Spelling suggestions: "subject:"etheses -- human movement studies"" "subject:"etheses -- suman movement studies""
1 |
The evolution of major gamesCraven, Daniel Hartman,1910-1993 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD )--Stellenbosch University, 1978. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming
|
2 |
Participation in competitive games and the development of cooperation among adolescent girlsRousseau, Jemiema C 12 1900 (has links)
Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explored the potential of competitive games and cooperative games
as means for teaching adolescent girls some of the concepts that support
cooperation. Hellison's (1995) levels for teaching responsibility were used as
guidelines for selecting specific teaching strategies.
The intervention consisted of a theme-oriented intervention programme
presented to two experimental groups. One group (n = 9) participated in a games
programme that consisted of competitive activities and the other group (n = 9)
participated in a games programme that consisted of cooperative activities. The
experimental groups were presented with theme-oriented lessons based on four
concepts that support cooperation: sportsmanship, communication, trust and
responsibility. A control group (n = 18) was also identified and used for statistical
comparisons. In order to set a context for this study, background information was
gathered using a questionnaire to determine how girls from the school (N = 194) felt
about competitive games and sports.
Three measurement instruments were used to collect data. The assessment
of how the girls at the school felt about competitive games and sport was completed,
using Gill & Deeter's (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). Pre- and posttesting
of the girls in the experimental groups also included the SOQ. Harter's (1985)
Self-perception Profile was used to measure perceptions of perceived social
acceptance. Soudan and Everett's (1981) 24-item questionnaire was used to
determine any changes in how the girls in the experimental groups perceived the
benefits of participation in physical activity.
Results of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire for High School Girls (N =
194) indicate that the girls like competitive activities and enjoy competing, but for
them, it is more important to set personal goals in competitive games than it is to win.
Following the comparison between pre- and post-test data, it was concluded that the
theme-oriented competitive games programme had an effect on how the girls feel
about participation in games and sports. They became significantly less competitive in their orientation. No changes were noted in their perceived social acceptance. A
significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical activity
has social benefits as well as benefits in preparing them for a career/job were noted.
The theme-oriented cooperative games programme also had a significant effect on
how the girls feel about participation in games and sports. The competitive nature and
win orientation of the girls participating in the cooperative games programme
significantly decreased. No changes were noted in their social acceptance. There
was a significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical
activity has health and fitness benefits. Results on comparing the groups indicate that
the perceived athletic competence of the competitive group increased significantly
when compared to the cooperative group. No other changes were noted. A themeoriented
approach to teaching children about cooperation in a competitive and/or
cooperative environment seems to be an effective strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiaal nagevors van kompeterende spele en
koëperatiewe spele as maatstaf vir die aanleer van sommige van die konsepte wat
samewerking ondersteun. Hellison (1995) se vlakke vir die aanleer van
verantwoordelikheid is gebruik as riglyne vir die seleksie van spesifieke
onderrigstrateg ieë.
Die intervensie het bestaan uit 'n tema-geërienteerde intervensieprogram wat
aan twee eksperimentele groepe voorgelê is. Een groep (n = 9) het aan 'n
speleprogram deelgeneem wat bestaan het uit kompeterende aktiwiteite en die ander
groep (n = 9) het aan 'n speleprogram deelgeneem wat uit koëperatiewe aktiwiteite
bestaan. Tema-geërienteerde lesse wat op die volgende vier konsepte wat
samewerking ondersteun gebaseer is, is aan die eksperimentele groepe voorgelê:
sportmanskap, kommunikasie, vertroue en verantwoordelikheid. 'n Kontrolegroep (n
= 18) is ook geïdentifiseer en gebruik vir statistiese vergelyking. Om 'n konteks vir
hierdie studie daar te stel is agtergrondinligting met behulp van 'n vraelys ingesamel
om vas te stel hoe meisies van die skool (n = 194) gevoel het oor kompeterende
spele en sport.
Drie meetinstrumente is gebruik om data in te samel. Die assessering oor hoe
die meisies gevoel het oor kompeterende spele en sport is voltooi deur van Gill &
Deeter se (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) gebruik te maak. Pre- en
post-toetsing van die meisies in die eksperimentele groepe is ook in die SOQ
ingesluit. Harter (1985) se Self-perception Profile is gebruik om die persepsies van
waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding te meet. Soudan en Everett (1981) se 24-item
vraelys is gebruik om enige veranderinge te bepaaloor hoe die meisies in die
eksperimentele groepe die voordele van deelname aan fisieke aktiwiteit ervaar het.
Resultate van die Sportoriëntasie-vraelys vir Hoërskoolmeisies (n = 194) het
aangedui dat die meisies kompeterende aktiwiteite en kompetisie geniet, maar dat dit
vir hulle belangriker is om persoonlike doelwitte te stel in kompeterende spele as wat dit is om te wen. Na afloop van die vergelyking tussen pre- en post-toetsdata, is daar
bevind dat die tema-georienteerde kompeterende speleprogram 'n effek gehad het op
die meisies se gevoeloor deelname aan spele en sport. Daar was 'n beduidende
afname in hul kompeterende oriëntasie. Geen veranderinge is gemerk in hul
waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding nie. 'n Beduidende toename is opgemerk in hul
persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit sosiale voordele sowel as
voordele vir die voorbereiding van 'n loopbaan/werk inhou. Die tema-georienteerde
kooperatiewe speleprogram het ook 'n beduidende effek gehad op hoe die meisies
oor deelname aan spele en sport voel. Die kompeterende aard en wenoriëntasie van
die meisies wat aan kooperatiewe speleprogram deelgeneem het, het beduidend
afgeneem. Geen veranderinge is in hul sosiale aanvaarding opgemerk nie. Daar was
'n beduidende toename in hul persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit
gesondheids- en fiksheidsvoordele inhou. Resultate wat die groepe vergelyk, dui aan
dat die waarneembare atletiese vermoë van die kompeterende groep beduidend
toegeneem het in vergelyking met die kooperatiewe groep. Geen ander veranderinge
is opgemerk nie. 'n Tema-georienteerde benadering tot hoe om kinders oor
samewerking in 'n kompeterende en/of kooperatiewe omgewing te leer, blyk 'n
effektiewe strategie te wees.
|
3 |
An investigation into the nature of mental toughness in sportFourie, Sansonette 03 1900 (has links)
Dissertation (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the components of mental toughness as reported in the sport psychology
literature and by coaches and athletes. A questionnaire devised for this purpose by the researcher,
was completed by 131 expert coaches from 30 different sport disciplines and by 160 elite level
athletes from 31 different sport disciplines. The information gathered from the literature, as well
as from the coaches' and athletes' written statements, was analysed by means of an inductive
content analysis. Content analysis organises the data into increasingly more complex themes and
categories representing the components of mental toughness. From the literature analysis, eight
components of mental toughness were identified, these being: motivation level, arousal control,
confidence maintenance, cognitive skill, competitive behaviour, planning skills, emotional
readiness and team cohesion. The analysis of the statements provided by the coaches and athletes
resulted in the identification of 12 components of mental toughness. These are, in descending
order: motivation level, coping skills, confidence maintenance, cognitive skill, discipline and
goal-directedness, competitiveness, possession of prerequisite physical and mental requirements,
team unity, preparation skills, psychological hardiness, religious convictions and ethics. In
addition the coaches and athletes rated their mentioned characteristics. The coaches regarded
concentration as the most important characteristic while the athletes regarded perseverance as
most important. The coaches rated a coach and a sport psychologist respectively, to be
significantly more effective (p<0.05) in strengthening the characteristics of mental toughness than
athletes did. It is concluded that a definition of mental toughness should include the following
components: motivation level, coping skills (including arousal control strategies), confidence
maintenance (including discipline and goal directedness), cognitive skill, competitive behaviour
(including competitiveness and possession of the prerequisite physical and mental requirements),
planning and preparation skills, psychological hardiness (including emotional readiness) and,
finally, religious convictions and ethics. In team sports the definition of mental toughness
contains an extra component, namely team cohesion and unity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die komponente van sielkundige taaiheid ondersoek soos dit in die sportsielkunde
literatuur en deur afrigters en atlete vertolk word. 'n Vraelys, wat deur die navorser vir
hierdie doelontwerp is, is deur 131 kundige afrigters vanuit 30 verskillende sportdissiplines en
deur 160 elite atlete vanuit 31 verskillende sportdissiplines, voltooi. Die inligting ingesamel
vanuit die literatuur, asook die stellings gemaak deur die afrigters en atlete, is deur middel van 'n
induktiewe inhoudsanalisemetode geanaliseer. Inhoudsanalise organiseer data in toenemende
komplekse temas en kategorieë wat die komponente van sielkundige taaiheid voorstel. Vanuit die
analise van die literatuur het die volgende agt komponente van sielkundige taaiheid na vore
gekom: motiveringsvlak, beheer van opwekking, handhawing van selfvertroue, kognitiewe
vaardigheid, kompeterende gedrag, beplanningsvaardighede, emosionele gereedheid en spankohesie.
Die analise van die afrigters en atlete se stellings het tot gevolg gehad dat 12
komponente van sielkundige taaiheid geïdentifiseer is. Hulle is, in dalende volgorde: motiveringsvlak,
hanteringsvaardighede, handhawing van selfvertroue, kognitiewe vaardigheid, dissipline en
doelgerigtheid, mededingendheid, beskikking oor die nodige liggaamlike en sielkundige vereistes,
eenheid van die span, voorbereidingsvaardighede, sielkundige gehardheid, godsdienstige
oortuigings en etiese waardes. Bykomend het die afrigters en die atlete die belangrikheid van hul
stellings beoordeel. Konsentrasie is deur die afrigters as die belangrikste geoordeel terwyl
deursettingsvermoë deur die atlete verkies is. Die afrigters het bepaal dat 'n afrigter en
sportsielkundige beduidend meer (p<0.05) die eienskappe van sielkundige taaiheid kan versterk,
as wat die geval met die atlete was. Die gevolgtrekking is dat 'n definisie van sielkundige
taaiheid, die volgende komponente moet bevat: motiveringsvlak, hanteringsvaardighede (sluit
opwekkingsbeheer in), handhawing van selfvertroue (sluit dissipline en doelgerigtheid in),
kognitiewe vaardigheid, kompeterende gedrag (sluit mededingendheid en beskikking oor die
nodige fisieke en sielkundige vereistes in), beplanning- en voorbereidingsvaardighede,
sielkundige gehardheid sluit emosionele gereedheid in) en, laastens, godsdienstige oortuigings en
etiese waardes. Spansportsoorte se definisie van sielkundige taaiheid sluit 'n ekstra komponent,
spankohesie en -eenheid in.
|
4 |
Comparing male and female 10km runners with regards to both performance and trainingBowen, Robyn 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare training and physiological variables in
performance-matched 10 km female and male athletes in order to identify those
factors allowing females to compensate for their lower haematocrit and higher %
body fat, both of which are disadvantageous to performance. Eight well-trained
competitive female runners and eight well-trained competitive male runners
participated in the study. They were matched by performance in a controlled 10 km
time trial in the field (TT10). Training was monitored in each athlete for seven
consecutive days using heart rate monitoring and training diaries. Each athlete gave
a muscle biopsy for histological and biochemical analysis. Four maximal tests, two
flat and two gradient (8%), were completed by each athlete in order to determine
V02max, maximum heart rate and peak treadmill speed (PTS) under each condition.
Each athlete also completed two submaximal tests (one flat and one gradient) and a
ten minute race pace test, in which the pace was determined by their TT10
performance. These allowed fractional utilization of V02max, HRmax and PTS to be
determined, as well as economy. Training data revealed a much greater training
volume, both distance run and duration of training, in female athletes (p < 0.05 for
distance; p < 0.01 for duration). V02max expressed per kg body mass was significantly
higher in males (p < 0.05), however, when expressed per FFM, no difference was
found between genders. Female athletes had a significantly greater percent
composition of type I fibres and males had significantly more type IIX fibres, possible
explanation of gender difference in PTS and contributing factor to equal TT10. The
relationships between training, performance and biochemical variables in either
gender were very different. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die oefening en fisiologiese veranderlikes in 10 km
vroue en mans atlete, wat afgepaar was volgens prestasie, te vergelyk om die
faktore te indentisifeer wat vroue toelaat om te kompenseer vir hulle lae haematokrit
en hoë persent liggaamsmassa, wat albei nadelig is tot prestasie. Agt mededingende
vroue hardlopers en agt mededingende mans hardlopers het aan die studie
deelgeneem. Hulle was gepaar volgens prestasie in 'n gekontroleerde padwedloop
(TTlO). Oefening was gemonitor vir elke atleet vir sewe opeenvolgende dae deur
gebruik te maak van harttempo monitors en oefeningsdagboeke. Elke atlleet het 'n
spierbiopsie gehad wat histologies en biochemies geanaliseer was. Vier maksimale
toetse, twee met 'n gradiënt van 0° en twee met 'n gradiënt van 5° (8%) was deur
elke atleet voltooi om V02maks,maksimale harttempo en piek trapmeulspoed (PTS),
vir beide situasies te bepaal. Hulle het ook almal twee submaksimale toetse gedoen
(een teen 0° gradiënt en een teen 5° gradiënt) sowel as 'n tien minuut wedlooppas
toets. Fraksionele benutting van V02maks,HRmaksen PTS was hiervan bepaal asook
die ekonomie van elke atleet. Oefeningshoeveelheid ten opsigte van afstand en duur
van oefening was baie hoër in vroue atlete (p < 0.05 vir afstand; p < 0.01 vir duur).
V02maks uitgedruk per kg liggaamsmassa was aansienlik hoër in mans atlete
(p < 0.05), maar uitgedruk per vetvrye massa (FFM) was daar geen verskil tussen
geslagte. Vroue atlete het 'n merkwaardige hoër persentasie tipe I spiervesels gehad
terwyl mans atlete 'n merkwaardige hoer persentasie tipe IIX spiervesels 'gehad het.
Dit mag dalk 'n mootlike verklaring vir die geslagsverskil in PTS en 'n bydraende
faktor tot gelyke TTlO wees. Verskillende verhoudings tussen oefening, prestasie en
biochemiese veranderlikes was in die twee geslagte gesien.
|
5 |
An instrument to assess the fitness of field athletes with physical disabilitiesFerreira, Suzanne 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a series of physical fitness tests for
athletes with disabilities competing in sitting throwing events in athletics. All athletes competing in
sitting throwing events during the South African National Championships April, 2001, were asked
to take part in the research study. A total of 74 athletes in the classes F33, F34, F52, F53, F54, F55,
F56, F57 and F58 took part in the research study. All the athletes completed the tests selected for
their specific class. Their tests results and their performance in the events at the South African
National Championships were correlated to determine the validity of the physical fitness tests.
Results of the study revealed the following:
ol' Certain physical fitness components are more important than others for achieving good
results in the sitting throwing events.
ol' Upper body power is the best predictor of performance in all the events and classes.
ol' Technique is as important a factor in good performance as is fitness.
ol' South African athletes' technique needs improvement.
It can be concluded from this study that physical fitness, in particular upper body strength and
power, plays a major role in performance of athletes with disabilities competing in sitting throwing
events. Many of the athletes are currently top performers rely more on their physical fitness than on
good technique to achieve success. If these athletes can combine physical fitness with good
technique, much better performances will achieved and the world will need to take even more note
of South Africa's athletes with disabilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die geldigheid, van spesifieke fiksheidstoetse vir atlete met
gestremdhede wat deelneem aan sittende velditems in atletiek, te bepaal. Al die atlete wat
deelgeneem het aan sittende velditems tydens die Suid-Afrikaanse Atletiek Kampioenskappe vir
persone met gestremdhede, is uitgenooi om deel te neem aan die navorsingsstudie. Altesaam 74
atlete van die klasse F33, F34, F52, F53, F54, F55, F56, F57 en F58 het deelgeneem aan die
spesifieke fiksheidtoetsprotokol wat vir elke klas opgestel was. 'n Pearson korrelasie is getref
tussen die toetsresultate en die prestasie van elke atleet in die verskillende items tydens die Suid-
Afrikaanse kampioenskappe, om sodoende die geldigheid van elke fiksheidstoets te bepaal.
Die volgende bevindinge is gemaak:
./ Seker fiksheidskomponente (in sittende velditems) is meer belangrik as ander vir
deelnemers met gestremdhede .
./ Prestasie in sittende velditems van al die klassifikasie groepe kan die beste bepaal word deur
plofkrag in die boonste ledemate .
./ Korrekte tegniek is net so belangrik vir prestasie as fisieke vermoë .
./ Suid-Afrikaanse atlete se tegniek kan beslis verbeter.
'n Gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat krag en plofkrag van die boonste ledemate, van atlete met
gestremdhede wat deelneem aan sittende velditems, 'n belangrike fisieke komponent is vir
prestasie. Baie atlete wat tans toppresteerders is, presteer nie noodwendig omdat hulle die beste
tegniek het nie, maar weens hulle fisieke vermoëns. Indien daaarin geslaag word om die tegniek en
fisieke vermoëns van sittende veldatlete te verbeter, sal nog meer Suid-Afrikaanse atlete
internasionaal presteer.
|
6 |
The relationship between children's physical fitness and their development of locomotor co-ordinationGoedhals, Stephanie Catherine 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine if participation in a movement
programme (FITKIDZ) designed by the author produced statistically significant
improvements in the physical fitness and locomotor co-ordination of four and five
year old children. The study also examined the relationship between post-intervention
levels of physical fitness and locomotor co-ordination.
The subjects (N = 19), who all attended pre-primary school, were tested on
physical fitness components and their execution of locomotor co-ordination using
both quantitative and qualitative evaluation processes. The subjects were selected
from a pre-primary school that volunteered to participate in the study. Due to the
structure of the school and pressure from the parents, it was not possible to have a
control group. The subjects underwent an eight-week movement programme
(FITKIDZ), after which they were retested.
Results showed a statistically significant improvement in abdominal strength,
Body Mass Index (BMI) and flexibility (Sit-and-reach scores and trunk lifts).
Qualitative results also showed a statistically significant improvement in the
children's performance oflocomotor skills. Correlation matrices between the physical
fitness components and locomotor skills indicated that the strongest straight-line
relationship existed between strength and locomotor co-ordination. The other
relationships between the physical fitness components and locomotor co-ordination
were not significant.
It was concluded that the performance of locomotor skills improved, as did
numerous components of physical fitness of the subjects over the duration of the
designed movement programme. However, it was noted that this improvement may
be partially due to normal maturation of the subject group and that the results from
this study would be better supported ifit were possible to include a control group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of daar enige statistiese
beduidende verskil was in die fisieke fiksheid en lokomotor-koordinasie van vier- en
vyf-jaar oue kinders wat aan 'n bewegingsprogram (FITKIDZ) deelgeneem het, wat
deur die outeur ontwerp was. Die studie het ook enige beduidende verhouding tussen
pre-bemiddeling en post-bemiddeling uitslae van fisieke fiksheid en lokomotorkoërdinasie
ondersoek.
Die toetspersone (N = 19), almal kleuterskoolkinders, was in die fisieke
fiksheidskomponente en uitvoering van lokomotor-koordinasie deur beide
kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe waardebepalingstrategieë getoets. Die toetspersone
was van 'n kleuterskool wat vrywillig aan die program deelgeneem het. Aangesien
daar druk van die ouers was en die skool 'n sekere struktuur volg, was dit nie
moontlik om 'n kontrole-groep te hê nie. Die toetspersone was op 'n agt-week
bewegingsprogram (FITKIDZ) geplaas, waarna hulle weer getoets is.
Uitslae het 'n statistiese beduidende verbetering in abdominale krag,
Liggaamsgewigindeks en lenigheid (Sit-en-reik tellings en romp ekstensie) gewys.
Korrelasies tussen die fisieke fiksheidskomponente en lokomotor vaardighede dui aan
dat die skerkste reguitlyn verhouding tussen krag en lokomotor-koordinasie bestaan
het. Die ander verhoudings tussen die fisieke fiksheidskomponente en lokomotorkoërdinasie
was nie betekenisvol nie.
Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die uitvoering van die lokomotor
vaardighede verbeter het, so ook veelvuldige fiksheidskomponente van die
toetspersone oor die durasie van die bewegingsprogram. Daar is egter waargeneem
dat hierdie verbeteringe gedeeltelik te danke mag wees aan die normale maturasie van
die toetsgroep en dat die uitslae van hierdie studie beter ondersteun sou word as daar
'n kontrole-groep was.
|
7 |
'A far greater game' : sport and the Anglo-Boer WarAllen, Dean Colin 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Today white South Africans take their sport very seriously and at the tum of the nineteenth
century this was no different. The key difference however was that a war had erupted between
the two Boer Republics (Orange Free State and the Transvaal) and Britain. The Anglo-Boer
War of 1899-1902 was fought for the supremacy of South Africa at a time when sport was
still developing within the country and like other facets of its culture, it too became entwined
within a conflict that was to effect the whole future of Southern Africa.
This socio-historical study is an attempt to explore sport during this era and how it impinged
upon the relationship between Boer and Briton. A pivotal period in South African history, the
account will trace the background and nature of the Anglo-Boer conflict and how a passion
for sport was shared by both sides throughout and beyond the hostilities. Britain had indeed
introduced its sporting codes to South Africa prior to the war and cricket and rugby in
particular were already established within its towns and cities. The origins of both sports will
be examined here including the significance of the first tours which took place between South
Africa and Britain during this time.
The majority of research for this study has been completed in South Africa, predominately
within the Western Cape but also during spells in the Free State and Gauteng. Visits have also
been made to various sources in the UK including Twickenham and Lords. Whilst published
work has been used, concerted efforts have been made throughout to include data obtained
from primary sources. The descriptive nature of the work has also necessitated the
employment of qualitative methods of analysis with data gathered from archive and literary
sources selectively underpinned with information from a number of interviews. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrikaanse Blankes is vandag baie ernstig oor hul sport en aan die einde van die
negentiende eeu was dit ook nie anders nie. Die belangrikste verskil was egter dat 'n oorlog
uitgebreek het tussen die Boererepublieke (Oranje-Vrystaat en die Transvaal) en Brittanje.
Die Anglo-Boereoorlog van 1899-1902 is geveg vir die oppergesag van Suid-Afrika toe sport,
net soos baie ander fasette van die kultuur, steeds besig was om te ontwikkel in die land. Dit
het deel geword van 'n konflik wat die hele toekoms van Suidelike Afrika sou raak.
Hierdie sosio-kulturele studie is 'n poging om sport tydens hierdie era te verken en hoe dit die
verhouding tussen Boer en Brit beïnvloed het. Hierdie was 'n deurslaggewende periode in die
Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis en die studie sal die agtergrond en aard van die Anglo-Boerekonflik
navors en toon hoe 'n passie vir sport gedeel is deur beide partye ten spyte van al die
vyandigheid. Brittanje het inderdaad voor die oorlog sy sportkodes na Suid-Afrika gebring en
veral krieket en rugby was alreeds gevestig in die stede. Die oorsprong van beide sportsoorte
sal hier bestudeer word, insluitend hoe belangrik die eerste toere was wat in hierdie tyd tussen
Suid-Afrika en Brittanje plaasgevind het.
Die meeste navorsing vir hierdie studie is in Suid-Afrika gedoen, hoofsaaklik in die Wes-
Kaap, maar ook, met tye, in die Vrystaat en Gauteng. Besoeke is ook afgelê in verskeie
plekke in die Verenigde Koninkryke, bv. Twickenham en Lords. Terwyl van sekondêre
bronne gebruik gemaak is, is daar deurgaans nougeset te werk gegaan om primêre bronne te
ontsluit. Die beskrywende aard van die werk het ook die gebruik van kwalitatiewe metode van
analise van data genoodsaak. Hierdie data is versamel vanuit argivale en literêre bronne wat
goed ondersteun is deur inligting verkry uit 'n aantalonderhoude.
iv
|
8 |
The prevalence of coronary risk factors among children, ages 11 to 13, in selected Western Cape schoolsDe Klerk, Danelle Ria 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Numerous studies have shown that coronary artery disease (CAD) has its origin in
childhood. Several risk factors that increase a person's risk for the development of CAD
are prevalent amongst children. South African statistics concerning the prevalence of
these risk factors are limited.
Research has shown that early intervention to eliminate risk factors can decrease the
risk for the development of CAD.
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of certain coronary risk
factors amongst children aged 11 to 13 years in certain Western Cape schools. Certain
selected factors were tested. These included obesity, lack of physical activity,
hypertension, low physical fitness (V02max), a family history associated with an
increased risk, exposure to cigarette smoke, prevalence of diabetes mellitus and an
unhealthy diet.
The sample consisted out of 288 children and was made up by 154 boys and 134 girls.
Certain anthropometrical measurements (stature, weight, skinfoids, waist and hip
circumferences) were taken. Activity levels, family history, exposure to cigarette smoke,
prevalence of diabetes mellitus and diet, were measured by means of questionnaires.
Physical fitness (V02max) was tested with a three-minute step-test. A
sphygmomanometer was used to measure blood pressure. Depending on the
circumference of the child's arm, a paediatric or adult size cuff was used.
The results of the study showed that 22.01% of the boys and 59.7% of the girls had a
percentage body fat so high that it was considered a coronary risk factor. Physical
fitness levels were considered risk factors in 2.6% of the boys and 9% of the girls. A
very high percentage of the children tested had a family history associated with an
increased risk for the development of CAD (73.38% of the boys and 78.36% of the girls).
Systolic hypertension was prevalent among 22.01% of the boys and 23.13% of the girls. Diastolic hypertension was only prevalent among 5.19% of the boys and 5.97% of the
girls. Low activity levels were considered a risk factor in 31.17% of the boys and
39.55% of the girls. Out of all the subjects, 32.47% of the boys and 37.31% of the girls
were exposed to cigarette smoke on a daily basis.
The results of this study shows that certain coronary risk factors are quite common
amongst children. Prevention programmes that focuses on elimination of coronary risk
factors, such as hypertension, inactivity and obesity, is essential for the prevention of
subsequent coronary artery disease in adults. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie studies het al bewys dat koronêre hartvatsiekte (KHS) reeds sy ontstaan het in
kinders van baie jong ouderdomme. Verskeie risikofaktore wat tot die latere ontstaan
van KHS lei kom ook onder jong kinders voor. Statistiek ten opsigte van die voorkoms
van hierdie risikofaktore onder kinders in Suid-Afrika is egter baie beperk.
Verskeie navorsing toon dat vroeë intervensie kan lei tot "n verlaging in risiko vir die
ontwikkeling van KHS op "n latere stadium.
Die doel van die studie was om die voorkoms van sekere koronêre risikofaktore in
kinders in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Sekere risikofaktore is ondersoek, dit het ingesluit,
obesiteit, lae fisieke aktiwitietsvlakke, hipertensie, lae fisieke fiksheid (V02maks), 'n
familie geskiedenis wat geassosieer word met "n verhoogte risiko, blootstelling aan
sigaret rook, die voorkoms van diabetes mellitus en "n swak dieet.
Die steekproef het bestaan uit 288 kinders waarvan 134 meisies en 154 seuns was.
Verskeie antropometriese meetings (lengte, massa, velvoue, middel- en heup
omtrekmates) is geneem. Aktiwiteitsvlakke, familiegeskiedenis, blootstelling aan
sigarette rook, voorkoms van diabetes mellitus en dieet is deur middel van vraelyste
vasgestel. Fisieke fiksheid (V02maks) is deur middel van "n drie-minuut-opstaptoets
vasgestel. Bloeddruk is met "n sfigmomanometer gemeet. Afhangend van die omtrek
van die kind se arm is "n pediatries- of volwasse-grootte drukband gebruik.
Persentasie liggaamsvet was by 22.01% van die seuns en 59.7% van die meisies so
hoog dat dit as "n risikofaktor beskou kan word. Fisieke fiksheidsvlakke kan by 2.6%
van die seuns en 9% van die meisies as "n risikofaktor beskou word. "n Baie hoë
persentasie van die kinders het "n familiegeskiedenis gehad wat geassosieer word met
"n verhoogde risiko vir die ontwikkeling van KHS (73.38% van die seuns en 78.36% van
die meisies). Sistoliese hipertensie het onder 22.01% van die seuns en 23.13% van die
meisies voorgekom. Diastoliese hipertensie het baie minder voorgekom as sistoliese
hipertensie (5.19% van die seuns en 5.97% van die meisies). Lae aktiwiteitsvlakke het onder 31.17% van die seuns en 39.55% van die meisies voorgekom. 'n Redelike hoë
persentasie van die kinders word daagliks aan sigaretrook van hulouers of oppassers
blootgestel (32.47% van die seuns en 37.31% van die meisies.)
Die resultate van die studie dui aan dat daar 'n redelike hoë voorkoms van sekere
koronêre risikofaktore onder kinders is. Ondersoek moet ingestel word na moontlike,
goed gestruktureerde intervensieprogramme.
|
9 |
The prevalence of postural deformities among children age 11 to 13 years in some Western Cape schoolsStroebel, Suzanne 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Postural deformities are a commonly encountered problem among children. Most of the aches
and pains of adults are the result, not of injuries, but of the long-term effects of distortions in
posture or alignment that have their origins in childhood or adolescence. Television, video
entertainment, motorized transportation, fast food and lack of regular physical activity
contribute to the poor physical condition of children. School screening for scoliosis is
mandated in schools in 26 states of the United States (US) for children between 10 and 16
years of age. Previous studies conducted in the US found that 160 out of 1000 people suffer
from scoliosis. This means that scoliosis is as prevalent as hypertension or diabetes mellitus
(Boachie-Adjei & Lonner, 1996). Identification of postural deformities at an early stage makes
early treatment possible, which may, in future, prevent serious postural abnormalities. The
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons approved the implementation of screening
programs in schools in 1974 (Lonstein, 1988).
Few studies have included the entire musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was
to determine the prevalence of postural deformities among children aged 11 to 13 years in
selected primary schools in the Western Cape. The study also proposes to investigate
factors that may influence the prevalence rate of postural deformities. These factors included
age, gender, school district, weight, height, BMI (Body Mass Index), fat%, waist-hip ratio, and
physical activity.
Letters were sent to 15 primary schools within a 30km radius of Stellenbosch. This region
included Stellenbosch, Strand, and Kuilsrivier. Four schools replied, giving permission to
conduct the study at their schools. The sample (N=288, mean age=12.36, SD=0.92)
consisted of 78 scholars from grade five; 104 scholars form grade six; and 106 scholars from
grade seven. Of the total number of scholars examined (288), 154 were boys, and 134 were
girls. Only children with parental consent were allowed to participate in the study.
Anthropometric measures included stature, mass, skinfoids (two-site skinfoid), waist- and hip
circumferences and trochanterion leg length. Level of physical activity and family history of
deformities were obtained by means of a questionnaire. The New York Posture Test was used for postural evaluation (Bloomfield et aI., 1994:320; Reedeo Inc., 2001. This Posture
Test was designed for the screening of 13 categories of deformities. Using a "see-through"
posture grid, lateral and posterior examinations were performed. The "Adam's position"
(forward bending) was used for further scoliosis evaluation.
Quantitative data was analyzed, using Statistica (Statsoft, 2001) and classification tree
methodology (Breiman et aI., 1993). The anthropometric results indicated that the subjects
had a mean stature of 1.54m, mass of 47.48kg, BMI of 19.75, waist-hip ratio of 0.79 and fat%
(Lohman, 1987) of 21.35%. The prevalence of postural deformities was as follows: Lordosis,
70%; Kyphosis, 57%; Uneven shoulders, 55%; Inclined trunk, 43%; Winged scapulae, 42%;
Pronated feet, 30%; Flat feet, 30%; Flat chest, 29%; Forward head, 28%; Protruding
abdomen, 28%; Uneven hips, 11%; Scoliosis, 10%; and Twisted head, 1%. Uneven hips,
scoliosis and twisted head were not considered for statistical purposes, because of their low
incidence compared to the other deformities. The factors that influenced the prevalence rate
of deformities the most were BMI and fat%. A higher BMI and fat% resulted in a higher
prevalence rate in most deformities.
The prevalence rate of postural deformities in this study was considerably high. Sedentary
lifestyles of children (watching television, computer games, junk food and physical inactivity)
were a contributing factor in the high prevalence rate of postural deformities. It is known that
overweight and sedentary behavior of children is increasing and this could pose an alarming
concern to the health of a child. Also, if a significant correlation does exist between the
prevalence of postural deformities and conditions such as back pain, the high prevalence rate
reported in this study is a matter of concern. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Postuurafwykings is "n algemene probleem wat dikwels onder kinders voorkom. Baie van die
skete en pyne by volwassenes spruit nie uit beserings nie, maar vanuit langtermyn gevolge
van swak postuur wat huloorsprong uit die kinderjare het. Televisie, videospeletjies, vervoer
per motor, kitskos en gebrek aan fisieke aktiwiteit dra by tot die swak fisieke kondisie van
kinders. Evalueringsprogramme in skole word in 26 state in die Verenigde State van Amerika
(VSA) toegepas vir kinders tussen die ouderdomme van 10 en 16 jaar. Vorige studies in die
VSA het getoon dat 160 uit 1000 mense skoliose het (Boachie-Adjei & Lonner, 1996). Dit
beteken dat skoliose net so veel voorkom soos hipertensie of diabetes mellitus. Identifikasie
van postuurafwykings op "n vroeë stadium maak vroeë behandeling moontlik, wat in die
toekoms ernstige postuurafwykings kan voorkom. Die "American Academy of Orthopedie
Surgeons" het reeds in 1974 die implementering van assesseringsprogramme goedgekeur
(Lonstein, 1988).
Volgens navorsing het slegs "n beperkte aantal studies die hele spierskeletale stelsel
geëvalueer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die voorkoms van postuurafwykings by
kinders tussen die ouderdomme van 11 en 13 jaar in geselekteerde Wes-Kaapse skole te
bepaal. Die studie het ook faktore wat "n invloed op die voorkoms van postuurafwykings kan
hê, ingesluit. Hierdie faktore het onder andere ouderdom, geslag, skool, gewig, lengte, LMI
(Liggaamsmassa-indeks), vet%, middel-heup-ratio en fisieke aktiwiteit ingesluit.
Uitnodigingsbriewe is na 15 laerskole binne "n 30km radius vanaf Stellenbosch gestuur. Dit
het ingesluit Stellenbosch, Strand, en Kuilsrivier. Vier skole het toestemming verleen om die
studie by die betrokke skole te loods. Die steekproef (N=288, gemiddelde ouderdom = 12.36,
SD=0.92) het bestaan uit 78 leerlinge uit graad vyf; 104 leerlinge uit graad ses en 106
leerlinge uit graad sewe. Uit die totale aantal leerlinge wat geëvalueer is, was daar 154
seuns en 134 dogters. Antropometriese metings het die volgende ingesluit: lengte, gewig,
velvoue (twee-velvou meting), middel- en heupomtrekke en trochanterion beenlengte.
Fisieke aktiwiteitsvlak en familiegeskiedenis van postuurafwykings is bepaal met behulp van
"n vraelys. Die "New York Posture Tesf' is gebruik vir postuurevaluasie (Bloomfield et al., 1994:320; Reedco Inc., 2001). Hierdie toets is ontwerp vir die evaluering van 13 deformiteite.
Die kinders is vanuit 'n posterior en anterior aansig ge-evalueer met behulp van 'n
"deurskynende" postuurruitnet (grid). Die "Adam's-" toets (vooroorbuig-toets) is gebruik vir
verdere evaluering van skoliose.
Statistica (StatSoft, 2001) en klassifikasieboom-metodologie (Breiman et al., 1993) is gebruik
vir statistiese ontleding. Die proefpersone het 'n gemiddelde lengte van 1.54m, gewig van
47.48kg, LMI van 19.75, middel-heup-ratio van 0.79 en vet% (Lohman, 1987) van 21.35%
gehad. Die voorkoms van die onderskeie postuurafwykings was as volg: Lordose,70%;
Kifose, 57%; Ongelyke skouers, 55%; Romp na posterior gebuig, 43%; Gevleuelde skapulas,
42%; Voetpronasie, 30%; Plat voete, 30%; Plat bors, 29%; Protraksie: skedel, 28%; Uitstaan
buik, 28%; Ongelyke heupe, 11%; Skoliose, 10%; en Gekantelde hoof, 1%. Ongelyke heupe,
skoliose en gekantelde hoof het minder voorgekom in vergelyking met die ander deformiteite,
daarom is die deformiteite nie vir statistiese analise in aammerking gebring nie. LMI en vet%
was die faktore wat die voorkoms van postuurafwykings die meeste beïnvloed het. 'n Hoër
LMI en vet% het 'n toenemende voorkoms in meeste deformiteite veroorsaak.
Die voorkoms van postuurafwyking in hierdie studie was hoog. Sedentêre leefwyses van
kinders (TV, rekenaarspeletjies, gemorskos, en fisieke onaktiwiteit) het bygedra tot die hoë
voorkoms. Die voorkoms van oorgewig en sedentêre leefwyses is besig om te verhoog by
kinders en kan ernstige gevolge vir die gesondheid van die kind inhou. Indien daar 'n
betekenisvolle korrelasie tussen die voorkoms van postuurafwykings en kondisies soos
rugpyn is, dan blyk die hoë voorkoms, wat in hierdie studie gevind is, 'n bron van
bekommernis te wees. Postuurevalueringsprogramme is 'n effektiewe metode vir die vroeë
identifikasie van postuurafwykings, aangesien dit vroeë identifikasie en konserwatiewe
behandeling moontlik maak.
|
10 |
'n Opname van die bewegingsontwikkelingskenmerke van grondslagfase leerders in die Stellenbosch omgewingAfrica, Eileen K. (Eileen Katherine) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScSportSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Physical activity is an integral part of children's lives. It makes an essential
contribution to their physical, psychological and social well-being. Often, it is through
movement and active play that children learn to discover themselves. This
movement and play sometimes serves as a medium for communication.
Unfortunately, various research studies show that children are not active enough and
lead ever increasing sedentary lifestyles and these lifestyles lead to various types of
hypo-kinetic diseases. Technology, as well as the phasing out of structured physical
education in schools, are aspects that are responsible for the decrease in activity
levels of children.
The primary aim of this study was to determine if present-day children's (Grades 1 -
3) physical abilities have improved or worsened over the years. Movement tests from
Katzenellenbogen (1976) were used to test movement abilities of these children.
Adapted questionnaires from Van Deventer (1999) were used to construct the
lifestyle patterns of learners and to get information concerning movement
programmes from teachers at schools.
The sample population (N=372) was selected from four schools (two previously
disadvantaged and two former Model C schools) in the Stellenbosch area. The tests
evaluated, inter alia the following, velocity, velocity and power, power, velocity and
accuracy, accuracy and precision. Children from the previously disadvantaged and
former Model C schools, as well as age and sex were compared. A comparison with
the 1976 study of Katzenellebogen was also done. The latter study only involved
girls and was undertaken only at White schools.
The coding of the variable data was done in a computer format, coded and
statistically analysed. Averages are compared through the Analyses of Variance
(ANOVA). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that children at the
former Model C schools fared better in most of the tests and it is evident that boys
generally are more active than girls. As far as the comparison with the 1976 study is
concerned, present-day girls fared worse in almost all the tests. The weight of the 9
year old girls increased by as much as 7.2 kg.
This study can therefore be a starting point for further study attempting to combat the
tendency of inactivity amongst the youth of today. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fisieke aktiwiteit is 'n integrale deel van kinders se lewens. Dit maak 'n essensiële
bydrae tot hul fisieke, psigologiese en sosiale welstand. Dit is dikwels deur beweging
en aktiewe spel wat kinders leer om hulself te ontdek. Hierdie beweging en spel dien
ook soms as 'n medium vir kommunikasie. Ongelukkig toon verskeie navorsing dat
kinders nie aktief genoeg is nie en al hoe meer sedentêre leefstyle handhaaf, wat lei
tot allerhande hipokinetiese siektetoestande. Tegnologie, asook die uitfassering van
gestruktureerde Liggaamlike Opvoeding in skole is aspekte wat verantwoordelik
gehou word vir die afname in aktiwiteitsvlakke van kinders.
Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of hedendaagse kinders
(Graad 1 tot 3) se bewegingsvermoëns oor die jare heen verbeter of verswak het.
Bewegingstoetse uit Katzenellenbogen (1976) is gebruik om bewegingsvermoëns
van die kinders te toets. Aangepaste vraelyste uit Van Deventer (1999) is gebruik om
die leefstylpatrone van leerders vas te stel en om inligting aangaande
bewegingsprogramme in die skole by onderwysers te bekom.
Die proefpersone (N=372) is uit vier skole (twee voorheenbenadeelde [VB]- en twee
voormalige Model-C [VMC]-skole) in die Stellenbosch omgewing geselekteer. Die
toetse het die volgende veranderlikes gemeet: snelheid; snelheid en dryfkrag;
dryfkrag; snelheid en akkuraatheid; akkuraatheid en presiesheid; getoets. Kinders
van VB- en VMC-skole, ouderdomme en geslagte is met mekaar vergelyk. Daar is
ook 'n vergelyking met die 1976-studie van Katzenellenbogen getref. Die 1976-studie
van Katzenellenbogen het slegs dogters ingesluit en is slegs by Blanke skole
onderneem.
Die veranderlikes se datametings is in rekenaarformaat gekodeer en statisties
verwerk. Gemiddeldes is vergelyk deur middel van analise van variansie (ANOVA).
Uit die resultate van die studie kan tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat kinders by
die VMC-skole beter in meeste van die toetse gevaar het en dit blyk ook dat seuns
oor die algemeen meer aktief is as dogters. Wat die vergelyking met die 1976-studie
betref, het hedendaagse dogters swakker gevaar in byna al die toetse. Die 9-jarige
dogters het ook met soveel as 7.2 kg in gewig vermeerder.
Hierdie studie kan dus as 'n beginpunt dien vir verdere studie in 'n poging om die
tendens van onaktiwiteit onder vandag se jongmense te bekamp.
|
Page generated in 0.1026 seconds