This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Thesis (M.A.(Anthropology)) --University of Limpopo, 1999 / Refer to document

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Thesis (M. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Ethno veterinary medicine practices are popular among the resource constrained small-holder farmers. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of traditional remedies particularly the indigenous plants has not been extensively documented. Hence, this study was conducted to determine efficacy of indigenous plant extracts used by small-holder farmers in Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa for internal parasites control. Information on indigenous plants used for the control of internal parasites of livestock by local farmers in the study area was gathered through a questionnaire survey. A total of 188 livestock farmers (both males and females) of mixed ages were interviewed. Thirteen different plants were frequently mentioned by the respondents as remedies for livestock internal parasites. Of these, seven plants could be identified up to their families and species. Plant species collected were Dicerocaryum sp (50%), Pappeacapensis (61%), Aloe ferox (90%), Helichrysum sp (56%), Senecio congestus (83%), Senecio barbertonicus (67%) and Gardenia sp (73%). These plants were extracted using distilled water and analysed to determine their efficacy through in vitro assays; Egg hatch, larval development and larval mortality assays. All the assays were performed at different concentrations of 2.5mg/ml, 5.0mg/ml and 7.5mg/ml. The nematode third stage larvae were incubated for 24hr, 48hr and 72hr during the larval mortality assay. The present study showed that all the seven-plant species under investigation possessed some anthelmintic activities of varying strength. The highest egg hatch inhibition was observed from the extracts of Senecio barbertonicus with 100 % and the lowest from Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with 2.25 %, for larval development the highest was Gardenia sp 100 % and the lowest Helichrysum sp 26 % at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. Whereas, the highest in larval mortality assay was Senecio barbertonicus and Gardenia sp achieved 100 % after 48hrs and the lowest was Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with49.89 % after 72hrs at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. The use of other different forms of extraction media is recommended because different results can observe and be compared with the results of the present study. Toxicity studies on the indigenous plants observed to have stronger anthelmintic activities would assist in the future recommendation of these remedies for large scale or commercial use as anthelmintic drugs. Keywords: ethno veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal parasites, anthelmintic

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 by Burkholderia cepacia was evident when grown on various media (TSA, PDA, PSA, YM, KMB, PPM, NYGA, LA) with different carbon sources and under various pH and temperature conditions. In addition, B. cepacia was able to inhibit several fungal pathogens in vitro. Antagonism of B. cepacia against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense occured at high levels of Fe³+, which may suggest that antagonism by B. cepacia did not involve siderophore production. Thin layer chromatogram (TLC) examination showed that B. cepacia produced several substances, one of which had similar R[f] value to that described for pyrrolnitrin. Cell-free supernatant of a 4-day culture of 6. cepacia was applied to an Amberlite XAD-2 column and inhibitory activity co-eluted with the 95% methanol (pH 9.5) fraction. The concentrated activated fractions showed inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. A GC-MS chromatogram indicated numerous components in the antifungal extracts. The only compound identified in the Wiley 138 library, was 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-Ethylhexyl) ester. Observations by light microscopy indicated that B. cepacia inhibited spore germination in F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 and retarded the mycelial growth. The interaction between the endophytic bacterium, B. cepacia and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 was investigated with aid of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This demonstrated that the bacterium was able to colonize the surface of hypha and macrospore of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Mycelial deformation, terminal and/or intercalary swelling were evident. At later stages, hyphae of F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense, colonized by B. cepacia, were found to have collapsed. Further studies in vivo confirmed that B. cepacia colonized the hypha of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense which had invaded banana roots. TEM observation showed that in the banana plant B. cepacia was closely associated with the healthy banana roots and a matrix was frequently found to be present between the bacterium and the plant surface. In addition, B. cepacia exists mainly in the intercellular space of the banana roots. UV irradiation treatment of B. cepacia resulted in a mutant that had lost inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense on TSA agar. Transposon mutagenesis of B. cepacia was performed by Tn5 insertion. Six mutants which had lost or had reduced inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense were generated. These mutants showed no inhibitory zones on TSA medium in the presence of the fungus. It was observed that one mutants. cepacia :: Tn5-188 appeared to lose the ability to colonize the fungal hypha, whilst a different mutant B. cepacia ::Tn5 - 217 was still able to colonize the fungal hyphae. TLC analyses showed that there was a decrease in antibiotic production in mutants B. cepacia :: Tn5 - 217 and B. cepacia - UV - 34, compared with the wild type. GC- MS analyses showed that there was no evidence of the peaks at 14.62 minutes, 20.0 minutes and 20.46 minutes in both chromatograms of mutants B. cepacia :: Tn5 -217 and 8. cepacia -UV - 34, compared with the wild type B. cepacia. No PCR products were detected using primers that were developed from sequences within the biosynthetic loci for Phi of P.fluorescens Q2-87(GenBank accession no. U41818) and PCA of P. fluorescens 2-79 (GeneBank no. L48616). Colony hybridization suggested that genomic DNA from B. cepacia could contain both Phi- and PCA probes. It was found that hybridization of genomic DNA digested with Cla-I of B. cepaca with Phl2a probe only occurred at low stringency. A hybridization signal was detected from a Cla-l fragment of approximately 2800bp. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

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Afin de guider les politiques de santé publique, il semble intéressant de vérifier l’efficacité des actions de lutte contre le paludisme (ALP). Pour ce faire, l’on tend à évaluer l’impact d’une ALP sur l’incidence de la maladie par exemple, mais cette approche permet difficilement d’isoler l’effet d’une ALP par rapport aux autres interventions déployées simultanément, et par rapport aux interférences environnementales et sociales. La modélisation mathématique est également d’un recours limité puisqu’elle établit des inférences à partir de l’efficacité théorique de l’intervention (efficacy en anglais) mesurée au cours d’essais contrôlés. La mesure directe de l’efficacité de l’intervention sur le terrain (effectiveness en anglais), c’est-à-dire sous l’influence de facteurs biologiques, environnementaux et humains, est cependant possible. En particulier, des enquêtes épidémiologiques appropriées permettent de mesurer l’association entre l’exposition aux ALP et le poids du paludisme.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, plusieurs études de ce type ont été menées pour évaluer l’effectiveness des ALP à Madagascar. Ce pays a l’avantage de présenter un contraste important en terme de transmission du paludisme, certaines parties étant en phase de pré-élimination et d’autres présentant une transmission du paludisme intense et continue. (...)Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie d’évaluation de l’effectiveness des ALP transposable dans d’autres contextes, et démontre l’utilité de cette approche. Dans un contexte mondial où les financements internationaux stagnent, ces résultats apportent des informations et outils utiles pour poursuivre la lutte contre le paludisme. / In order to guide policy making in public health, it seems useful to confirm the effectiveness of malaria control interventions (MCI). To achieve this, one may evaluate the impact of a given MCI on the incidence of the disease, for example, but this approach won’t easily disentangle the effects of the intervention from those of other MCIs deployed simultaneously, and from influences of environmental and social factors. Mathematical modelling won’t be helpful in this purpose since it infers the impact from the efficacy measured in controlled trials. The direct estimation of the effectiveness of the intervention under fields conditions, i.e. under the influence of biological, environmental and human factors, is nevertheless possible. In particular, appropriate epidemiological surveys can estimate the association between exposure to MCIs and malaria.The present thesis describes the results of several studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MCIs in Madagascar. This country has the advantage to include constrasted malaria transmission patterns, with areas earmarked for pre-elimination and others with intense and perennial malaria transmission. (...)Overall this thesis proposes a methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of MCIs that can be transferred to other settings, and demonstrates the usefulness of this approach. In a global context of stagnating international funding, these results provide valuable information and tools to carry on the fight against malaria.