Detta examensarbete syftar till att beskriva de displacerade barnens situation ochde utmaningar de står inför på grund av displacement i Cali, Colombia. Detkommer att göras genom att studera de icke-statliga organisationernas arbete dåstaten på många delar i Colombia och Cali har låg närvaro. Många av dessa barntillhör afro-colombianska och inhemska folkgrupper och därför kommer dennastudie att göras utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv inom kategorierna etnicitetoch klass. Colombia har under de senaste åren varit det land med flestinternflyktingar i världen, och trots ett fredsavtal med de största rebellgruppernaär Colombia fortfarande ett land i toppen av den globala statistiken. Landetshistoria präglas av interna konflikter, olaglig arbetskraft och narkotikahandel. Deproblem Colombia står inför under denna pågående fredsprocess är komplexa ochpåverkar främst displacerade barn och deras familjer. Resultatet av denna studievisar att många displacerade barn har lägre levnadsstandard än andra barn.Majoriteten bor i ekonomiskt utsatta områden och tillhör minoritetsbefolkningen,de får sämre utbildning och blir ofta diskriminerade på grund av att de ärcolombianer men med en annan kultur och annat ursprung änmajoritetsbefolkningen i staden. Det finns olika typer av socialt arbete i Cali somarbetar med empowerment för att förhindra detta och för att stärka barnen; delsgenom utbildning och dels genom upprätthållande av kultur i form av musik ochdans. Socialarbetare i Cali arbetar oftast utan stöd av staten och är själva eller harvarit displacerade. Många upplever att displacerade barn ofta ses som en homogengrupp trots dennes heterogenitet. / This bachelor thesis seeks to describe the displaced children’s situation and thechallenges they face due to displacement in Cali, Colombia. Many of thesechildren belong to Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities and thereforethis study will be made through an intersectional perspective based on ethnicityand class. Colombia was during recent years the country with the most internallydisplaced people in the world, and today, despite a peace agreement with thebiggest guerrilla groups, it is still a country in the top of the global statistics. Thecountry’s history is characterized by internal conflicts, illegal labor and drugtrafficking and the problems they are facing during this peace progress arecomplex. This is affecting displaced children and their families. The humanitariancrisis in Colombia is unique in many ways and have been creating manychallenges for the government. Therefore, one of the main reasons to study non-governmental, social work is because these organizations fill an important gap inresponse to help, support and empower displaced children in areas around Caliwith little governmental presence. The result of this study shows that manydisplaced children in Cali have a lower standard of living than other children. Themajority live in low-income areas and belong to the minority population, theyreceive lower quality education and are often discriminated for being Colombiansbut with a different culture and other origin than the majority population in thecity. There are various types of social work in Cali that work with empowermentto prevent this and to strengthen the children; through education or by maintainingculture in the form of music and dance. Social workers in Cali usually workwithout the support of the state and are run by people who themselves have beendisplaced. Many of the social workers feel that displaced children often are seenas a homogeneous group despite its heterogeneity.

En sa qualité d’enfant, le mineur doit être protégé. Lorsqu’il se déplace par delà les frontières, ce dernier est exposé à des problématiques particulières induisant un élément d’extranéité. Le particularisme de ces situations impliquant plusieurs États entraine régulièrement l’application des mécanismes du droit international privé. Pour autant, peut-on demander à cette matière de contribuer à la protection de l’enfant mobile au travers des règles qu’elle fixe ? C’est ce que la présente étude s’est proposé de faire en s’employant à justifier la recherche d’un objectif matériel en ce contexte par la matière du droit international privé. En effet, l’évolution privatiste régulatrice du droit international privé semble légitimer cette ambition en octroyant à la matière la capacité de chercher à protéger un intérêt et, plus particulièrement nous concernant, celui de l’enfant déplacé.Au final, cette étude se propose d’avoir recours à une utilisation fonctionnelle du droit international privé dont le seul but est d’apporter à l’enfant qui se déplace par-delà les frontières des solutions propres à lui garantir une protection satisfaisante et ce, en dépit de la complexité de sa situation. / As a child, the minor must be protected. When moving across borders, minors are exposed to peculiar problems. These types of situations where several States are involved usually lead to the implementation of private international law. But can we apply the rules of private international law to the protection of the displaced child?This study proposes to clarify the use of this section of the law in achieving a tangible objective. Indeed, the private regulatory evolution of private international law seems to legitimize this aim in granting the subject matter the capacity to protect an interest and, more specifically that which concerns us, the interest of the displaced child.Specifically, this connection should be attributed to the competent authorities and to the law of the child's habitual residence in the event of continuous displacement. In order to understand the focus and integration centre of the displaced minor, the customary residence reflects the axiological system of the minor, that is to say, the focal point of his or her main ties. Of course, in the event of a change in the child's customary residence, the rules inherent to conflict of mobility should be able to justify their intervention in an effort to update the location of the focus and integration centre and, consequently, to the understanding. Thus, in the hypothetical case of temporary displacement, the closest chosen proximity should lead to the subsidiary, exceptional and temporary designation of the competent authorities and to the law of the State in whose territory the child is located.However, the flexibility of our proposals seemed to have lead to sometimes allowing deviations from the normal rules of jurisdiction. This would, however, only be achieved by the acceptance of the judges and the parties concerned.In conclusion, this study proposes to employ the functional use of private international law whereby the sole purpose is to provide children displaced across borders, with solutions that are ready to guarantee them adequate protection despite the complexity of the situation.

The mini-dissertation analyses the international law obligations of the government and nonstate actors regarding the protection of internally displaced children living with HIV in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The war and armed conflicts in the Eastern DRC have exacerbated the vulnerability of children, causing them to be separated from their families, to experience sexual violence and forced conscription into armed groups, to experience the violent deaths of a parent or friend, resulting in insufficient adult care. They further are subject to a lack of safe drinking water and food, insufficient access to health care services, discrimination and stigmatisation, and so on. These factors increase their risk of contracting HIV and, if they are already living with HIV, they adversely affect their welfare. The mini-dissertation illustrates that international, regional and domestic human rights instruments protecting children can be applied in situations of armed conflicts to supplement humanitarian law instruments. It demonstrates that the government of the DRC has not implemented and fulfilled its international obligations to ensure these children adequate access to health services and to humanitarian assistance for displaced persons living with HIV; security and protection within displaced persons camps; and that children are protected from abuse and human rights violations. The dissertation recommends the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes tied to the conflicts which have targeted children, as well as the ratification by the DRC of regional instruments such as the African Union Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa, and the African Charter on the Rights and the Welfare of the Child, as this may enhance the legal protection of displaced children in the DRC. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted