologie de Deligne rationnelle pour les faisceaux analytiques cohérents en imposant la formule de Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch pour les immersions et en utilisant des méthodes de dévissage. Ces classes sont les seules à vérifier la formule de fonctorialité par pull-back, la formule de Whitney et la formule de Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch pour les immersions; elles coïncident donc avec les classes topologiques et les classes d'Atiyah. Elles vérifient aussi le théorème de Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch pour les morphismes projectifs. Notre second travail est l'étude des schémas de Hilbert ponctuels d'une variété symplectique ou presque complexe de dimension 4. Ils ont été construits par Voisin et généralisent les schémas de Hilbert connus pour les surfaces projectives. En utilisant les structures complexes relatives intégrables introduites dans la construction de Voisin, nous pouvons étendre au cas presque complexe ou symplectique la théorie classique. Nous calculons les nombres de Betti, nous construisons les opérateurs de Nakajima, nous étudions l'anneau de cohomologie et la classe de cobordisme de ces schémas de Hilbert, et nous prouvons dans ce contexte un cas particulier de la conjecture de la résolution crêpante de Ruan.

The development of spatio–temporal geoscience information systems (TGSIS) as the next generation of geographic information systems (GIS) and geoscience information systems (GSIS) was investigated with respect to the following four aspects: concepts, data models, software, and applications. These systems are capable of capturing, storing, managing, and querying data of geo–objects subject to dynamic processes, thereby causing the evolution of their geometry, topology and geoscience properties. In this study, five data models were proposed. The first data model represents static geo–objects whose geometries are in the 3–dimensional space. The second and third data models represent geological surfaces evolving in a discrete and continuous manner, respectively. The fourth data model is a general model that represents geo–objects whose geometries are n–dimensional embedding in the m–dimensional space R^m, m >= 3. The topology and the properties of these geo–objects are also represented in the data model. In this model, time is represented as one dimension (valid time). Moreover, the valid time is an independent variable, whereas geometry, topology, and the properties are dependent (on time) variables. The fifth data model represents multiple indexed geoscience data in which time and other non–spatial dimensions are interpreted as larger spatial dimensions. To capture data in space and time, morphological interpolation methods were reviewed, and a new morphological interpolation method was proposed to model geological surfaces evolving continuously in a time interval. This algorithm is based on parameterisation techniques to locate the cross–reference and then compute the trajectories complying with geometrical constraints. In addition, the long transaction feature was studied, and the data schema, functions, triggers, and views were proposed to implement the long transaction feature and the database versioning in PostgreSQL. To implement database versioning tailored to geoscience applications, an algorithm comparing two triangulated meshes was also proposed. Therefore, TGSIS enable geologists to manage different versions of geoscience data for different geological paradigms, data, and authors. Finally, a prototype software system was built. This system uses the client/server architecture in which the server side uses the PostgreSQL database management system and the client side uses the gOcad geomodeling system. The system was also applied to certain sample applications.