Dentro de la denominación --reconocimiento de formas' se engloban todos aquellos métodos mediante los cuales es posible detectar la presencia de una determinada imagen (referencia) dentro de otra (escena). Del conjunto de técnicas ópticas que permiten realizar esta operación, destacan las basadas en la comparación entre los diferentes elementos que forman la escena y la imagen que se quiere detectar. Este método comparativo, denominado correlación óptica, aprovecha las propiedades de las lentes y su capacidad para realizar transformadas de Fourier. Los dispositivos utilizados para realizar la correlación óptica reciben el nombre genérico de correladores. La investigación realizada tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de los efectos que las aberraciones de los sistemas ópticos presentes en los correladores provocan en el proceso de reconocimiento. Para realizar este análisis se ha desarrollado un método de cálculo de la aberración de onda de un sistema óptico con simetría de revolución y un objeto puntual situado sobre el eje óptico. Este método utiliza el trazado exacto de rayos y las relaciones existentes entre la aberración de rayo y la aberración de onda. Se basa también en la teoría de formación de imagen de Abbe-Rayleigh, la cuál agrupa todos los efectos difractivos en las pupilas del sistema, bien en la de entrada o en la de salida, y utiliza la óptica geométrica para describir la propagación de la luz entre ambas. La fiabilidad del método se ha contrastado experimentalmente mediante técnicas interferómetricas, y se han comparado los resultados para la aberración de onda con los calculados por programas comerciales de diseño y evaluación de sistemas ópticos. Una vez garantizado el correcto funcionamiento de los algoritmos de cálculo, se han analizado dos arquitecturas clásicas de correlación: el correlador de transformadas conjuntas monobanco y el correlador convergente de Vander Lugt. En el primero de ellos se ha realizado un estudio independiente de la influencia de la aberración de cada uno de los difractómetros que lo forman en la correlación final, y a partir de los resultados obtenidos se propone un método de optimización del correlador. Este estudio también se ha realizado para el correlador de Vander Lugt, con resultados similares. En el caso de este segundo correlador también se ha estudiado la inclusión de la información sobre la aberración de ambas etapas del correlador en el diseño de los filtros. Finalmente, basándose en los resultados obtenidos, se propone una nueva configuración que mejora de forma sustancial el comportamiento del mismo como equipo de reconocimiento de formas, llegando a anular completamente la influencia de la aberración. / The aim of this work is to study the influence of the aberrations in optical correlators, and how they affect the correlation peak heights.In order to perform it, a numerical method has been developed. This method calculates the wave aberration of a symmetrical optical system with a point source located at the optical axis. The evaluation of the wave aberration is carried out by means of an exact ray-tracing algorithm which computes the aberration at the different points of the exit pupil according to the relations between wave aberration and ray aberration. Lenses and other stops in the system are assumed to be large enough not to significantly cut the wave front so that light propagation can be accurately described by geometrical optics from the light source to the exit pupil (Abbe-Rayleigh theory of image formation). The method has been experimentally validated by means of interferometric techniques, and the results for the wave aberration have been compared to those calculated by a standard optical design software. Once the right behavior of the algorithm has been guaranteed, two main correlation architectures have been analized: the converging joint transform correlator (JTC) and the converging Vander Lugt correlator (VdLC). In JTC, three different situations have been explored: we consider the aberration only in the first diffraction stage (generation of power spectrum), then only in the second (transformation of power spectrum into correlation) and finally, in both steps simultaneously. Using the results obtained in this study, a simple optimization method is introduced. This method allows the best working conditions for an optical system to be derived.These three situations have been also analyzed in VdLC, and a similar influence from each stage has been found. The correlation process in this architecture uses complex filters, which are usually generated from the image to be detected, free from aberrations. In this part, filters have been designed including information about the aberrations of the optical systems. Finally, a new arrangement which improves the correlation process and cancels the influence of the aberration is proposed.

The proposal presented in this thesis is to provide designers of knowledge based supervisory systems of dynamic systems with a framework to facilitate their tasks avoiding interface problems among tools, data flow and management.The approach is thought to be useful to both control and process engineers in assisting their tasks. The use of AI technologies to diagnose and perform control loops and, of course, assist process supervisory tasks such as fault detection and diagnose, are in the scope of this work. Special effort has been put in integrationof tools for assisting expert supervisory systems design. With this aim the experience of Computer Aided Control Systems Design (CACSD) frameworkshave been analysed and used to design a Computer Aided Supervisory Systems (CASSD) framework. In this sense, some basic facilities are required to be available in this proposed framework:· / ion Tools, for signal processing,representation and analysis to obtain significative information.· To deal with process variables, measures or numerical estimations, and expert observations, with uncertainty and imprecision.· Expert knowledge representation at different levels by using a rule-based system or simple qualitative relations.· Modularity and encapsulation of data and knowledge would be useful for structuring information.· Graphical user interface to manage all those facilities in the same environment as actual CACSD packages.Several tools from the AI domain have been added as Simulink ToolBoxes to deal with abstracted information, qualitative relationship and rule-based ES. Simple and intuitive qualitative relationship can be implemented by means of ablock-based qualitative representation language called ALCMEN. An ES shell, called CEES, has also been embedded into MATLAB/Simulink as a block toallow modularisation and partition of large expert KBs. Finally, the numeric to qualitative interfaces is performed by a set of algorithms, called abstraction tools, encapsulated also in Simulink blocks. The functionality of the wholeframework is able due to the use of object oriented approach in the development and implementation of those tools.In this thesis an attempt is undertaken to make steps towards integration of tools for expert supervision, including once for qualitative and symbolic data representation and management and symbolic knowledge processing. The main research objectives of this work include the following points :1. Incorporation of object-variables into classical numerical data processing system. The aim is to allow structural qualitative and symbolic knowledge representation. Complex information is encapsulated in a single source/sink structure, called object-variable, providing methods for knowledge access and processing.2. Implementation of selected particular tools for qualitative and symbolic knowledge representation and interfacing. Higher abstract level information processing based on the introduced object-variables.3. Embedding an object oriented rule-based expert system into a classical CACSD framework in order to provide high level knowledge processing facilities based on the domain of expert knowledge, heuristics, and logic.The object approach forces engineers to structure knowledge becoming highly locatable, modular and encapsulated. This features are very important to getexpert supervisory system design closer to process. The objective is to approach design tools to process engineers avoiding extra-time in learning application functionality and interfacing process variables and design tools. Thus, objects are used in the process variables descriptions as sources of information, encapsulating tools to provide significant (qualitative or numerical) information. Object oriented features will permit to divide large KBs into smaller ones to deal with complex systems adopting distributed solutions. Consequently, ES becomes more specialised, maintainable, and easier to validate.