Body dissatisfaction has become commonplace, however, it has been associated with several detrimental outcomes, including eating disorders, depression, and suicidality. Despite having larger Body Mass Indexes, African American women have reported more satisfaction with their bodies than Caucasian American women. Anxious attachment has been found to relate to body dissatisfaction; however, this study was the first to explore whether this relationship differs across ethnic groups. American societal beliefs about attractiveness and ethnic identity were also explored as potential moderators of the relationship between anxious attachment and body dissatisfaction. Purposive sampling was used to identify students from colleges with diverse ethnic representation for recruitment. Participants were 233 Caucasian American and 108 African American women recruited from ethnically diverse colleges in the Northeast and Southeast United States. Hypotheses were tested using hierarchical multiple regression and one-way analysis of covariance. Past findings regarding ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction were replicated as were findings regarding ethnic differences in attachment styles and the relationship between anxious attachment and body dissatisfaction, even after controlling for negative affect. Results of the primary analyses indicated no moderation by ethnicity of the relationship between anxious attachment and body dissatisfaction. Beliefs about attractiveness was found to moderate this relationship for Caucasian American but not African American women, and there was a trend for the moderation of the relationship between anxious attachment and body dissatisfaction by ethnic identity for the African American women in this sample. Implications for prevention and therapeutic interventions are discussed.

This study investigated factors contributory to Ugandan academics' satisfaction and dissatisfaction reported by a sample of (N=182) respondents drawn from the population of dons in two universities in Uganda: Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU) and Makerere University, Kampala (MUK). Sources of Ugandan dons' satisfaction and dissatisfaction were examined in the context of the Herzberg dichotomy, drawing comparisons with evidence adduced from other cultural settings. The research aimed to elicit evidence-informed data to obtain insights into the state of the academic profession in Uganda, and in the process define priorities that might focus the discourse of university administrators, planners, managers, policy makers, and researchers. A three-phase research design was utilised involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data extraction. An objective-focused survey instrument with eight job aspects of academics, containing both scale and open-ended items, was constructed and administered. Additionally, interviews and documentary data were used to triangulate the findings so as to give greater support to any conclusions that may be made. The factors most prevalent in the prediction of Ugandan dons' satisfaction related to co-worker behaviour, supervision and intrinsic facets of teaching. Analogously, the stimuli that created respondents' dissatisfaction were largely extrinsic (contextual) factors with respect to remuneration, governance, research, promotion, and working environment. It is potentially instructive to note, however, that the findings did not lend support to Herzberg's contention that intrinsic and extrinsic factors are mutually exclusive. Consistent with the situational occurrences theory, Quarstein (1992) supported by Oshagbemi (1997) and Evans (1998), it was concluded that any given factor be it intrinsic or extrinsic could either evoke satisfaction or induce dissatisfaction. While age, rank, as with tenure significantly predicted academic job satisfaction, no evidence was adduced to support a gender influence on respondents' job satisfaction. Emerging from the findings, implications for job satisfaction of Ugandan academics were formulated, recommendations made, and a research agenda proposed. This research, thus, offers not only sound insights into the state of the academic profession in Uganda, but also it forms a benchmark for future research

Body dissatisfaction has become so common that most girls and women will experience it at some point in their lives. Teasing and pressure from family members have been shown to be potent influences in the development of body dissatisfaction. However, most research conducted so far focuses on teasing and pressure from mothers, and neglects siblings altogether. I examined how appearance related teasing and pressure from siblings predicted body dissatisfaction and whether sibling intimacy mediated these relationships. Using survey data from 139 female adolescents, I found that appearance related teasing and pressure from siblings significantly predicted higher levels of body dissatisfaction. I also found significant indirect effects such that sibling teasing and pressure were associated with sibling intimacy, which was associated with body dissatisfaction, although there was no evidence of full mediation. Results indicate that siblings play an important role in the development of body dissatisfaction, and in consequence, eating disorders.

The Asian American population has increased almost ten percent in the past decade, marking the second highest growth rate of any racial group in the United States. Because of this increase, researchers need to be more informed about current issues that exist among this population, specifically within Asian American women and body satisfaction. This review seeks to explore the current research that exists on Asian American women and body satisfaction. Potential causes and explanations for why this population may deal with body satisfaction are then explored. These include historical causes, peer pressure, familial pressure, and media influence. The review then looks at methods counselors can use to effectively work with the Asian American women population. Finally, some recommendations for future studies are offered. Through this review, researchers and counselors can be better informed to work with the Asian American population. / text

In this paper I have conducted an analysis to critically examine survey questionnaire forms used in political research to measure trust and distrust. During the first step of the analysis I aimed to identify how the concepts where used in the forms. The second step involved examining if it was possible to relate the questions and items to five theoretical assumptions based on theories of trust (and distrust). The third step was to examine the quality of the forms, in relation to survey and questionnaire designs. The results of the analysis showed that the institutes that conduct the studies tended to use similar questions to measure trust. Some of the forms that where analyzed had very many questions, which could lead to exhaustion for those participating in studies. Some of the questions and the related response alternatives tended to be remarkably vague. For future research, I suggest that researchers reflects on the amount of questions that the forms contain, which response alternatives that are suitable to use and that researcher begin to develop new questionnaires with better questions. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att genomföra en analys för att kritiskt granska enkät- och frågeformulär som använts inom statsvetenskaplig forskning för att undersöka begreppen tillit, förtroende och misstro. Analysen hade tre utgångspunkter. Den första gick ut på att identifiera hur begreppen använts och operationaliserats i de granskade formulären. Den andra gick ut på att granska om det var möjligt att relatera formulärens frågor och påståenden till fem teoretiska antaganden baserade på förtroende och misstro. Den tredje gick ut på att granska formulären utifrån enkät- och frågekonstruktion. Analysen visade att de vetenskapliga instituten tenderade att använda likartade tillits- och förtroendefrågor. Några av de granskade formulären hade väldigt många frågor, vilket skulle kunna leda till uttröttningseffekter för de som deltar i institutens undersökningar. Ett ytterligare problem var att en del frågor och svarsalternativ var otydligt och vagt formulerade. För framtida forskning föreslår jag att forskarna som representerar de olika vetenskapliga instituten reflekterar över mängden frågor som formulären innehåller, vilka svarsalternativ som är lämpliga att använda samt att de på sikt börjar ta fram nya formulär med bättre frågor.

The role of common metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was examined in a 35 min brief online workshop targeted at body image dissatisfaction. Participants consisted of 24 graduate level students who were randomly assigned to either the, "ACT as Usual" or "ACT without Metaphors" treatment condition. The "ACT as Usual" treatment condition incorporated common ACT metaphors into the workshop while the "ACT without Metaphors" utilized alternative exercises and literal explanations. Both of the workshops covered all six core components of ACT and provided the same basic information. Results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores for the AAQ-W for both groups and no significant differences between pre and post CFQ-13 and PASTAS scores. Further, results indicate the use of common ACT metaphors did not significantly influence participant's scores. Future research should examine the use of ACT metaphors in a variety of settings and situations in order to determine their utility.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Anorexia nervosa is a debilitating disorder with dangerous potential health consequences. Body dissatisfaction is an important aetiological aspect of the development and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The purpose of this research study was to ascertain how clinical psychologists assess body dissatisfaction and how they formulate treatment for AN considering body dissatisfaction. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 registered clinical psychologists who specifically work in the area of eating disorders. The information provided by the participants was analysed using thematic analysis. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling. Sampling, data collection and analysis occurred concurrently until saturation was reached after 9 interviews have been conducted. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Senate Research Ethics Committee (Social and Human Sciences) of the university of the Western Cape. Participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any time without fear of negative consequence or loss of perceived benefit. Ethics principles were strictly adhered to in the management of data and dissemination of findings. Potential participants received an information sheet detailing what participation entailed, as well as the rights and responsibilities of the student researcher and research participants respectively. An indication was also provided of the recourse participants had in the event of dissatisfaction with or concerns about the study. The research contributed to the knowledge base of how body dissatisfaction is conceptualised and operationalised in treatment planning for patients presenting with AN. Findings revealed that the role of theory is essential as it facilitates an explanatory system, which creates an understanding of body dissatisfaction in AN. Another finding was that the participants had their own subjective operationalisation of body dissatisfaction but feels that it is important to formally operationalise body dissatisfaction in anorexia nervosa. In terms of treatment, the participants believed that a multimodal approach is the most beneficial when treating body dissatisfaction in anorexia nervosa.

Objective: To assess the association between weight dissatisfaction, weight status, and weight loss in Mexican-American children participating in a weight management program. Methods: Participants included 265 Mexican American children recruited for a school-based weight management program. All children completed baseline assessments and changes in standardized body mass index (zBMI) were monitored in at-risk for overweight and overweight children (i.e., >85th BMI percentile) who had been randomized to receive the weight loss intervention (n = 101). Results: Participants classified as at-risk for overweight or overweight reported greater weight dissatisfaction than normal weight children. Lower weight dissatisfaction at baseline was associated with greater changes in zBMI at 6 months. Weight dissatisfaction did not change across the course of treatment. Conclusions: Mexican-American children whose weight status is greater than normal have greater weight dissatisfaction. Children with greater weight dissatisfaction are less likely to lose weight in a weight management program and weight dissatisfaction remains stable over the course of treatment.

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