Les recherches portant sur la schizophrénie mettent l'emphase depuis longtemps sur les troubles de la régulation de l'attention en tant que déficit fondamental. La présente étude visait d'abord à préciser le lien entre les troubles attentionnels observés chez les schizophrènes et un possible déséquilibre hémisphérique chez ces mêmes sujets. Mis à part un ralentissement constant, les sujets schizophrènes n'ont pas démontré de déficit sur l'un ou l'autre hémisphère par rapport à des sujets témoins à une tâche de temps de réaction simple avec des stimuli latéralisés dans chacun des hémichamps. Le Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) fut utilisé comme mesure de l'attention, et malgré les difficultés qu'ont éprouvé les schizophrènes à ce test, les résultats ne montrent pas de relation entre le WCST et la performance hémisphérique. Ces observations suggèrent que le déficit fondamental de la schizophrénie se situerait dans les sphères plus complexes de la cognition.

No / Little has been written about the functional outcome of patients treated with bone transport to reconstruct a distal tibial defect. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional capabilities of patients who had undergone reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of a distal tibial defect in one lower limb. At least eighteen months after completion of treatment, eight patients who had no pain and were able to walk and climb stairs without difficulty performed isometric ankle plantar flexion maximum voluntary contractions while the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior and triceps surae muscles was simultaneously recorded. Seven of the patients also underwent gait analysis. Data for the involved limb were compared with those collected for the contralateral limb. During gait, stance time (p = 0.01), the plantar flexion angular displacement and peak moment developed during the second half of stance (p < 0.046), and the amount of ankle power generated (p = 0.02) were significantly decreased in the involved limb compared with the contralateral limb. Similar decreases were observed in the plantar flexion (p = 0.01) and dorsiflexion (p = 0.01) maximum voluntary contractions and the corresponding electromyographic activity (p = 0.01). These results suggest that adaptive changes had occurred at the level of the transported muscles, which affected both routine and maximal effort capabilities. These findings contribute to our understanding of the functional limitations of patients who have undergone bone transport with its obligatory shortening of muscle length.

This study examines an aspect of earnings management that I refer to as audit management. I define audit management as a client's strategic use of techniques (e.g., baiting tactics) to prevent auditors from discovering earnings management during the audit. Specifically, I examine whether two baiting tactics, diversionary statements and distracting errors, affect an auditor's ability to uncover an accounting error used to manage earnings. Auditors performed analytical review on financial statements that contained an earnings management error (i.e., an intentional error that results in the client meeting an earnings target). I manipulated whether management provided a diversionary statement that explicitly identified risk in other areas of the audit, and whether management seeded easier, distracting errors into those other areas, both of which were designed to lure the auditor away from the earnings management error. I found that when auditors were intentionally directed to error free accounts they were unlikely to uncover an earnings management error elsewhere in the financial statements. On the other hand, auditors were most accurate in identifying earnings management when they were directed to audit areas that contained distracting errors. These results suggest that managers can use certain baiting tactics to strategically manage the outcome of the audit, but that, in some circumstances, baiting tactics may actually make auditors more likely to uncover managed earnings.

Les dysfonctions mnémoniques constituent un aspect important de la symptomatologie de la schizophrénie (SZ). Le but de la présente étude consiste à caractériser les déficits en mémoire à court terme (MCT), plus précisément de déterminer la contribution relative de la capacité limitée du traitement de l’information en MCT par opposition à un affaissement de l’attention sélective chez les personnes qui souffrent de SZ. Cette étude comparative comprend 18 patients qui souffrent de SZ et 19 participants témoins. La magnitude de la diminution de la performance par l’interpolation de stimuli non pertinents à l’intérieur d’une séquence à mémoriser- l’effet sandwich (Hitch, 1975; Tremblay, Nicholls, Parmentier & Jones, sous presse) - sera examinée en M C T spatiale. Cette nouvelle procédure est très semblable au Digit Span Distractibility Test utilisé en MCT verbale (Oltmanns & Neale, 1975). Les résultats suggèrent que les performances déficitaires en MCT spatiale chez les patients qui souffrent de SZ s ’expliquent davantage par une capacité limitée du traitement de l’information en MCT. Par conséquent, les patients atteints de SZ ne semblent pas plus sensibles à la distraction que les participants témoins. Ces résultats divergent de ceux obtenus en MCT verbale, démontrant une sensibilité accrue à la distraction.

La recherche portant sur la réactivité face à l'environnement s'intéresse à expliquer pourquoi certains individus traitent la nouveauté de façon à s'en approcher, alors que d'autres cherchent à s'en distancer (Zuckerman, 1994). En fonction des stratégies d'orientation face à la nouveauté, certains individus expérimenteraient davantage de difficultés attentionnelles. La sensibilité au traitement sensoriel (STS) constitue un trait de personnalité expliquant le traitement différentiel de l'information provenant des sens (Aron et Aron, 1997). Certains chercheurs suggèrent que la distraction jouerait un rôle important dans la compréhension du fonctionnement cognitif associé à la STS. Afin de déterminer l'existence d'une association entre la STS et la sensibilité à la distraction, le résultat au Highly Sensitive Person Scale, une mesure autorapportée de STS, a été utilisé afin de prédire la magnitude de la manifestation de deux formes de distraction auditive : l'effet de déviation et l'effet d'état constant. Un niveau de STS élevé devrait être associé à une distraction auditive accrue. Cent vingt-trois participants ont réalisé une tâche de rappel ordonné visuel dans un paradigme de stimuli auditifs non pertinents comportant une condition silencieuse, une condition comportant uniquement des sons répétés, et une autre comportant des sons répétés ainsi qu'un son qui dévie acoustiquement des autres. La différence de performance entre les diverses conditions a permis d'opérationnaliser un indice de distractibilité pour chacun des deux effets de distraction. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de STS ne permet pas de prédire la magnitude d'aucun des effets de distraction auditive. La relation entre la STS et la distractibilité pourrait ainsi être remise en question. Ces résultats suggèrent que dans une ère où les stimulations sensorielles sont nombreuses, le fonctionnement des individus disposant d'un trait de STS élevé ne serait pas nécessairement affecté davantage par la présence de bruit ambiant. Différentes explications théoriques et méthodologiques sont discutées.

Pain is a multidimensional experience that involves physical, emotional, and behavioral components. It is well documented that pain in children·has been treated inadequately for over 20 years. Pain medication is often inadequate to reduce pain and has potential negative side effects. This integrative literature review examines studies that test the effectiveness of nonpharmacological pain management strategies in pediatric patients. Nonpharmacological interventions have been shown to decrease pain, distress, and anxiety in children undergoing painful procedures, such as intravenous insertion, laceration repair and burn dressing changes. Distraction techniques including listening to music, watching cartoons, looking at books, and playing virtual reality games have been studied to determine their effectiveness in reducing pain, anxiety, and distress in children. Virtual reality was the most effective in decreasing pain and anxiety. The goal of this thesis is to establish the role of the nurse as an advocate, as well as explain different methods of nonpharmacological pain management that can be used along with analgesics. Finally, this thesis will encourage additional research on the undertreatment of pain in children with acute pain.

Information systems provide users with valuable information that is relevant to users’ tasks, as well as irrelevant information that is not helpful to the user. Irrelevant information become a distraction and distract the users from their current task, there by impairing performance. Guided by distraction-conflict theory, processing efficiency theory, attentional control theory, cognitive load theory and memory for goals theory, this study investigated the distraction effect by exploring the research question, “How do task-irrelevant distractions interrupt the users of information systems and influence their performance?”. To investigate how distractions from technology influence users’ performance, this experimental research examined the relationship between the variables of distraction, cognitive load, anxiety and task performance. Data were gathered through lab experiment using imotion eye tracking system. The major findings revealed that task-irrelevant distraction negatively influenced the users by increase anxiety and cognitive load as well as increase the time devoted to primary task. We also found that the cognitive load partially mediates the relationship between distraction and time spending on task.

Previous research suggests that cellular phone conversations or similar auditory/conversational tasks lead to degradations in visual processing. Three contemporary theories make different claims about the nature of the degradation that occurs when we talk on a cellular phone. We are either: (a) disproportionately more likely to miss objects located in the most peripheral areas of the visual environment due to a reduction in the size of the attentional window or functional field of view (Atchley & Dressel, 2004); (b) more likely to miss objects from all areas of the visual environment (even at the center of fixation) because attention is withdrawn from the roadway, leading to inattention blindness or general interference (Strayer & Drews, 2006; Crundall, Underwood, & Chapman, 1999; 2002), or (c) more likely to miss objects that are located on the side of the visual environment contralateral to the cellular phone message due to crossmodal links in spatial attention (Driver & Spence, 2004). These three theories were compared by asking participants to complete central and peripheral visual tasks (i.e., a measure of the functional field of view) in isolation and in combination with an auditory task. During the combined visual/auditory task, peripheral visual targets could appear on the same side as auditory targets or on the opposite side. When the congruency between auditory and visual target locations was not considered (as is typical in previous research), the results were consistent with the general interference/inattention blindness theory, but not the reduced functional field of view theory. Yet, when congruency effects were considered, the results support the theory that crossmodal links affect the spatial allocation of attention: Participants were better at detecting and localizing visual peripheral targets and at generating words for the auditory task if attention was directed to the same location in both modalities.

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