Thesis (MMBK.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a six-week lateral movement training programme on selected physiological variables in netball players. Calf and thigh girth measurements, mass, body fat percentage, lateral agility, lateral flexibility, dynamic balance, heart rate and isokinetic concentric and eccentric quadriceps, hamstring, abductor and adductor muscle strength, were measured. A pre-recorded, six-week slide board training programme was followed in order to: increase calf and thigh girth measurements, decrease mass, decrease body fat percentage, increase lateral agility, increase lateral flexibility, better dynamic balance, meet the prescribed guidelines in terms of heart rate and increase the isokinetic muscle strength. The subjects (n=23) were between the ages of 18-23 years. They either played netball for the 1st or 2nd netball teams of the Maties Netball Club, or for the 1st or 2nd netball teams of the residence Nerina. They entered the study voluntarily. All of the subjects participated in the pre- and posttests. Fourteen subjects completed the six-week lateral movement training programme. Various significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the pre- and post-test measurements: a significant decrease in body fat percentage, an increase in lateral agility, a decrease in mass, an increase in dynamic balance, an increase in concentric and eccentric abductor and adductor muscle strength, as well as an appropriate aerobic heart rate response. It was concluded that the lateral movement training programme proved to be beneficial to netball players at any level of fitness and participation. The programme provided an excellent aerobic workout, with either improvement or maintenance of the selected variables. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die invloed van In ses-weeklange laterale bewegingsoefenprogram op geselekteerde fisiologiese veranderlikes in netbal speelsters. Kuit- en bobeenomtrekmates, massa, liggaamsvetpersentasie, laterale ratsheid, laterale lenigheid, dinamiese balans, harttempo en isokinetiese konsentriese en eksentriese quadriceps-, hampeus-, abduktor- en adduktorspierkrag, is gemeet. In Vooraf opgestelde, ses-weeklange laterale oefenprogram is gevolg om: die kuit- en bobeenomtrekmates te vergroot, die massa te verminder, die liggaamsvetpersentasie te verlaag, die verbetering van laterale ratsheid, laterale lenigheid en dinamiese balans te bewerkstellig, die voorgestelde riglyne in terme van harttempo te handhaaf en om isokinetiese spierkrag te vermeerder. Die proefpersone (n=23) was tussen 18-23 jaar oud. Die proefpersone het óf vir die 1ste of 2de netbalspanne van die Maties Netbalklub gespeel, óf vir die 1ste of 2de netbal spanne van die koshuis Nerina. Hulle deelname was volkome vrywillig. Al die proefpersone het aan die pre- en post-toetse deelgeneem. Veertien proefpersone het die ses-weeklange laterale bewegingsoefenprogram voltooi. Verskeie beduidende verskille (p < 0.05) tussen die pre- en post-toetse is gevind: 'n beduidende afname in liggaamsvetpersentasie, In toename in laterale ratsheid, In afname in massa, In toename in dinamiese balans, In toename in konsentriese en eksentriese abduktor- en adduktorspierkrag, asook In ooreenstemmende harttempo reaksie. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die laterale bewegingsoefenprogram tot voordeel strek van netbalspeelsters op enige vlak van fiksheid en deelname. Die program bied In goeie aërobiese komponent met óf die verbetering, óf die handhawing van die geselekteerde veranderlikes.

Thesis (PhD )--Stellenbosch University, 1978. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing and implementing a model for the rehabilitation of sports injuries. Injury is, without a doubt, one of the most significant obstacles to athletic performance. Very few, if any, athletes escape injury and it seems that regardless of experience and ability, all physically active individuals are prone to injury at some stage of their careers. The ability to resist injury and to rehabilitate well when injury does occur is fundamental to longevity in sport. Previous injury rehabilitation interventions commonly addressed only the physiological dimensions of injury, excluding the psychological dimensions. Only very recently has there been a shift in focus to include psychological principles in the treatment procedures, with Heil (1993) and Pargman (1993a) some of the first authors to publish works on the subject. A comprehensive literature review was done. In the first chapter attention was paid to the role of personality in injury occurrence and rehabilitation outcome, with special emphasis on the model of stress and athletic injury of Andersen and Williams (1993). An extension to this model, taking into account the role of personality, coping resources, cognitions, interventions and other injury and treatment related factors in the rehabilitation process was added by Grove (1993). The next chapter was devoted to the causes and stresses of sports injuries. Topics that were covered include the over-training syndrome, understanding injuries from the athlete's, physician's and psychologist's points of view and a study of what exactly the stresses involved in athletic injury are. Special attention was paid to the concept of pain and all its dimensions, the social well-being of the injured athlete and the impact of injury on the athlete's self-concept and identity. In the following chapter psychological adjustment to athletic injury was discussed. The concepts of loss and grief and applicability of grief response models in particular were discussed. In response to grief response models, cognitive appraisal models (Brewer, 1994) and an integrated model by Wiese-Bjomstal et al. (1998) were also discussed. Attention was given to the factors associated with rehabilitation adherence with particular remarks on malingering athletes. Peer modelling as a coping strategy in injury rehabilitation also came under scrutiny, as did the role and effect of social support. The next chapter focused on the development of the service-provider model for sports injury rehabilitation. From the initial literature review it was clear that of all the treatment providers involved with injured athletes, physiotherapists and biokineticians (athletic trainers) are probably those who spend the most time with them. In the development of the model for injury rehabilitation, special emphasis was therefore placed on the role of the physiotherapist and biokineticians. As a basis for developing the model, the traditional medical model was used, but it was adapted to incorporate psychological principles. A computer program was written to assist physiotherapists and biokineticians in treating injured athletes through the use of psychological principles. This program was constructed using psychological instruments that already exist, but they were adapted to be used as non-pen and paper tests. The tests used were the Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ), the Incredibly Short POMS (ISP), a Pain Drawing Instrument, a Visual Analogue Scale and the Affective subscale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Provision was made for handouts to be included in the program which can then be given to patients after each therapy session. To be able to determine whether the program was successful in assisting physiotherapists and biokineticians in their treatment of injured athletes, the program was evaluated in the next chapter. Feedback from both patients, physiotherapists and biokineticians using the program were received. Two short questionnaires were used for this purpose. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the information received from the program and recommendations based on these conclusions were made. Key words: Sports injuries, injury rehabilitation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die huidige studie was die ontwikkeling en implementering van 'n model vir die rehabilitasie van sportbeserings. Beserings is, sonder twyfel, van die belangrikste struikelblokke in die weg van sportprestasie. Baie min, indien enige, atlete spring beserings vry. Dit wil ook voorkom of alle fisiek aktiewe individue, ongeag hulle ondervinding en vermoë, op een of ander stadium van hulle loopbane 'n besering opdoen. Fundamenteel aan volgehoue deelname aan sport, is die vermoë om beserings te vermy en om atlete suksesvol te rehabiliteer indien 'n besering welopgedoen word. In die verlede het rehabilitasie-intervensies hoofsaaklik die fisieke dimensies van beserings aangespreek sonder inagname van die sielkundige dimensies. Slegs on1angs het daar 'n klemverskuiwing begin plaasvind deurdat daar begin is om sielkundige beginsels in te sluit in behandelingsprosedures. Heil (1993) en Pargman (1993a) was van die eerste skrywers wat werke oor hierdie onderwerp gepubliseer het. 'n Uitgebreide literatuuroorsig is onderneem. In die eerste hoofstuk was aandag geskenk aan die rol wat persoon1ikheid speel in die voorkoms van beserings en die suksesvolle rehabilitasie daarvan, met spesiale klem op Andersen en Williams (1993) se model van stres en sportbeserings. Hierdie model is deur Grove (1993) uitgebrei deur inagname van die rol van persoon1ikheid, hanteringsvaardighede, kognisies, intervensies en ander beserings- en behandeling-verwante faktore in die rehabilitasieproses. Die volgende hoofstuk was gewy aan die oorsake van, en die stres verbonde aan, beserings. Onderwerpe wat aangespreek is, het ingesluit die ooroefeningsindroom, begrip van beserings soos gesien vanuit die atleet, medikus en sielkundige se oogpunte, asook presies watter faktore stres tydens beserings veroorsaak. Spesiale aandag is aan die konsep van pyn en al sy dimensies, die sosiale welstand van die beseerde atleet en die impak van beserings op die selfkonsep en identiteit van die atleet geskenk. In die volgende hoofstuk is die sielkundige aanpassing by beserings bespreek. Die konsepte van "verlies" en ''rou'' en die toepaslikheid van rouresponsmodelle in besonder, is bespreek. In antwoord op rou responsmodelle is kognitiewe waarderingsmodelle (Brewer, 1994) en die geïntegreerde model van Wiese-Bjornstal et al. (1998) bespreek. Aandag is ook geskenk aan faktore wat 'n rol in volgehoue deelname aan rehabilitasieprosedures speel, met klem op atlete met skynsiektes. Navolging van voorbeelde deur eweknieë as 'n hanteringsvaardigheid is ondersoek, asook die rol en effek van sosiale ondersteuning. Die volgende hoofstuk het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van die diensleweraar-model vir sportbeseringrehabilitasie. Vanuit die aanvanklike literatuuroorsig het dit geblyk dat van al die persone betrokke by die behandeling van beseerde atlete, dit waarskynlik fisioterapeute en biokinetici is wat die langste by hulle betrokke is. Tydens die ontwikkeling van die model vir rehabilitasie van beserings, is as basis die tradisionele mediese model gebruik, maar met sekere aanpassings om sielkundige beginsels in te sluit. 'n Rekenaarprogram is geskryf om fisioterapeute en biokinetici te ondersteun in die behandeling van beseerde atlete. Die program het gebruik gemaak van bestaande psigometriese toetse, maar dit was aangepas om as nie-potlood-en-papiertoetse gebruik te kan word. Die toetse wat gebruik is, is die Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ), die Incredibly Short POMS (ISP), 'n pyntekeninginstrument, 'n visueelanaloogskaal en die affektiewe subskaal van die McGill Pain Questionnaire. Voorsiening is gemaak na afloop van elke behandelingsessie om uitdeelstukke aan pasiënte beskikbaar te stel. Om te bepaal of die program suksesvol was om fisioterapeute en biokinetici tydens behandeling van beseerde atlete te ondersteun, is die program in die volgende hoofstuk kortliks geëvalueer. Terugvoer vanaf beide die pasiënte, fisioterapeute en biokinetici wat die program gebruik het, is verkry. Twee kort vraelyste is vir dié doel gebruik. Laastens is gevolgtrekkings op grond van die terugvoer gemaak en aanbevelings vir aanpassings is gedoen. Sleutelwoorde: Sportbeserings, rehabilitasie

Thesis (PhD (Sport Sc)) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of a relaxation, self-talk, goal-setting, imagery, and concentration training package on the performance of six athletes in the 1500- meter event. Subjects were four female and two male high school middle distance athletes. The dependent measure was time taken to complete the 1500-meter nm in competition settings. A mental skills training package was developed, implemented and evaluated using a single subject, multiple baseline design. Performance scores were plotted for each 1500-meter nm and subjects' graphs were assessed for intervention-related change against mean performance change and established split-middle analysis criteria. Visual inspection of plotted values was supplemented by quantitive analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance (RANOV A). This study also included procedural reliability checks to ensure that the athletes did in filet utilize the mental skills they received training in. Visual analysis indicated the mental skills package to be effective in enhancing performance times (1500-meter) in the case of four of the athletes. Overall, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvement in 1500- meter performance times for subjects across phases. However, a split-middle analysis of within subject variation indicated that a significant intervention effect was not observed in two of the six subjects. The social validity assessment by athletes and their two coaches provided further confirmation of the overall effectiveness of the intervention. Social validation checks indicated all participants to have perceived the intervention to be successful and all were satisfied with the delivery and content of the training package. The results support the usefulness of single-subject research designs for assessing the impact of mental training. The present study demonstrated that a mental skills training package combining relaxation, self-ta1k, goal setting, imagery, and concentration skills was effective in enhancing athletic performance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die effek van "n sportsielkundige opleidingspakket, bestaande uit ontspanningsvaardighede, effektiewe selfspraak, doelwitstelling, beelding en konsentrasievaardighede op die prestasie van sportlui in die 1500-meter wedloop, is in die onderhawige navorsing ondersoek. Die proefpersone wat aan die navorsingprojek deelgeneem het, was vier vroulike en twee manlike hoërskool middelafstand-atlete. Die afhanklike veranderlike is gedefinieer as die tyd wat dit elke proefpersoon neem om die 1500-meter wedloop in kompetisie-situasies te voltooi. 'n Sportsielkundige opleidingspakket is ontwikkel, geïmplementeer en die effek daarvan op prestasietyd is geëvalueer deur gebruik te maak van "n enkelproefpersoon-, meervoudige basislynontwerp oor individue. Wedlooptyd in die 1500- meter is graftes ten opsigte van elke proefpersoon voorgestel en volgens kriteria vir visuele inspeksie en die "split-middle" -tegniek geanaliseer. Visuele analise van die data is deur middel van kwantitatiewe herhaalde waameming;analise van die variansie uitgebrei. Die ondersoek het ook kontrole vir prosedurelebetroubaarheid ingesluit om te verseker dat die betrokke sportsielkundige vaardighede waarin proefpersone opgelei is, inderdaad deur hul gebruik word Visuele analise van die navorsingdata het aangedui dat die sportsielkundige opleidingsprogram wel effektiefwas om presf.asietyd (l500-meter) by vier van die ses atlete te verbeter. Die herhaalde waamemingsanalise van die variansie het oor die algemeen beduidende verbetering in presf.asietyd in die 1500-meter vir proefpersone vanaf die basislyn:fase na die intervensiefase aangetoon. "n "Split-miádle" analise van intra-proefpersoon variasie het egter aangedui dat "n beduidende intervensie-effek nie by twee van die ses proefpersone waargeneem kon word nie. 'n Gunstige sosiale validering is van die betrokke proefpersone en hul afrigters ontvang wat verdere bevestiging bied vir die effektiwiteit van die intervensie oor die algemeen. Resultate met betrekking tot die sosiale validering het aangedui dat al die deelnemers by die navorsingprojek die intervensie as suksesvol beskou het en tevrede was met die toepassing en inhoud van die opleidingspakket. In die onderhawige ondersoek is aangedui dat "n sportsielkundige opleidingsprogram wat ontspanningsvaardighede, selfspraak, doelwitstelling, beelding en konsentrasievaardighede kombineer, weloor die algemeen effektief was om sportlui se prestasie te verbeter.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explored the potential of competitive games and cooperative games as means for teaching adolescent girls some of the concepts that support cooperation. Hellison's (1995) levels for teaching responsibility were used as guidelines for selecting specific teaching strategies. The intervention consisted of a theme-oriented intervention programme presented to two experimental groups. One group (n = 9) participated in a games programme that consisted of competitive activities and the other group (n = 9) participated in a games programme that consisted of cooperative activities. The experimental groups were presented with theme-oriented lessons based on four concepts that support cooperation: sportsmanship, communication, trust and responsibility. A control group (n = 18) was also identified and used for statistical comparisons. In order to set a context for this study, background information was gathered using a questionnaire to determine how girls from the school (N = 194) felt about competitive games and sports. Three measurement instruments were used to collect data. The assessment of how the girls at the school felt about competitive games and sport was completed, using Gill & Deeter's (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). Pre- and posttesting of the girls in the experimental groups also included the SOQ. Harter's (1985) Self-perception Profile was used to measure perceptions of perceived social acceptance. Soudan and Everett's (1981) 24-item questionnaire was used to determine any changes in how the girls in the experimental groups perceived the benefits of participation in physical activity. Results of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire for High School Girls (N = 194) indicate that the girls like competitive activities and enjoy competing, but for them, it is more important to set personal goals in competitive games than it is to win. Following the comparison between pre- and post-test data, it was concluded that the theme-oriented competitive games programme had an effect on how the girls feel about participation in games and sports. They became significantly less competitive in their orientation. No changes were noted in their perceived social acceptance. A significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical activity has social benefits as well as benefits in preparing them for a career/job were noted. The theme-oriented cooperative games programme also had a significant effect on how the girls feel about participation in games and sports. The competitive nature and win orientation of the girls participating in the cooperative games programme significantly decreased. No changes were noted in their social acceptance. There was a significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical activity has health and fitness benefits. Results on comparing the groups indicate that the perceived athletic competence of the competitive group increased significantly when compared to the cooperative group. No other changes were noted. A themeoriented approach to teaching children about cooperation in a competitive and/or cooperative environment seems to be an effective strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiaal nagevors van kompeterende spele en koëperatiewe spele as maatstaf vir die aanleer van sommige van die konsepte wat samewerking ondersteun. Hellison (1995) se vlakke vir die aanleer van verantwoordelikheid is gebruik as riglyne vir die seleksie van spesifieke onderrigstrateg ieë. Die intervensie het bestaan uit 'n tema-geërienteerde intervensieprogram wat aan twee eksperimentele groepe voorgelê is. Een groep (n = 9) het aan 'n speleprogram deelgeneem wat bestaan het uit kompeterende aktiwiteite en die ander groep (n = 9) het aan 'n speleprogram deelgeneem wat uit koëperatiewe aktiwiteite bestaan. Tema-geërienteerde lesse wat op die volgende vier konsepte wat samewerking ondersteun gebaseer is, is aan die eksperimentele groepe voorgelê: sportmanskap, kommunikasie, vertroue en verantwoordelikheid. 'n Kontrolegroep (n = 18) is ook geïdentifiseer en gebruik vir statistiese vergelyking. Om 'n konteks vir hierdie studie daar te stel is agtergrondinligting met behulp van 'n vraelys ingesamel om vas te stel hoe meisies van die skool (n = 194) gevoel het oor kompeterende spele en sport. Drie meetinstrumente is gebruik om data in te samel. Die assessering oor hoe die meisies gevoel het oor kompeterende spele en sport is voltooi deur van Gill & Deeter se (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) gebruik te maak. Pre- en post-toetsing van die meisies in die eksperimentele groepe is ook in die SOQ ingesluit. Harter (1985) se Self-perception Profile is gebruik om die persepsies van waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding te meet. Soudan en Everett (1981) se 24-item vraelys is gebruik om enige veranderinge te bepaaloor hoe die meisies in die eksperimentele groepe die voordele van deelname aan fisieke aktiwiteit ervaar het. Resultate van die Sportoriëntasie-vraelys vir Hoërskoolmeisies (n = 194) het aangedui dat die meisies kompeterende aktiwiteite en kompetisie geniet, maar dat dit vir hulle belangriker is om persoonlike doelwitte te stel in kompeterende spele as wat dit is om te wen. Na afloop van die vergelyking tussen pre- en post-toetsdata, is daar bevind dat die tema-georienteerde kompeterende speleprogram 'n effek gehad het op die meisies se gevoeloor deelname aan spele en sport. Daar was 'n beduidende afname in hul kompeterende oriëntasie. Geen veranderinge is gemerk in hul waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding nie. 'n Beduidende toename is opgemerk in hul persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit sosiale voordele sowel as voordele vir die voorbereiding van 'n loopbaan/werk inhou. Die tema-georienteerde kooperatiewe speleprogram het ook 'n beduidende effek gehad op hoe die meisies oor deelname aan spele en sport voel. Die kompeterende aard en wenoriëntasie van die meisies wat aan kooperatiewe speleprogram deelgeneem het, het beduidend afgeneem. Geen veranderinge is in hul sosiale aanvaarding opgemerk nie. Daar was 'n beduidende toename in hul persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit gesondheids- en fiksheidsvoordele inhou. Resultate wat die groepe vergelyk, dui aan dat die waarneembare atletiese vermoë van die kompeterende groep beduidend toegeneem het in vergelyking met die kooperatiewe groep. Geen ander veranderinge is opgemerk nie. 'n Tema-georienteerde benadering tot hoe om kinders oor samewerking in 'n kompeterende en/of kooperatiewe omgewing te leer, blyk 'n effektiewe strategie te wees.

Dissertation (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the components of mental toughness as reported in the sport psychology literature and by coaches and athletes. A questionnaire devised for this purpose by the researcher, was completed by 131 expert coaches from 30 different sport disciplines and by 160 elite level athletes from 31 different sport disciplines. The information gathered from the literature, as well as from the coaches' and athletes' written statements, was analysed by means of an inductive content analysis. Content analysis organises the data into increasingly more complex themes and categories representing the components of mental toughness. From the literature analysis, eight components of mental toughness were identified, these being: motivation level, arousal control, confidence maintenance, cognitive skill, competitive behaviour, planning skills, emotional readiness and team cohesion. The analysis of the statements provided by the coaches and athletes resulted in the identification of 12 components of mental toughness. These are, in descending order: motivation level, coping skills, confidence maintenance, cognitive skill, discipline and goal-directedness, competitiveness, possession of prerequisite physical and mental requirements, team unity, preparation skills, psychological hardiness, religious convictions and ethics. In addition the coaches and athletes rated their mentioned characteristics. The coaches regarded concentration as the most important characteristic while the athletes regarded perseverance as most important. The coaches rated a coach and a sport psychologist respectively, to be significantly more effective (p<0.05) in strengthening the characteristics of mental toughness than athletes did. It is concluded that a definition of mental toughness should include the following components: motivation level, coping skills (including arousal control strategies), confidence maintenance (including discipline and goal directedness), cognitive skill, competitive behaviour (including competitiveness and possession of the prerequisite physical and mental requirements), planning and preparation skills, psychological hardiness (including emotional readiness) and, finally, religious convictions and ethics. In team sports the definition of mental toughness contains an extra component, namely team cohesion and unity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die komponente van sielkundige taaiheid ondersoek soos dit in die sportsielkunde literatuur en deur afrigters en atlete vertolk word. 'n Vraelys, wat deur die navorser vir hierdie doelontwerp is, is deur 131 kundige afrigters vanuit 30 verskillende sportdissiplines en deur 160 elite atlete vanuit 31 verskillende sportdissiplines, voltooi. Die inligting ingesamel vanuit die literatuur, asook die stellings gemaak deur die afrigters en atlete, is deur middel van 'n induktiewe inhoudsanalisemetode geanaliseer. Inhoudsanalise organiseer data in toenemende komplekse temas en kategorieë wat die komponente van sielkundige taaiheid voorstel. Vanuit die analise van die literatuur het die volgende agt komponente van sielkundige taaiheid na vore gekom: motiveringsvlak, beheer van opwekking, handhawing van selfvertroue, kognitiewe vaardigheid, kompeterende gedrag, beplanningsvaardighede, emosionele gereedheid en spankohesie. Die analise van die afrigters en atlete se stellings het tot gevolg gehad dat 12 komponente van sielkundige taaiheid geïdentifiseer is. Hulle is, in dalende volgorde: motiveringsvlak, hanteringsvaardighede, handhawing van selfvertroue, kognitiewe vaardigheid, dissipline en doelgerigtheid, mededingendheid, beskikking oor die nodige liggaamlike en sielkundige vereistes, eenheid van die span, voorbereidingsvaardighede, sielkundige gehardheid, godsdienstige oortuigings en etiese waardes. Bykomend het die afrigters en die atlete die belangrikheid van hul stellings beoordeel. Konsentrasie is deur die afrigters as die belangrikste geoordeel terwyl deursettingsvermoë deur die atlete verkies is. Die afrigters het bepaal dat 'n afrigter en sportsielkundige beduidend meer (p<0.05) die eienskappe van sielkundige taaiheid kan versterk, as wat die geval met die atlete was. Die gevolgtrekking is dat 'n definisie van sielkundige taaiheid, die volgende komponente moet bevat: motiveringsvlak, hanteringsvaardighede (sluit opwekkingsbeheer in), handhawing van selfvertroue (sluit dissipline en doelgerigtheid in), kognitiewe vaardigheid, kompeterende gedrag (sluit mededingendheid en beskikking oor die nodige fisieke en sielkundige vereistes in), beplanning- en voorbereidingsvaardighede, sielkundige gehardheid sluit emosionele gereedheid in) en, laastens, godsdienstige oortuigings en etiese waardes. Spansportsoorte se definisie van sielkundige taaiheid sluit 'n ekstra komponent, spankohesie en -eenheid in.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare training and physiological variables in performance-matched 10 km female and male athletes in order to identify those factors allowing females to compensate for their lower haematocrit and higher % body fat, both of which are disadvantageous to performance. Eight well-trained competitive female runners and eight well-trained competitive male runners participated in the study. They were matched by performance in a controlled 10 km time trial in the field (TT10). Training was monitored in each athlete for seven consecutive days using heart rate monitoring and training diaries. Each athlete gave a muscle biopsy for histological and biochemical analysis. Four maximal tests, two flat and two gradient (8%), were completed by each athlete in order to determine V02max, maximum heart rate and peak treadmill speed (PTS) under each condition. Each athlete also completed two submaximal tests (one flat and one gradient) and a ten minute race pace test, in which the pace was determined by their TT10 performance. These allowed fractional utilization of V02max, HRmax and PTS to be determined, as well as economy. Training data revealed a much greater training volume, both distance run and duration of training, in female athletes (p < 0.05 for distance; p < 0.01 for duration). V02max expressed per kg body mass was significantly higher in males (p < 0.05), however, when expressed per FFM, no difference was found between genders. Female athletes had a significantly greater percent composition of type I fibres and males had significantly more type IIX fibres, possible explanation of gender difference in PTS and contributing factor to equal TT10. The relationships between training, performance and biochemical variables in either gender were very different. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die oefening en fisiologiese veranderlikes in 10 km vroue en mans atlete, wat afgepaar was volgens prestasie, te vergelyk om die faktore te indentisifeer wat vroue toelaat om te kompenseer vir hulle lae haematokrit en hoë persent liggaamsmassa, wat albei nadelig is tot prestasie. Agt mededingende vroue hardlopers en agt mededingende mans hardlopers het aan die studie deelgeneem. Hulle was gepaar volgens prestasie in 'n gekontroleerde padwedloop (TTlO). Oefening was gemonitor vir elke atleet vir sewe opeenvolgende dae deur gebruik te maak van harttempo monitors en oefeningsdagboeke. Elke atlleet het 'n spierbiopsie gehad wat histologies en biochemies geanaliseer was. Vier maksimale toetse, twee met 'n gradiënt van 0° en twee met 'n gradiënt van 5° (8%) was deur elke atleet voltooi om V02maks,maksimale harttempo en piek trapmeulspoed (PTS), vir beide situasies te bepaal. Hulle het ook almal twee submaksimale toetse gedoen (een teen 0° gradiënt en een teen 5° gradiënt) sowel as 'n tien minuut wedlooppas toets. Fraksionele benutting van V02maks,HRmaksen PTS was hiervan bepaal asook die ekonomie van elke atleet. Oefeningshoeveelheid ten opsigte van afstand en duur van oefening was baie hoër in vroue atlete (p < 0.05 vir afstand; p < 0.01 vir duur). V02maks uitgedruk per kg liggaamsmassa was aansienlik hoër in mans atlete (p < 0.05), maar uitgedruk per vetvrye massa (FFM) was daar geen verskil tussen geslagte. Vroue atlete het 'n merkwaardige hoër persentasie tipe I spiervesels gehad terwyl mans atlete 'n merkwaardige hoer persentasie tipe IIX spiervesels 'gehad het. Dit mag dalk 'n mootlike verklaring vir die geslagsverskil in PTS en 'n bydraende faktor tot gelyke TTlO wees. Verskillende verhoudings tussen oefening, prestasie en biochemiese veranderlikes was in die twee geslagte gesien.

Dissertation (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the years the Maties have made an invaluable contribution to both Western Province and Boland cricket. The purpose of this study is to document the origin, formation and experiences of the Matie Cricket Club. The nucleus of this study therefore documents the development of the Matie Cricket Club. The history of the club dates back to 1865, perhaps the end of 1864, and an attempt has been made to reconstruct all gathered information as accurately and thoroughly as possible. Although there is much popular writing on sport in South Africa, very little scientific documented information is available. Studies such as these are thus hampered by the unavailability of primary information. Since this study is sporthistorically orientated, the historic-scientific method has been implemented. Preference has been given to primary sources of information. These sources include minutes of the Matie Cricket Club, Stellenbosch Municipality, University Council, Sports Committee, Colours Committee and the Stellenbosch College Athletic Club, as well as University of Stellenbosch publications, such as the Stellenbosch College Ramkie, Stellenbosch College Times, Stellenbosch Students' Annual, Stellenbosch Students' Quarterly, Stellebosse Oud-Student, Stellenbosse Student and the Stellenbosse Universiteitsblad, interviews with those involved in the club and photos. Secondary sources of information include books and newspapers. The introductory section gives a broad outline of the history of Western Province cricket from as early as 1808. The first chapter has been devoted to the aim and statement of the problem, scope of the study, method of research and the evaluation of the resources. The growth of the club is discussed in detail under the following headings: Cricket during the 1800s, cricket before the First World War (1900-1913), cricket between and during the World wars (1914-1945), and cricket after the Second World War (1945-200). The progress and achievements of the club over 135 years are outlined. The club played in the Western Province since its formation in 1865, whereafter they moved to the Boland in 1901 and competed there for the following 60 years. However, there were, a couple of years in between when the first side competed in the Western Province, but only on a friendly basis and against sides in lower leagues, while the junior sides still competed in the Boland leagues. During the 1960/61 season, the first side was allowed to compete on a friendly basis against sides in the first league of the Western Province; at the end of 1963 the club moved all four of its teams to compete in the Western Province league. The sports fields of the University and especially the various venues of the cricket club are dealt with. At first games were played at the "Braak", from where they moved to the "Vlakteveld", Pavillion field and the famous Coetzenburg fields. The Matie Cricket Club also contributed to the success of the South African Universities' tournament. A brief history of the Matie Cricket Club since 1947 when the tournament was first played and their success in the national club championships are outlined. The role of the Stellenbosch College Athletic Club during the early history of the cricket club is also briefly discussed. Since the formation of the Victoria-College Cricket Club in 1912, only students were allowed to play in the matches against the South African College and the last of these matches were played in 1917. After the formation of the University of Stellenbosch in 1918, these matches were played between Stellenbosch and the University of Cape Town. These Intervarsity matches are discussed until the late 1960s whereafter it came to an end. Due to the fact that the University goes to the South African Universities tournament in December they do not undertake a lot of tours. Some tours preceded the tournaments and they are only briefly discussed. Coaching deserves its own section to show the progress made in this field. The efforts of various coaches contributed to the success of the club and the fact that so many players were included in representative sides. This section is followed by those people who made a major contribution to the club over the years. The Matie Cricket Club has 12 Springboks in its history, namely Nico Theunissen, Izak Buys, Eddie Barlow, Mike Procter, Michael Melle, Peter Kirsten, Garth Ie Roux, Denys Hobson, Adrian Kuiper, Darryl Cullinan, Kepler Wessels and Dave Rundle. A player profile of each is given as well as a list of Matie players in the various representative sides, as well as the players who regularly played in the first side of the Maties. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die jare het die Maties 'n groot bydrae tot die Westelike Provinsie en Bolandkrieket gelewer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die oorsprong, stigting en gebeure van die Matie-krieketklub na te vors en te dokumenteer. Die kern van hierdie studie gaan oor die ontwikkeling van die Matie-krieketklub. Die klub se geskiedenis strek vanaf 1865, moontlik einde 1864, tot op hede en alle inligting wat bekom is, is so deeglik en akkuraat moontlik weergegee. Die doel was dus om die oorspronklike gebeure te rekonstrueer. Hoewel daar baie oor sport geskryf is, is die meeste inligting nie wetenskaplik bewaar of gedokumenteer nie. Aangesien hierdie studie sport-histories van aard is, is die histories-wetenskaplike metode van navorsing soos toegepas in Menslike Bewegingskunde gevolg. Dit behels die versameling van inligting uit veral primêre bronne. Onder hierdie bronne tel die notules van die Matiekrieketklub, voorsitters- en bestuursverslae, jaarverslae, Universiteitspublikasies, onderhoude met ooggetuies en foto's. Sekondêre inligting is uit boeke en koerante verkry. Die studie word ingelei deur 'n algemene oorsig oor die ontwikkeling en geskiedenis van krieket in die Westelike Provinsie (WP) wat reeds so vroeg as 1808 gespeel is. Die eerste deel word aan die metodologie gewy. Daar word onder andere na die doel en probleemstelling, afbakening van die studieterrein, metode van ondersoek en die evaluering van bronne gekyk. Daarna word die ontwikkeling van die Matie-krieketklub uiteengesit. Daar word na krieket in die 1800's, krieket voor die Eerste Wêreldoorlog (1900-1913), tussen en tydens die Wêreldoorloë (1914-1945), en krieket ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog (1945-2000) gekyk. Aandag word aan die groei van Matie-krieket tot 'n volwaardige sport bestee. Daar word na die prestasies van die klub oor ongeveer 135 jaar gekyk. Die klub het vanaf sy stigting tot 1901 in die WP gekompeteer, waarna hulle vir die daaropvolgende 60 jaar in die Boland deelgeneem het. Daar was jare tussenin wat die eerstespan in die WP gespeel het, maar al die wedstryde was op In vriendskaplike basis beslis en meestal teen spanne in die laer ligas. Die junior spanne het egter steeds in die Boland gekompeteer. Gedurende die 1961/62-seisoen is die eerstespan vir In proeftydperk in die WP se eersteliga opgeneem en het die klub met vier spanne sedert die einde van 1963 op In permanente basis in die WP gespeel. Hierna word die verskillende terreine waar krieket gespeel is, behandel, by name die Braak, Vlakteveld, Pawiljoenveld en Coetzenburg. In hierdie hoofstuk word die geskiedenis en die gebruik van die velde uiteengesit. Matie-krieket het ook In bydrae gelewer tot die sukses van die Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite-toernooi en In kort geskiedenis hiervan word uiteengesit. Die sukses wat Maties in hierdie toernooi behaal het, word vanaf 1947 bespreek. Daar word ook na die klub se deelname aan die nasionale klubkampioenskappe verwys. Die rol wat die Stellenbosch College Athletic Club in die vroeë geskiedenis van Matie-krieket gespeel het, word ook bespreek. Sedert 1912 toe die Victoriakollege krieketklub gestig is, was die inter-kollege wedstryde tussen Victoriakollege en die South African College In suiwer kollege aangeleentheid en die laaste wedstryd tussen dié twee instansies is in 1917 gespeel. Met die stigting van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch in 1918 is dié wedstryde teen die Universiteit van Kaapstad gespeel. Hierdie Intervarsity-wedstryde word tot en met die laat 1960's bespreek toe die wedstryde doodgeloop het. Omdat die klub jaarliks in Desember na die Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite-toernooi gegaan het, is daar nie baie toere onderneem nie. Daar word net kortliks na dié toere verwys wat wel deur die klub op pad na die toernooie ingepas is. Afrigting wat 'n baie groot rol in enige klub se sukses speel, geniet ook aandag. Die harde werk van verskeie afrigters het onder andere daartoe bygedra dat Matie-krieket 'n aantal nasionale en provinsiale spelers opgelewer het. Dié afdeling word opgevolg deur ander persone wat ook 'n groot rol in die sukses van die klub gehad het. Die Matie-krieketklub het tot op hede 12 Springbokke, naamlik Nico Theunissen, Izak Buys, Eddie Barlow, Mike Procter, Michael Melle, Peter Kirsten, Garth Ie Roux, Denys Hobson, Adrian Kuiper, Darryl Cullinan, Kepler Wessels en Dave Rundle opgelewer. 'n Sportprofiel word van elkeen gegee. 'n Lys van die Maties in verteenwoordigende spanne, asook Maties wat vir die eerstespan op 'n gereelde basis gespeel het, is saamgestel.

Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of participation in a sport development programme on the sport skills and self-concept of28 at-risk primary school children from a disadvantaged community. All 28 participants were pre-tested, then received a six-week (12 lesson) intervention programme, after which all children were post-tested. Data collection for the dependent variables was completed using the Latchaw Motor Achievement Test and the Catty Self-Concept Scale. Results of this study revealed that at-risk children realised the following outcomes of participation in a sport skill development programme: • Four of six components of motor achievement improved significantly. • The self-concept of the children did not show a significant improvement. • Three of six components of motor achievement showed a significant correlation with self-concept. Based on the results, it was concluded that participation in a sport skill development programme could not make a significant contribution to the motor development of at-risk primary school children. However more research is needed in this specific area in order to determine how skill development can be implemented to enhance the self-concept of at-risk children. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die invloed van deelname aan 'n sport ontwikkelings program op die sportvaardighede en self-konsep van 28 hoë-risiko laerskool kinders vanuit 'n minderbevoorregte gemeenskap te ondersoek. Al 28 deelnemers was gepretoets en daarna 'n intervensie program van ses weke (12 lesse) gevolg, waarna die kinders weer almal gepost-toets is. Dataversameling vir al die afhanklike veranderlikes is voltooi deur die gebruik van die Latchaw Motoriese toets vir die toetsing van motoriese vaardighdede en die Cratty Selfkonsep toets. Resultate van hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die hoê-risiko kinders die volgende uitkomste met betrekking tot deelname aán die sport ontwikkelings program, behaal het: • Vier van die ses motoriese prestasie komponente het beduidend verbeter • Die selfkonsep van die kinders het nie 'n betekenisvolle verbetering getoon nie. • Drie van die ses motoriese prestasie komponente het 'n betekenisvolle korrelasie getoon met selfkonsep. Gebaseer op hierdie resultate, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat deelname aan 'n sport vaardigheid ontwikkelings program geen defnitiewe bydrae gelewer het tot die motoriese ontwikkeling van hoë-risiko laerskool kinders nie. Verdere navorsing word benodig in hierdie spesifieke area om vas te stel hoe 'n vaardigheids ontwikkeling program geimplimenteer kan word om selfkonsep van hoë-risiko kinders te verbeter.

Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a series of physical fitness tests for athletes with disabilities competing in sitting throwing events in athletics. All athletes competing in sitting throwing events during the South African National Championships April, 2001, were asked to take part in the research study. A total of 74 athletes in the classes F33, F34, F52, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 and F58 took part in the research study. All the athletes completed the tests selected for their specific class. Their tests results and their performance in the events at the South African National Championships were correlated to determine the validity of the physical fitness tests. Results of the study revealed the following: ol' Certain physical fitness components are more important than others for achieving good results in the sitting throwing events. ol' Upper body power is the best predictor of performance in all the events and classes. ol' Technique is as important a factor in good performance as is fitness. ol' South African athletes' technique needs improvement. It can be concluded from this study that physical fitness, in particular upper body strength and power, plays a major role in performance of athletes with disabilities competing in sitting throwing events. Many of the athletes are currently top performers rely more on their physical fitness than on good technique to achieve success. If these athletes can combine physical fitness with good technique, much better performances will achieved and the world will need to take even more note of South Africa's athletes with disabilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die geldigheid, van spesifieke fiksheidstoetse vir atlete met gestremdhede wat deelneem aan sittende velditems in atletiek, te bepaal. Al die atlete wat deelgeneem het aan sittende velditems tydens die Suid-Afrikaanse Atletiek Kampioenskappe vir persone met gestremdhede, is uitgenooi om deel te neem aan die navorsingsstudie. Altesaam 74 atlete van die klasse F33, F34, F52, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 en F58 het deelgeneem aan die spesifieke fiksheidtoetsprotokol wat vir elke klas opgestel was. 'n Pearson korrelasie is getref tussen die toetsresultate en die prestasie van elke atleet in die verskillende items tydens die Suid- Afrikaanse kampioenskappe, om sodoende die geldigheid van elke fiksheidstoets te bepaal. Die volgende bevindinge is gemaak: ./ Seker fiksheidskomponente (in sittende velditems) is meer belangrik as ander vir deelnemers met gestremdhede . ./ Prestasie in sittende velditems van al die klassifikasie groepe kan die beste bepaal word deur plofkrag in die boonste ledemate . ./ Korrekte tegniek is net so belangrik vir prestasie as fisieke vermoë . ./ Suid-Afrikaanse atlete se tegniek kan beslis verbeter. 'n Gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat krag en plofkrag van die boonste ledemate, van atlete met gestremdhede wat deelneem aan sittende velditems, 'n belangrike fisieke komponent is vir prestasie. Baie atlete wat tans toppresteerders is, presteer nie noodwendig omdat hulle die beste tegniek het nie, maar weens hulle fisieke vermoëns. Indien daaarin geslaag word om die tegniek en fisieke vermoëns van sittende veldatlete te verbeter, sal nog meer Suid-Afrikaanse atlete internasionaal presteer.