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The measurement of economic development : alternative composite indicesBooysen, Frederik Le Roux January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The success of policies aimed at economic development cannot be monitored
and evaluated without development indicators. These indicators are also crucial in
comparing levels of development across time and space so as to come a greater
understanding of the development process. Yet, economic development does not
mean the same thing to everyone. As a result, there exists a variety of indicators of
economic development. Five main classes of development indicators are
distinguished on the basis of the shift over time in our understanding of economic
development (Chapter 1). A distinction is drawn between indicators of national
income and economic growth (Chapter 3), employment, unemployment and
underemployment (Chapter 4), and poverty and inequality (Chapter 5). Social
indicators (Chapter 6) and composite indices (Chapter 7) of economic development
represent two futher classes of development indicators. These indicators differ in
terms of their content, method and technique, comparative application, simplicity,
clarity, focus, availability and flexibility. These main classes of development
indicators are evaluated with reference to these dimensions of measurement which are
described in detail in Chapter 2. There is no one indicator that can be described as an
ideal, all encompassing measure of economic development, at least not in terms of its
performance on these dimensions of measurement. Hence, the measurement of
development remains imperfect, but nonetheless makes an invaluable contribution to
the study of economic development. In fact, development studies will be impossible
without access to such a variety of development indicators.
Given the importance of development indicators in development studies, two
new composite indices of development are presented here to address two specific gaps in indicator research. Indices of Human Security (HSIs) and Inefficiency ratios are
developed to determine the extent to which countries have made progress on human
security as defined by the UNDP (Chapter 8). Progress is assessed in terms of both
effort and outcomes, as well as the extent to which efforts are actually translated into
outcomes. Indices of Reconstruction and Development (RDIs) are employed to
measure the extent to which the nine provinces of South Africa have made progress
on the development objectives described in the Reconstruction and Development
Programme (RDP) (Chapter 9). The measurement results suggest that there remain
substantial disparities in progress on both human security and reconstruction and
development. These new composite indices are also employed to determine those
development characteristics associated with progress on human security and
reconstruction and development. So, for example, disparities in human security are
associated with certain urban and population dynamics, as well as communications
capacity and infrastructural development. Progress on reconstruction and
development is associated with lower population pressure, higher matric pass rates,
less poverty and inequality, and more political representativeness at the provincial
level. The RDIs also underscore the extent to which progress on the RDP has not
materialised in rural areas. Furthermore, current provincial disparities in progress on
reconstruction and development appear still to be indicative of the racial dynamics of
development so characteristic of the Apartheid era. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is onmoontlik om sonder ontwikkelingsindikatore die sukses van beleid
wat gemik is op ekonomiese ontwikkeling te moniteer of te evalueer.
Ontwikkelingsindikatore IS ook onontbeerlik III die vergelyking van
ontwikkelingsvlakke oor tyd en ruimte om sodoende 'n beter begrip van die
ontwikkelingsproses te verkry. Ekonomiese ontwikkeling het egter nie dieselfde
betekenis vir almal nie. Gevolglik bestaan daar 'n verskeidenheid van
ontwikkelingsindikatore. Vyf hoofklasse van ontwikkelingsindikatore word
onderskei op grond van verskuiwings oor tyd in die interpretasie van ekonomiese
ontwikkeling (Hoofstuk 1). 'n Onderskeid word getref tussen maatstawwe van
nasionale inkome en ekonomiese groei (Hoofstuk 3), indiensname, werkloosheid en
onderindiensname (Hoofstuk 4), en armoede en ongelykheid (Hoofstuk 5). Sosiale
indikatore (Hoofstuk 6) en saamgestelde indekse (Hoofstuk 7) van ekonomiese
ontwikkeling verteenwoordig twee verdere groepe indikatore. Hierdie indikatore
verskil in terme van hul inhoud, metode en tegniek, vergelykende toepassing,
eenvoud, duidelikheid, fokus, beskikbaarheid en buigsaamheid. Hierdie hoofklasse
van ontwikkelingsindikatore word geëvalueer met verwysing na hierdie dimensies
van meting, wat in groter besonderhede in Hoofstuk 2 bespreek word. Daar is nie een
indikator wat beskryfkan word as 'n ideale, allesomvattende maatstafvan ekonomiese
ontwikkeling nie, ten minste nie in terme van die prestasie daarvan op hierdie
dimensies van meting nie. Gevolglik is die meting van ekonomiese ontwikkeling
onvolmaak, alhoewel dit 'n onskatbare bydrae lewer tot die studie van ekonomiese
ontwikkeling. Om die waarheid te sê, ontwikkelingstudies salonmoontlik wees
sonder toegang tot so 'n verskeidenheid van ontwikkelingsindikatore. Gegewe die belangrikheid van ontwikkelingsmaatstawwe In
ontwikkelingstudies, word twee nuwe saamgestelde indekse hier aangebied om twee
spesifieke gapings in navorsing oor ontwikkelingsmaatstawwe aan te spreek. Indekse
van Menslike Sekuriteit (MSls) en Ondoeltreffendheidsratio's word ontwikkelom te
bepaal tot watter mate lande vordering gemaak het in menslike sekuriteit, soos
definieer deur die UNDP (Hoofstuk 8). Vordering word gemeet in terme van sowel
pogings en uitkomste as die mate waartoe pogings werklik in uitkomste omskep word.
In Hoofstuk 9 word Indekse van Heropbou en Ontwikkeling (HOIs) gebruik om te
meet tot watter mate die nege provinsies in Suid-Afrika vordering gemaak het in die
bereiking van die ontwikkelingsdoelwitte wat uitgespel word in die Heropbou- en
Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP). Die metingsresultate dui daarop dat daar wesenlike
ongelykhede bestaan in beide menslike sekuriteit en heropbou en ontwikkeling.
Hierdie nuwe saamgestelde indekse word ook gebruik om te bepaal met watter
ontwikkelingskenmerke ongelykhede in menslike sekuriteit en heropbou en
ontwikkeling geassosieer word. So, byvoorbeeld, toon dispariteite in menslike
sekuriteit 'n verband met sowel stedelike en bevolkingsdinamika as kapasiteit in
kommunikasie en infrastruktuur. Vordering in heropbou en ontwikkeling word ook
geassosieer met laer bevolkingsdruk, beter matrikulasieresultate, minder armoede en
inkomste-ongelykheid, en wyer politieke verteenwoordiging op provinsiale vlak. Die
indekse beklemtoon ook die mate waartoe vordering met die HOP nog nie in
landelike gebiede gematerialiseer het nie. Verder wil dit voorkom asof huidige
provinsiale ongelykhede in vordering met heropbou en ontwikkeling steeds
kenmerkend is van die rasse-dinamika agter ontwikkeling wat so kenmerkend was
van die Apartheidsera.
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Economic aspects of scientific research in South AfricaVan Wyk, Rias Johann 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DCom)--Stellenbosch University, 1970. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see item for full text
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien item vir volteks.
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Education and country growth modelsGustafsson, Martin Anders 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The over-arching concern of the three parts of the dissertation is how economics can
and should influence education policymaking, the emphasis on the economics side
being models of country development and the contribution made by human capital.
Part I begins with a review of economic growth theory. How educational performance
and country development have been measured is then discussed, with considerable
attention going towards conceptual and measurement complexities associated with the
latter. An approach is presented for expanding the number of countries whose
educational quality can be compared, by expanding the number of linkable testing
programmes. This approach, which above all allows for the inclusion of more African
and Latin American countries, is one of the key contributions made by the dissertation
to the existing body of knowledge. Three existing empirical growth models are
examined, including work by Hanushek and Woessman on the relationship between
educational quality and income. Part I ends with a discussion on how the economics
literature can best be packaged to influence education policymaking. A ‘growth
simulator’ tool in Excel for informing the policy discourse is presented. The
production of this tool includes establishing empirically a feasible improvement
trajectory for educational quality that policymakers can use and some analysis of how
linguistic fractionalisation in a country evolves over time. This tool can be considered
a further key output of the dissertation. A basic model for relating educational quality,
via income growth, to teacher pay, is presented.
Part II offers an analysis of UNESCO country-level data on enrolment and spending
going back to 1970, with a view to establishing historical patterns that can inform
education planners, particularly those in developing countries, on how budgets and
enrolment expansion should be distributed across the levels of the education system.
The analysis presented in Part II represents a novel way of using existing countrylevel
data and can be seen as an important step towards filling a gap experienced by
education policymakers, namely the paucity of empirical evidence that can guide
decisions around the prioritisation of education levels. Part II moreover arrives at a
few empirical findings, including the finding that enrolment and spending patterns
have been systematically different in countries with faster economic growth and the
finding that historical per student spending at the secondary level appears to play a
larger role in development than was previously thought.
Part III contrasts the available economic advice for education policymakers with what
policymakers actually appear to believe in. The focus falls, in particular, on four
developing countries: South Africa, Brazil, Chile and China. A few areas where
economists could explore the data to a greater degree or communicate available
findings differently, in the interests of better education policies, are identified. Part III
partly serves as a demonstration of how comparisons between education systems can
be better oriented towards providing advice to education policymakers on questions
relating to efficiency and equity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorkoepelende fokus van die drie gedeeltes van die verhandeling is hoe die studie
van ekonomie beleid in die onderwyssektor kan en moet beïnvloed. Veral belangrik is
modelle van die ekonomiese groei van lande en die rol van menslike kapitaal in
hierdie modelle.
Die eerste gedeelte van die verhandeling bied oorsig van die teorie rakende
ekonomiese groei. Hoe onderwysprestasie en nasionale ontwikkeling gemeet word,
word dan bespreek, met sterk fokus op die konseptuele en tegniese kompleksiteit
van laasgenoemde. Metode word aangebied waardeur meer lande se
onderwysgehalte vergelyk kan word, deur middel van die koppeling van data van
groter aantal toetsprogramme. Hierdie metode, wat veral die insluiting van meer lande
uit Afrika en Latyn-Amerika toelaat, is een van die kernbydraes van die verhandeling
tot die bestaande korpus van kennis. Drie bestaande empiriese modelle van
ekonomiese groei word geanaliseer, insluitende die werk van Hanushek en Woessman
oor die verhouding tussen onderwysgehalte en inkomste. Die eerste gedeelte sluit af
met bespreking oor hoe die ekonomiese literatuur optimaal aangebied kan word om
beleidmaking in die onderwys te beïnvloed. Groei-simulasie hulpmiddel in Excel
wat die beleidsdiskoers kan vergemaklik word aangebied en verduidelik. Die
ontwikkeling van hierdie gereedskap maak dit moontlik om op empiriese basis
moontlike trajek vir die verbetering van onderwysgehalte te bepaal, wat vir
beleidsmakers nuttig kan wees, sowel as ontleding van hoe linguïstiese
verbrokkeling in land histories kan ontwikkel. Hierdie gereedskap kan as verdere
sleutelproduk van die verhandeling beskou work. Basiese model van hoe
onderwysgehalte en die inkomste van onderwysers deur middel van ekonomiese groei
gekoppel is, word ook aangebied.
Die tweede gedeelte van die verhandeling bied ontleding van UNESCO se
nasionale statistieke van lande oor skoolinskrywings en onderwysuitgawes vanaf
1970, met die oog op die identifikasie van belangrike historiese tendense vir
onderwysbeplanners, veral in ontwikkelende lande. Die fokus hier is veral op hoe
begrotings en inskrywings ideaal oor die verskillende vlakke van die onderwysstelsel
versprei behoort te wees. Die ontleding in die tweede gedeelte verteenwoordig
innoverende manier om die bestaande nasionale statistieke te gebruik en kan beskou
word as belangrike stap om gaping te vul wat deur beleidsmakers in die onderwys
ondervind word, naamlik die gebrek aan empiriese gegewens vir besluite oor
prioritisering tussen onderwysvlakke. Die tweede gedeelte bied ook verskeie
empiriese bevindinge, soos dat die tendense rakende inskrywings en besteding per
student sistematies tussen lande met vinniger ekonomiese groei en ander lande
verskil, asook dat historiese besteding per student op die sekondêre vlak blykbaar
groter invloed op ontwikkeling het as wat vroeër gedink is.
Die derde gedeelte van die verhandeling vergelyk die advies wat die ekonomiese
literatuur aan beleidmakers in die onderwys bied met wat beleidmakers self blykbaar
glo. Die fokus val op veral vier ontwikkelende lande: Suid-Afrika, Brasilië, Chili en
China. Gebiede word bespreek waar ekonome in die belang van beter onderwysbeleid
tot groter mate data kan analiseer of bevindings op beter maniere kan kommunikeer.
Die derde gedeelte kan beskou word as demonstrasie van hoe vergelykings tussen
verskeie onderwysstelsels beter georiënteer kan word om vir die beleidmaker in die
onderwys advies te verskaf rakende kwessies van doeltreffendheid en gelykheid.
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The influence of fiscal policymaking frameworks on fiscal outcomes : evidence from the European UnionSiebrits, Franz Krige 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores the potential of centralised, top-down procedural rules (also
known as budget-process rules) and independent fiscal councils to complement
numerical fiscal rules as devices for preventing fiscal profligacy. To this end, it studies
the connections between fiscal policymaking frameworks and fiscal outcomes in
fourteen European Union countries in the years from 1998 to 2004. The fiscal
policymaking frameworks of these countries contained various configurations of
numerical rules, procedural rules and fiscal councils, and the study uses differences in
the degrees to which the countries complied with the supranational rules of the Stability
and Growth Pact (SGP) as a measure of the efficacy of these configurations at preventing
fiscal profligacy.
The analysis itself consists of two parts. The first part – a cross-sectional analysis of all
fourteen countries – uses a set-theoretic technique known as fuzzy-set qualitative
comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify connections between various configurations of
the elements of fiscal policymaking frameworks and the degrees to which the countries
complied with the SGP rules. These connections are interpreted in terms of sufficiency
and necessity and used to identify pathways to consistent compliance with the SGP
rules. The second part of the analysis consists of case studies of three of the fourteen
countries (Finland, France and Ireland). The case studies are used to verify aspects of
the set-theoretic analysis, namely the specification of the set-theoretic model (especially
the influence of the preferences of policymakers on compliance with the SGP rules), the
accuracy of the quantitative measures of the efficacy of elements of fiscal policymaking
frameworks, the explanatory value of the solution pathways and the country-level
relevance of two hypotheses derived from the results of the analysis. The set-theoretic analysis finds some evidence of the efficacy of fiscal policymaking
frameworks consisting of combinations of numerical rules, procedural rules and fiscal
councils, but establishes that such multifaceted frameworks were neither necessary nor
sufficient for preventing fiscal profligacy. The study also shows, in tentative fashion in
the set-theoretic analysis and more forcefully in the case studies, that the preferences of policymakers were critical determinants of the effectiveness of all types of fiscal
policymaking frameworks. Hence, it concludes that the potential of multifaceted fiscal
policymaking frameworks should not be exaggerated. In addition, it argues that an
unwavering commitment to fiscal prudence complemented by policymaking framework
elements chosen to overcome specific incentive distortions is a more promising
approach for preventing fiscal profligacy than such multifaceted frameworks per se.
More generally, the findings of the study confirm the scope for using fsQCA and other
case-oriented methods to complement regression-based analyses of the effectiveness of
fiscal policymaking frameworks. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die potensiaal van gesentraliseerde, bo-na-onder
begrotingsprosesreëls en onafhanklike fiskale rade om numeriese reëls aan te vul as
meganismes om fiskale spandabelrigheid te verhinder. Met hierdie doel voor oë
bestudeer dit die verbande tussen fiskale beleidmakingsraamwerke en fiskale
uitkomste in veertien lidlande van die Europese Unie in die jare van 1998 tot 2004. Die
fiskale beleidmakingsraamwerke van hierdie lande het verskeie konfigurasies van
numeriese reëls, begrotingsprosesreëls en fiskale rade bevat, en die studie gebruik
verskille in die mate waartoe die lande die bonasionale reëls van die Stabiliteits- en
Groeiverdrag (“Stability and Growth Pact”, oftewel SGP) nagekom het as ‘n maatstaf van
hierdie konfigurasies se doelmatigheid met betrekking tot die verhindering van fiskale
spandabelrigheid. Die ontleding self bestaan uit twee dele. Die eerste deel – ‘n kruissnitontleding van al
veertien lande – gebruik ‘n versamelingsteoretiese tegniek was as “fuzzy-set qualitative
comparative analysis” (fsQCA) bekend staan om verbande te identifiseer tussen
verskillende konfigurasies van die elemente van fiskale beleidmakingsraamwerke en
die mate waartoe die lande die SGP-reëls nagekom het. Hierdie verbande word aan die
hand van genoegsaamheid en noodsaaklikheid geïnterpreteer en gebruik om roetes na
nakoming van die SGP-reëls te identifiseer. Die tweede deel van die ontleding bestaan
uit gevallestudies van drie van die veertien lande (Finland, Frankryk en Ierland). Die
gevallestudies word gebruik om aspekte van die versamelingsteoretiese ontleding te
toets, naamlik die spesifikasie van die versamelingsteoretiese model (veral die invloed
van die voorkeure van beleidmakers op nakoming van die SGP-reëls), die akkuraatheid
van die kwantitatiewe maatstawwe van die doelmatigheid van elemente van fiskale
beleidmakingsraamwerke, die verklarende waarde van die oplossingsroetes asook die
tersaaklikheid vir individuele lande van twee hipoteses wat uit die resultate van die
ontleding voortvloei.
Die versamelingsteoretiese ontleding vind aanduidings van die doelmatigheid van
fiskale beleidsraamwerke wat kombinasies van numeriese reëls, begrotingsprosesreëls en fiskale rade bevat, maar stel vas dat sulke saamgestelde raamwerke nóg noodsaaklik
nóg genoegsaam vir die verhindering van fiskale spandabelrigheid was. Die studie toon
ook, op tentatiewe wyse in die versamelingsteoretiese ontleding en meer oortuigend in
die gevallestudies, dat die voorkeure van beleidmakers deurslaggewende bepalers van
die doelmatigheid van alle tipes beleidmakingsraamwerke was. Dit kom dus tot die
gevolgtrekking dat die potensiaal van saamgestelde fiskale beleidmakingsraamwerke
nie oordryf moet word nie. Voorts voer dit aan dat ‘n onwrikbare verbintenis tot fiskale
dissipline, aangevul deur elemente van beleidsmakingsraamwerke wat gekies is om
spesifieke verwringings van aansporings te bowe te kom, groter belofte inhou as ‘n
benadering om fiskale spandabelrigheid te verhinder as sulke saamgestelde raamwerke
per se. Op ‘n breër vlak bevestig die studie dat daar heelwat ruimte bestaan om fsQCA
en ander metodes wat op gevalle konsentreer, te gebruik om regressie-ontledings van
die doelmatigheid van fiskale beleidmakingsraamwerke aan te vul.
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Die waarneming van luidheid as basis vir die meting van geraassteuring en produktiwiteit : 'n internasionale ondersoekVan Wyk, Abraham Jacobus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DComm)--Stellenbosch University, 1976. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien item vir volteks. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see item for full text
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The funding of black economic empowerment in South AfricaPhillips, Natalie Emma 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in South Africa, and in
particular, the various funding structures of Black Economic Empowerment
transactions. Whilst these structures have a variety of forms, past experience has
suggested some fundamental problems with the actual funding sources and structures.
Various definitions and interpretations of Black Economic Empowerment within the
context of this paper are discussed. Two BEE strategies are identified, one of which
namely, the creation of a broader, more sustainable group of black entrepreneurs for
South Africa will be the focus of this paper. The issue of entrepreneurial
empowerment will remain an ongoing theme throughout all chapters in this paper.
The second BEE strategy, namely, poverty alleviation and employment creation is
only briefly discussed although its importance is not underestimated. From the study
it is concluded that BEE ought not be a strategy aimed at the enrichment of a select
group of black elite. Lessons learnt from past failures are also highlighted.
A historical analysis of the provision of funding to historically disadvantaged people
(HDP)1 in South Africa is presented. The theme of inequality in providing access to
finance for black entrepreneurs and small businesses is looked at in this context. The
historical analysis starts with the early years in South Africa and then focuses on the
period 1990 – 1999.
This report also provides a critical assessment of some of the biggest shortcomings of
the pyramid structures and complex financial engineering of the first attempts of
Black Economic Empowerment in the narrow sense of the word. It is established that
the Special Purpose Vehicle funding structures of the late 1990s were a failure.
Further, this study looks at current financing options and possible solutions. Some
recent examples are also provided of BEE funding structures which seem to have
worked. Traditional government institutions such as the Industrial Development
Corporation, in particular, have also come a long way in developing more viable funding in transactions with BEE companies. It is also noted that recent alternative
financing structures by the private sector are addressing some of the key challenges of
BEE such as ownership, control and the promotion of sustainable black businesses for
the transformed South African economic landscape going forward. However, many
obstacles remain with the potential sources of funding of BEE such as traditional
banks and life assurers in South Africa who are still not more accessible to the poor.
Fundamental problems have also been identified in the analysis of the Development
Finance Institutions (DFIs) of government such as the National Empowerment Fund,
Khula Enterprises and the Land Bank which are also anticipated to play a crucial role
in the provision of financing for BEE over the coming years.
This study highlights the significant cost involved with the implementation of the
BEE strategies. The single biggest challenge to the economic empowerment of the
previously disadvantaged is access to funding. About the need for broad-based Black
Economic Empowerment in South Africa, there is no dispute. But it is important that
these costs are weighed against other sustainable development objectives. The private
sector often seems to see BEE as a cost rather than an opportunity. But while the
shortcomings of numerous empowerment initiatives, exacerbated by the 1998 stock
market crash, may have caused the financial sector to get cold feet about these
transactions, the sector can come up with some creative options that go beyond old
problems. Therefore, the future role of government financed institutions together with
the private sector remains critical in ensuring that these objectives are met.
In conclusion, the discussion on the funding of Black Economic Empowerment in
South Africa must be seen within the context of the political and economic landscape
of the 1900s and then in particular, the history of the past ten years.
Narrowly defined black economic empowerment has gained significant momentum in
recent years due to the economic restructuring of the business sector which has been
propelled by recent government legislation such as the Mining Charter, the Black
Economic Empowerment Commission’s recommendations, the Department of Trade
and Industry’s discussion documents and other legislation currently in the pipeline.
However, the economic landscape still looks bleak. Real economic growth has been
inadequate since large parts of our population are still unemployed. A significant hurdle still facing our economy is the high degree of wealth inequality that exists. It is
within this context that one should assess the many policy and funding initiatives that
have been taken and the strategies proposed to redress historical imbalances in the
country.
The paper itself is comprised of six parts. This executive summary only serves to
provide a brief overview of the various areas covered in this study. Chapter One
analyses the various definitions of the term Black Economic Empowerment, their
relevance and the development of BEE in South Africa over the years. This leads to a
discussion in Chapter Two on the problem statement, being the funding of BEE.
Chapter Three is divided into seven sub-sections and provides a historical analysis of
the funding obstacles facing black people since the early 1900s, then looks at
developments of BEE since the early 1990s with a critical assessment of the failures
of empowerment and the funding structures utilized during this period. Chapter Three
also identifies various similarities and lessons learnt from examples of empowerment
experiences in other countries. Chapter Four looks at the estimated size of the funding
requirement and current sources of financing from the private and public sector.
Certain conclusions are drawn from this overview. Chapter Five looks at the major
risks facing the impact of BEE and the financing thereof in the future. Chapter Five
also applies the criteria for appropriate funding of BEE to a recent BEE transaction in
the form of a case study. Some possible solutions are also put forward in this section
of the analysis. Chapter Six summarises and concludes. 1 Note that HDP incorporates all disadvantaged groupings such as the Black, Indian, Coloured
populations of South Africa. In historical terms it also includes the various tribes that existed in South Africa during the early years as well as those who were slaves.
Africa during the early years as well as those who were slaves. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging (SEB) in Suid-Afrika, en in
die besonder die verskillende befondsingstrukture van Swart Ekonomiese
Bemagtigingstransaksies. Hoewel hierdie strukture ’n verskeidenheid vorms mag hê,
het ondervinding getoon dat daar wesentlike probleme is wat die werklike
befondsingsbronne en -strukture betref.
Verskillende definisies en vertolkings van Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging binne die
konteks van hierdie verhandeling word bespreek. Twee SEB-strategieë word
geïdentifiseer, waarvan een, naamlik die daarstelling van ’n meer omvattende en meer
volhoubare groep swart entrepreneurs vir Suid-Afrika, die fokuspunt van hierdie
verhandeling sal wees. Die vraagstuk van entrepreneuriale bemagtiging sal ’n
deurlopende tema in alle hoofstukke van hierdie verhandeling bly. Die tweede SEBstrategie,
naamlik armoedeverligting en werkskepping word slegs vlugtig bespreek,
alhoewel die belang daarvan nie onderskat word nie. ’n Gevolgtrekking van die
studie is dat SEB nie ’n strategie behoort te wees wat op die verryking van ’n
uitgesoekte swart elite-groep gerig is nie. Lesse wat uit mislukkings van die verlede
geleer is, word ook belig.
’n Geskiedkundige ontleding van die voorsiening van befondsing aan voorheen
benadeelde mense in Suid-Afrika word gebied. Die tema van ongelykheid in die bied
van toegang tot finansiering vir swart entrepreneurs en klein besighede word binne
hierdie verband bekyk. Die geskiedkundige ontleding begin met die vroeë jare in
Suid-Afrika en fokus vervolgens op die tydperk 1990 – 1999.
Hierdie verslag bied ook ’n kritiese evaluering van sommige van die grootste
tekortkomings van die piramidestrukture en ingewikkelde finansiële geniëring van die
eerste pogings tot Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in die eng sin van die woord. Daar
word bewys dat die Gespesialiseerde Voertuig-befondsingstrukture van die laat
1990’s ’n mislukking was. Hierdie studie kyk boonop na huidige finansieringsopsies
en moontlike oplossings. ’n Aantal onlangse voorbeelde van SEBbefondsingstrukture
wat klaarblyklik suksesvol was, word ook gebied. Tradisionele
regeringsinstansies, soos die Nywerheidsontwikkelingskorporasie in die besonder, het ook heelwat vordering getoon wat die ontwikkeling van meer lewensvatbare
befondsing in transaksies met SEB-maatskappy betref. Daar word ook gelet op die
feit dat onlangse alternatiewe finansieringstrukture deur die privaat sektor sommige
van die sleuteluitdagings van SEB, soos eienaarskap, die beheer en bevordering van
volhoubare swart besighede vir die transformerende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomiese
landskap, aanspreek. Daar is egter steeds talle struikelblokke wat die potensiële
befondsingsbronne van SEB betref, soos tradisionele banke en lewensversekeraars in
Suid-Afrika wat steeds nie meer toeganklik vir die armes is nie. Wesentlike probleme
is ook geïdentifiseer in die ontleding van die regering se
Ontwikkelingsfinansieringsinstansies, soos die Nasionale Bemagtigingsfonds, Khula
Enterprises en die Landbank, wat na verwagting ook ’n beslissende rol in die
voorsiening van finansiering vir SEB in die komende jare sal speel.
Hierdie studie belig die aansienlike koste wat by die implementering van die SEBstrategieë
betrokke is. Die grootste enkele uitdaging vir die ekonomiese bemagtiging
van voorheen benadeeldes is toegang tot befondsing. Die behoefte aan omvattende
Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in Suid-Afrika word nie betwis nie. Maar dis
belangrik dat hierdie koste opgeweeg moet word teen ander volhoubare
ontwikkelingsdoelwitte. Dit wil voorkom asof die privaat sektor SEB as ’n uitgawe
eerder as ’n geleentheid beskou. Maar alhoewel die tekortkominge van talle
bemagtigingsinisiatiewe, wat deur die ineenstorting van die aandelemark in 1998
vererger is, daartoe kon gelei het dat die finansiële sektor bra lugtig vir hierdie
transaksies is, kan die sektor tog met skeppende opsies vorendag kom om ou
probleme die hoof te bied. Die toekomstige rol van staatsgefinansierde instansies in
samewerking met die privaat sektor bly dus deurslaggewend om te verseker dat
hierdie doelwitte bereik word.
Kortom, die bespreking van die befondsing van Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging in
Suid-Afrika moet gesien word binne die konteks van die politieke en ekonomiese
landskap van die 1900’s en die geskiedenis van die afgelope tien jaar in die besonder.
Eng gedefinieerde swart ekonomiese bemagtiging het in die laaste paar jaar
aansienlike stukrag verkry danksy die ekonomiese herstrukturering van die
sakesektor, wat verder aangedryf is deur onlangse regeringswetgewing soos die Mynbouhandves, die aanbevelings van die Swart Ekonomiese
Bemagtigingskommissie, die Departement van Handel en Nywerheid se
samesprekingsdokumente en ander wetgewing wat tans beplan word. Die
ekonomiese landskap lyk egter steeds allesbehalwe rooskleurig. Reële ekonomiese
groei is onvoldoende aangesien groot gedeeltes van ons bevolking steeds werkloos is.
’n Betekenisvolle struikelblok wat ons ekonomie steeds in die gesig staar, is die groot
mate van ongelyke welvaart wat bestaan. Dit is binne hierdie verband wat die talle
beleids- en befondsingsinisiatiewe geëvalueer moet word wat onderneem is en
strategieë wat voorgestel is om die geskiedkundige wanbalanse in die land aan te
spreek.
Die verhandeling self bestaan uit ses afdelings. Hierdie inleiding dien slegs om ’n
bondige oorsig te gee van die onderskeie temas wat in hierdie studie gedek word.
Hoofstuk Een ontleed die verskillende definisies van die uitdrukking Swart
Ekonomiese Bemagtiging, hul tersaaklikheid en die ontwikkeling van SEB in Suid-
Afrika oor die jare. Dit gee aanleiding tot ’n bespreking in Hoofstuk Twee van die
probleemstelling, naamlik die befondsing van SEB. Hoofstuk Drie is in sewe
onderafdelings verdeel en bied ’n geskiedkundige ontleding van die
befondsingstruikelblokke wat swart mense sedert die vroeë 1900’s in die gesig staar,
waarna dit ontwikkelings op die gebied van SEB sedert die vroeë 1990’s ondersoek,
met ’n kritiese evaluering van die mislukkings van bemagtiging en die
befondsingstrukture wat in hierdie tydperk toegepas is. Hoofstuk Drie identifseer ook
verskillende ooreenkomste tussen en lesse wat geleer is uit voorbeelde van
bemagtigingsondervinding in ander lande. Hoofstuk Vier kyk na die geskatte omvang
van die nodige befondsing, asook huidige bronne van finansiering uit die privaat en
openbare sektor. Sekere gevolgtrekkings word aan die hand van hierdie oorsig
gemaak. Hoofstuk Vyf belig die grootste risiko’s wat die impak van SEB in die gesig
staar, asook die toekomstige finansiering daarvan. Hoofstuk Vyf pas boonop die
kriteria vir genoegsame befondsing vir SEB op ’n onlangse SEB-transaksie in die
vorm van ’n gevallestudie toe. ’n Aantal moontlike oplossings word ook in hierdie
afdeling van die ontleding gebied. Hoofstuk Ses vat saam en kom tot ’n slotsom.
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2D irregular strip packing at Kohler signsBossenger, Wayne 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Kohler Signs (PTY) Ltd is a sign production company located in Cape Town, South Africa.
They manufacture and install signs for the City of Cape Town and private companies as well
as manufacture advertisement signs to be placed on vehicles. Road signs consist of steel sheets
that are cut and bent to the appropriate size and frame, and an image design, which is cut from
re
ective vinyl, are applied to the bent steel sheet. The image design consists of various letters,
numbers and symbols which are categorised as irregular items. When these irregular items are
combined in a distinctive way, with the use of di erent coloured vinyl, they convey a message to
the road user which may be to yield for pedestrians crossing the street, or indicate to the road
user the various highway exits that exist on the interchange ahead. These irregular items are
placed upon re
ective vinyl for cutting which results in vinyl o cuts that are wasted. The focus
of this thesis is to minimise the waste incurred by placing these irregular items upon the vinyl
in an optimal and timely manner for industry use. The vinyl printer, which cuts the irregular
items out of the vinyl, consists of a xed width and is only limited in height by the vinyl itself.
Thus, this problem may be described as a Two Dimensional Irregular Strip Packing Problem.
These irregular items have only a few possible heights for each type of irregular item packed,
which allows these irregular items to be packed as a level packing problem. The items are packed
within levels as though they are regular items with the assistance of a prede ned rule-set. In
this thesis various packing algorithms and image processing methodologies from the literature
are researched and used to develop a new packing algorithm for this speci c problem. The newly
developed algorithm is put through various benchmarks to test its performance. Some of these
benchmarks are procured from Kohler Signs themselves, whereas others are randomly generated
under certain conditions. These benchmarks reveal that the newly developed algorithm performs
better for both the minimisation of waste and the minimisation of algorithm running time than
the tried and trusted techniques utilised in industry by Kohler Signs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kohler Signs (EDMS) Bpk is 'n padteken produksie maatskappy gele e in Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika.
Hulle vervaardig en installeer tekens vir die Stad van Kaapstad en privaat maatskappye, sowel
as advertensietekens wat op voertuie geplaas word. Padtekens bestaan uit staalplate wat gesny
en gebuig word tot die toepaslike grootte en vorm. 'n Beeldontwerp, wat gesny is uit re
ektiewe
viniel, word vasgesit op die gebuigde staalplaat. Die beeldontwerp bestaan uit verskeie letters,
getalle en simbole wat geklassi seer word as onre elmatige items. Wanneer hierdie onre elmatige
items gekombineer word op 'n eiesoortige manier, met die gebruik van verskillende kleure viniel,
dra hulle 'n boodskap oor aan die padgebruiker, soos byvoorbeeld om toe te gee aan voetgangers
by 'n voetoorgang of dit dui aan die padgebruiker die verskillende snelweguitgange wat bestaan
op die wisselaar wat voorl^e. Hierdie onre elmatige items word op re
ektiewe viniel geplaas en
uitgesny wat lei tot die vermorsing van stukkies viniel. Die fokus van hierdie tesis is om die
onre elmatige items op 'n optimale en tydige wyse vir gebruik in industrie, op die viniel te
plaas sodat die afval stukkies viniel geminimeer word. Die vinieldrukker, wat die onre elmatige
items sny uit die viniel, bestaan uit 'n vaste wydte en is slegs beperk in hoogte deur die viniel
self. Dus kan hierdie probleem beskryf word as 'n Twee-Dimensionele Onre elmatige Strookverpakkingsprobleem.
Hierdie onre elmatige items het slegs 'n paar moontlike hoogtes vir elke tipe
van onre elmatige item wat verpak word, wat dit moontlik maak om hierdie onre elmatige items
te verpak as 'n strook verpakkingsprobleem. Die items word met behulp van 'n gede nieerde
stel re els binne vlakke verpak asof hulle re elmatige items is. In hierdie tesis is verskeie verpakkingsalgoritmes
en beeldverwerkingsmetodes van die literatuur nagevors en gebruik om 'n
nuwe verpakkingsalgoritme vir hierdie spesi eke probleem te ontwikkel. Die nuut ontwikkelde algoritme
se prestasie is deur middel van verskeie normbepalingsvoorbeelde getoets. Sommige van
hierdie normbepalingsvoorbeelde is verkry van Kohler Signs self, terwyl ander lukraak gegenereer
is onder sekere voorwaardes. Hierdie normbepalingsvoorbeelde toon dat die nuut ontwikkelde
algoritme beter vaar as die beproefde tegnieke gebruik in industrie deur Kohler Signs vir beide
die minimering van vermorsde viniel sowel as die minimering van die algoritme se uitvoertyd.
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The Indian in relation to the white population of the United StatesMcKenzie, Fayette Avery, January 1908 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.
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The microfinance industry in Uganda : sustainability, outreach and regulationOkumu, Luka Jovita 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Economics)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Using an econometric approach on panel data collected from 53 microfinance institutions
(MFIs) in Uganda over a period of six years (annual), this study has identified the
determinants of sustainability and outreach of MFIs. In addition, the study has also used
survey data from 31 non-Bank of Uganda (BOU) regulated MFIs or Tier 4 MFIs, four
BOU-regulated non-bank MFIs, 12 commercial banks and the BOU itself to assess the
effects of financial regulation of MFIs on their sustainability and outreach.
The results indicate that sustainability is positively and significantly driven by real effective
lending rates and age of an MFI, and negatively by the ratio of gross outstanding loan
portfolio to total assets, the ratio of average loan size to the national per capita income, the
unit cost of loans disbursed, and a group-based delivery mechanism compared to an
individual-based delivery mechanism. Outreach is positively and significantly driven by an
MFI being a savings and credit co-operative (SACCO) compared to being a private
company, effectiveness of governance, the age of an MFI, the ratio of gross outstanding
loan portfolio to total assets, and the ratio of salary/wage paid to staff to the national per
capita income, and negatively by the ratio of average loan size to the national per capita
income and the unit cost of loans disbursed. In the short run, financial regulation negatively
influences the outreach of MFIs, but positively affects their sustainability. In the long term,
financial regulation positively influences both the sustainability and the outreach of MFIs.
The results suggest a number of policy options. First, the MFIs should focus on the real
effective lending rate, given its significance in their sustainability. Second, for a real
effective lending rate to be relatively low, the rate of inflation should be low. This calls for
prudent monetary policy management by the government. Thirdly, the cost of doing
business should be kept low. This calls for prudence in business management by the MFIs
and creating a cost-effective business environment by the government. While the results are
tentative, in order to expand outreach more SACCOs should be established and the MFIs
should commit more funds to lending purposes compared to other investments. Finally,
before enacting financial legislation, it is important that its benefits and costs are adequately
assessed to ensure that the benefits outweigh the costs both in the short and long term.
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Conceptual and empirical advances in antitrust market definition with application to South African competition policyBoshoff, Willem Hendrik 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Delineating the relevant product and geographic market is an important first step in competition inquiries,
as it permits an assessment of market power and substitutability. Critics often argue that market definition
is arbitrary and increasingly unnecessary, as modern econometric models can directly predict the
competitive effects of a merger or anti-competitive practice. Yet practical constraints (such as limited
data) and legal considerations (such as case law precedence) continue to support a formal definition of the
relevant market. Within this context, this dissertation develops three tools to improve market definition:
two empirical tools for cases with limited data and one conceptual decision-making tool to elucidate
important factors and risks in market definition.
The first tool for market definition involves a systematic analysis of consumer characteristics (i.e. the
demographic and income profiles of consumers). Consumer characteristics can assist in defining markets
as consumers with similar characteristics tend to switch to similar products following a price rise.
Econometric models therefore incorporate consumer characteristics data to improve price elasticity
estimates. Even though data constraints often prevent the use of econometric models, a systematic
analysis of consumer characteristics can still be useful for market definition. Cluster analysis offers a
statistical technique to group products on the basis of the similarity of their consumers. characteristics. A
recently concluded partial radio station merger in South Africa offers a case study for the use of consumer
characteristics in defining markets.
The second tool, or set of tools, for defining markets involves using tests for price co-movement. Critics
argue that price tests are not appropriate for defining markets, as these tests are based on the law of one
price - which tests only for price linkages and not for the ability to raise prices. Price tests, however, are
complements for existing market definition tools, rather than substitutes. Critics also argue that price tests
suffer from low statistical power in discriminating close and less close substitutes. But these criticisms
ignore inter alia the role of price tests as tools for gathering information and the range of price tests with
better size and power properties that are available, including new stationarity tests and autoregressive
models. A recently concluded investigation in the South African dairy industry offers price data to
evaluate the market definition insights of various price tests.
The third tool is conceptual in nature and involves a decision rule for defining markets. If market
definition is a binary classification problem (a product is either 'in' or 'out' of the market), it faces risks of misclassification (incorrectly including or excluding a product). Analysts can manage these risks using
a Bayesian decision rule that balances (1) the weight of evidence in favour of and against substitutability,
(2) prior probabilities determined by previous cases and economic research, and (3) the loss function of
the decision maker. The market definition approach adopted by the South African Competition Tribunal
in the Primedia / Kaya FM merger investigation offers a useful case study to illustrate the implementation
of such a rule in practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mededingingsake neem gewoonlik 'n aanvang met die afbakening van die relevante produk- en
geografiese mark. Die markdefinisie-proses werp dikwels lig op markmag en substitusie-moontlikhede,
en ondersteun dus die beoordeling van 'n mededingingsaak. Markdefinisie word egter deur kritici as
arbitrer en selfs onnodig geag, veral aangesien ekonometriese modelle die uitwerking van 'n
samesmelting of 'n teen-mededingende praktyk op mededinging direk kan voorspel. Tog verkies
praktisyns steeds om markte formeel af te baken op grond van sowel praktiese oorwegings (insluitend
databeperkings wat ekonometriese modellering bemoeilik) as regsoorwegings (insluitend die rol van
presedentereg). Hierdie proefskrif ontwikkel dus drie hulpmiddels vir die definisie van markte: twee
empiriese hulpmiddels vir gevalle waar data beperk is sowel as 'n denkhulpmiddel om o.a. risiko's
rondom markdefinisie te bestuur.
Die eerste hulpmiddel vir die definisie van markte behels die sistematiese analise van
verbruikerseienskappe, insluitend die demografiese en inkomste-profiel van verbruikers.
Verbruikerseienskappe werp lig op substitusie, aangesien soortgelyke verbruikers neig om na soortgelyke
produkte te verwissel na aanleiding van 'n prysstyging. Ekonometriese modelle maak derhalwe van data
omtrent verbruikerseienskappe gebruik om beramings van pryselastisiteit te verbeter. Hoewel
databeperkings dikwels ekonometriese modellering beperk, kan verbruikerseienskappe op sigself steeds
nuttig wees vir die afbakening van die mark. Trosanalise bied 'n statistiese metode vir 'n stelselmatige
ondersoek van verbruikerseienskappe vir markdefinisie, deurdat dit produkte op grond van gelyksoortige
verbruikerseienskappe groepeer. 'n Onlangse ondersoek in Suid-Afrika rakende die gedeeltelike
samesmelting van Primedia and Kaya FM radiostasies bied data om die gebruik van trosanalise en
verbruikerseienskappe vir markdefinisie-doeleindes te illustreer.
Die tweede hulpmiddel vir markdefinisie behels statistiese toetse vir verwantskappe tussen prystydreekse
van verskillende produkte of streke. Hierdie prystoetse is gebaseer op die wet van een prys en beklemtoon
prysverwantskappe eerder as die vermoë om pryse te verhoog (wat die uiteindelike fokus in
mededingingsbeleid is). Hierdie klem verminder egter nie noodwendig die insigte wat prystoetse bied nie,
aangesien markdefinisie dikwels 'n omvattende analise verg. Prystoetse se statistiese
onderskeidingsvermoe word ook dikwels deur kritici as swak beskryf. Hierdie tegniese kritiek beskou
prystoetse as eng-gedefinieerde hipotesetoetse eerder as hulpmiddels vir die verkenning van
substitusiepatrone. Voorts ignoreer hierdie tegniese kritiek 'n verskeidenheid nuwe prystoetse met beter
onderskeidingsvermoë, insluitend nuwe toetse vir stasioneriteit en nuwe autoregressiewe modelle. 'n Onlangse mededingingsondersoek in die Suid-Afrikaanse melkindustrie verskaf prysdata om die
verrigting van verskillende prystoetse vir geografiese markdefinisie te ondersoek.
Die derde hulpmiddel vir die definisie van markte behels 'n besluitnemingsreël. Hiervolgens word
markdefinisie as 'n binêre klassifikasieprobleem beskou, waar 'n produk of streek 'binne' of 'buite' die
mark geplaas moet word. Gegewe dat hierdie klassifikasie onder toestande van onsekerheid geskied, is
markdefinisie blootgestel aan risiko's van wanklassifikasie. Praktisyns kan hierdie risiko‟s bestuur deur
gebruik te maak van 'n Bayesiaanse besluitnemingsreël. Sodanige reël balanseer (1) die gewig van
getuienis ten gunste van en teen substitusie, (2) a priori waarskynlikhede soos bepaal deur vorige
mededingingsake en akademiese navorsing, en (3) die verliesfunksie van die besluitnemer. Die
benadering van die Suid-Afrikaanse Mededingingstribunaal in die saak rakende die gedeeltelike
samesmelting van Primedia en Kaya FM bied 'n nuttige gevallestudie om hierdie beginsels te
demonstreer.
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