A utilização crescente de equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos sensíveis a interferências e a adoção de novos critérios para avaliação da qualidade da energia fornecida têm resultado em um aumento do número de pesquisas desenvolvidas com o objetivo de se obter informações a respeito das características das sobretensões em redes de baixa tensão. Isto motivou a realização deste trabalho, que teve por objetivo analisar as sobretensões causadas por descargas atmosféricas próximas a redes secundárias. O estudo trata inicialmente das tensões transferidas para a rede de baixa tensão, via transformador, devido a tensões induzidas no primário. Para tal são utilizados resultados experimentais obtidos em modelo de linhas de distribuição em escala reduzida e também medições de tensões induzidas por descargas naturais em uma linha especialmente construída para estudo do fenômeno. Com o uso de um modelo de transformador de distribuição típico, de validade comprovada para avaliação de surtos transferidos, são analisadas as tensões transferidas para a rede secundária considerando-se diversas formas de onda no primário. Posteriormente são calculadas as tensões induzidas nas redes de baixa tensão por descargas incidentes em suas proximidades através do 'Extended Rusck Model' (ERM) – modelo de validade comprovada por meio de centenas de comparações entre tensões induzidas medidas e calculadas. O trabalho discute as influências, nas tensões induzidas, do modo de representação do transformador e das cargas conectadas ao secundário, valor da resistência de terra, amplitude e velocidade de propagação da corrente no canal, etc. A comparação entre as tensões induzidas em linhas convencionais e multiplexadas também é realizada. É analisado também o uso de dispositivos de proteção contra surtos na rede multiplexada tendo em vista a redução das amplitudes das tensões induzidas. Por fim são feitas comparações entre tensões induzidas e tensões transferidas via transformador à rede secundária considerando a mesma descarga atmosférica. / The growing use of electric and electronic equipment prone to electromagnetic interferences and the adoption of new criteria for evaluating the quality of the power supplied have increased the number of studies developed in order to obtain information regarding the characteristics of overvoltages on low-voltage networks. Such fact has motivated the development of this work, which aimed at analyzing overvoltages caused by lightning discharges near secondary networks. The study first covers voltages transferred to the low-voltage network through the transformer due to induced voltages on its primary terminals. In order to accomplish that, experimental results obtained on a reduced scale model are used, as well as measurements of natural lightning induced voltages on a line specially built to study the phenomena. The voltages transferred to the secondary network, considering several waveforms on the primary, are analyzed by using a typical distribution transformer model, proven valid for evaluating transferred surges. The study then presents the calculation of voltages induced on low-voltage networks by discharges on their vicinity through the 'Extended Rusck Model' (ERM) – a model that has been validated by hundreds of comparisons between measured and calculated induced voltages. This work discusses the influences on induced voltages of the manner of representing the transformer and the loads connected to the secondary, as well as grounding resistance, amplitude and stroke current propagation speed, etc. Comparisons between lightning induced voltages on open wire lines and on lines with twisted conductors are also made. The use of surge protective devices on lines with twisted conductors is analyzed, and the reduction of induced voltage amplitudes is investigated. Finally, induced voltages and voltages transferred to the secondary network through a transformer are compared, considering the same lightning discharge.

Considerando a necessidade do controle mais efetivo dos sistemas de distribuição de água para abastecimento, a calibração constitui etapa fundamental a ser trilhada para garantir a reprodução do comportamento dos sistemas sob as mais diversas condições operacionais. Apesar da importância da calibração e da diversidade de modelos construídos com esse propósito no ambiente acadêmico, essa prática não tem sido amplamente utilizada pelas companhias, que demonstram certa relutância em fazer uso de modelos matemáticos. É interessante, portanto, que os modelos existentes sejam intensivamente testados em sistemas reais para que se possam estabelecer diretrizes para a sua utilização, bem como uma maior confiança no seu emprego. O presente trabalho de pesquisa visou o estudo de aplicação de um modelo especialmente construído para a calibração de sistemas, através do qual é possível identificar variáveis de campo tais como rugosidades, diâmetros, parâmetros do modelo de vazamentos, etc. O modelo empregado é abrangente o suficiente para incorporar vazamentos e demandas variáveis com a pressão. Através dele, foram realizados dois estudos de caso e discutidas as razões pelas quais discrepâncias entre os valores simulados e observados foram detectadas, apesar da consistência das respostas produzidas via simulação. Algumas recomendações são feitas também no sentido de viabilizar estudos dessa natureza que possam produzir ferramental diretamente utilizável pelas concessionárias de água para abastecimento. / Considering the need for more effective control of water supply distribution systems, the calibration constitutes fundamental step to guarantee that the system behavior under several operational conditions can be reproduced. Instead of the importance of calibration and the variety of models built by the academy for this purpose, this practice has not been broadly used by the water industry, which demonstrates certain reluctance regards the use of mathematical models. It is interesting, hence, that existing models are intensively tested in real systems to establish guidelines and consequent confidence in their use. The present research focused on the study of a model especially built for the calibration of water supply systems, through which it is possible identify field variables such as roughness, diameters, parameters of leakage model, etc. The model is comprehensive enough to incorporate leakage and pressure driven demands. Two study cases were analyzed supported by the model and discussed the reasons by which disagreement between simulated and observed data were verified, instead of the consistency of results produced by simulation. Some recommendations are made to become practical this kind of study as useful tool for the water industry.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de proteção de sobrecorrente de redes primárias aéreas de distribuição de energia elétrica através de uma abordagem probabilística. Abordagens convencionais para o problema de proteção de sobrecorrente não levam em conta a natureza probabilística das principais variáveis envolvidas: tipo da falta, localização da falta e impedância de defeito para faltas envolvendo a terra. Neste caso, por exemplo, torna-se muito difícil avaliar as conseqüências de situações nas quais a coordenação total entre os dispositivos não pode ser alcançada por alguma razão. A abordagem probabilística permite, por outro lado, quantificar o risco de não haver coordenação entre dois dispositivos de proteção adjacentes. Esta informação é extremamente valiosa para os engenheiros de proteção na fase de projeto da rede elétrica. No trabalho, a metodologia probabilística é apresentada em detalhe e sua aplicação é ilustrada através de alguns estudos de aplicação, nos quais procurou-se avaliar a influência dos principais parâmetros do modelo na coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção. / This work describes the study of distribution system overcurrent protection through a probabilistic approach. Conventional approaches for overcurrent protection do not consider the probabilistic nature of the main variables involved, such as fault location, fault type and fault impedance for faults involving the ground. In this case, for instance, it is very difficult to assess the impact of situations where full coordination cannot be attained for some reason. The probabilistic approach, on the other hand, allows quantifying the risk of two adjacent protective devices operating in a non-coordinated way. This information is extremely valuable for electrical engineers at design level. In this work, the proposed methodology is illustrated through a few detailed application studies, including various sensitivity analyzes for assessing the influence of model parameters on the coordination of protective devices.

Os avanços observados em Sistemas de Distribuição de Água vêm surgindo da necessidade de aumentar a eficiência, a qualidade e segurança do abastecimento de água aos consumidores. Dois desses avanços recentes que podem ser citados são a setorização e a quantificação da confiabilidade. O processo de setorização de um sistema de distribuição de água favorece a sua gestão, uma vez que possibilita maior controle da vazão distribuída e dos limites de fornecimento do serviço, entretanto pode implicar em restrições no abastecimento durante eventos de falhas ou emergências, sendo necessária a avaliação da confiabilidade. Diversos pesquisadores têm buscado uma metodologia coerente e adequada para quantificar a confiabilidade em sistemas de distribuição de água, muitos deles desenvolvendo métricas alternativas que visam simplificar esta definição. O presente trabalho visou investigar métricas alternativas de confiabilidade, propostas na literatura especializada, aplicando-as a estudos de caso para a rede original e após a setorização. Os resultados sugerem a viabilidade de utilização das métricas de confiabilidade como forma de avaliar diferentes níveis de setorização, no que diz respeito à vulnerabilidade do sistema. / Improvements upon Water Distribution Systems have been made under the urge of increasing efficiency, quality and security of water supply to its customers. A couple of recent breakthroughs on Water Distribution Network are partitioning and reliability. Water network partitioning enhances operational management, once it enables higher control of supplied flow and awareness of boundaries regarding each partition. Nevertheless, it can lead to supply restrictions under emergency and failure events, what may require reliability assessment. Several researchers have pursued consistent approach to quantify reliability of Water Distribution Network, many of them proposed surrogate measures which focused on simplifying its measurement. The aim of this work is to look into surrogate reliability measures proposed in the literature and applying them on case studies for its original layout and after proposed partitioning. The results implies the usage feasibility for the reliability measures as a way of evaluating different stages of partitioning, regarding system\'s vulnerability.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de proteção de sobrecorrente de redes primárias aéreas de distribuição de energia elétrica através de uma abordagem probabilística. Abordagens convencionais para o problema de proteção de sobrecorrente não levam em conta a natureza probabilística das principais variáveis envolvidas: tipo da falta, localização da falta e impedância de defeito para faltas envolvendo a terra. Neste caso, por exemplo, torna-se muito difícil avaliar as conseqüências de situações nas quais a coordenação total entre os dispositivos não pode ser alcançada por alguma razão. A abordagem probabilística permite, por outro lado, quantificar o risco de não haver coordenação entre dois dispositivos de proteção adjacentes. Esta informação é extremamente valiosa para os engenheiros de proteção na fase de projeto da rede elétrica. No trabalho, a metodologia probabilística é apresentada em detalhe e sua aplicação é ilustrada através de alguns estudos de aplicação, nos quais procurou-se avaliar a influência dos principais parâmetros do modelo na coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção. / This work describes the study of distribution system overcurrent protection through a probabilistic approach. Conventional approaches for overcurrent protection do not consider the probabilistic nature of the main variables involved, such as fault location, fault type and fault impedance for faults involving the ground. In this case, for instance, it is very difficult to assess the impact of situations where full coordination cannot be attained for some reason. The probabilistic approach, on the other hand, allows quantifying the risk of two adjacent protective devices operating in a non-coordinated way. This information is extremely valuable for electrical engineers at design level. In this work, the proposed methodology is illustrated through a few detailed application studies, including various sensitivity analyzes for assessing the influence of model parameters on the coordination of protective devices.

The smooth and reliable operation of key infrastructure components like water distribution systems, electric power systems, and telecommunications is essential for a nation?s economic growth and overall security. Tragic events such as the Northridge earthquake and Hurricane Katrina have shown us how the occurrence of a disaster can cripple one or more such critical infrastructure components and cause widespread damage and destruction. Technological advancements made over the last few decades have resulted in these infrastructure components becoming highly complicated and inter-dependent on each other. The development of tools which can aid in understanding this complex interaction amongst the infrastructure components is thus of paramount importance for being able to manage critical resources and carry out post-emergency recovery missions. The research work conducted as a part of this thesis aims at studying the effects of fire (a calamitous event) on the electrical distribution network of a city. The study has been carried out on a test bed comprising of a virtual city named Micropolis which was modeled using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based software package. This report describes the designing of a separate electrical test bed using Simulink, based on the GIS layout of the power distribution network of Micropolis. It also proposes a method of quantifying the damage caused by fire to the electrical network by means of a parameter called the Load Loss Damage Index (LLDI). Finally, it presents an innovative graph theoretic approach for determining how to route power across faulted sections of the electrical network using a given set of Normally Open switches. The power is routed along a path of minimum impedance. The proposed methodologies are then tested by running numerous simulations on the Micropolis test bed, corresponding to different fire spread scenarios. The LLDI values generated from these simulation runs are then analyzed in order to determine the most damaging scenarios and to identify infrastructure components of the city which are most crucial in containing the damage caused by fire to the electrical network. The conclusions thereby drawn can give useful insights to emergency response personnel when they deal with real-life disasters.

Online video accounts for a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic. In order to cut bandwidth costs, it is necessary to use the available bandwidth of users to offload video downloads. Assuming that users can only keep and distribute one video at any given time, it is necessary to determine the global user cache distribution with the goal of achieving maximum peer traffic. The system model contains three different parties: viewers, idlers and servers. Viewers are those peers who are currently viewing a video. Idlers are those peers who are currently not viewing a video but are available to upload to others. Finally, servers can upload any video to any user and has infinite capacity. Every video maintains a first-in-first-out viewer queue which contains all the viewers for that video. Each viewer downloads from the peer that arrived before it, with the earliest arriving peer downloading from the server. Thus, the server must upload to one peer whenever the viewer queue is not empty. The aim of the idlers is to act as a server for a particular video, thereby eliminating all server traffic for that video. By using the popularity of videos, the number of idlers and some assumptions on the viewer arrival process, the optimal global video distribution in the user caches can be determined.

Online video accounts for a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic. In order to cut bandwidth costs, it is necessary to use the available bandwidth of users to offload video downloads. Assuming that users can only keep and distribute one video at any given time, it is necessary to determine the global user cache distribution with the goal of achieving maximum peer traffic. The system model contains three different parties: viewers, idlers and servers. Viewers are those peers who are currently viewing a video. Idlers are those peers who are currently not viewing a video but are available to upload to others. Finally, servers can upload any video to any user and has infinite capacity. Every video maintains a first-in-first-out viewer queue which contains all the viewers for that video. Each viewer downloads from the peer that arrived before it, with the earliest arriving peer downloading from the server. Thus, the server must upload to one peer whenever the viewer queue is not empty. The aim of the idlers is to act as a server for a particular video, thereby eliminating all server traffic for that video. By using the popularity of videos, the number of idlers and some assumptions on the viewer arrival process, the optimal global video distribution in the user caches can be determined.

The realization of planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of water supply systems pictures one of the largest infrastructure projects of municipalities / water distribution networks should be designed very meticulously. Genetic algorithm is an optimization method that is based on natural evolution and is used for the optimization of water distribution networks. Genetic algorithm is comprised of operators and the operators affect the performance of the algorithm. Although these operators are related with parameters, not much attention has been given for the determination of these parameters for this specific field of water distribution networks. This study represents a novel methodology, which investigates the parameters of the algorithm for different networks. The developed computer program is applied to three networks. Two of these networks are well known examples from the literature / the third network is a pressure zone of Ankara water distribution network. It is found out that, the parameters of the algorithm are related with the network, the case to be optimized and the developed computer program. The pressure penalty constant value varied depending on the pipe costs and the network characteristics. The mutation rate is found to vary in a range of [0.0075 &ndash / 0.0675] for three networks. Elitism rate is determined as the minimum value for the corresponding population size. Crossover probability is found to vary in a range of [0.5 &ndash / 0.9]. The methodology should be applied to determine the appropriate parameter set of genetic algorithm for each optimization study. Using the method described, fairly well results are obtained.

Quality of municipal water is sustained by addition of disinfectant, generally chlorine, to the water distribution network. Because of health problems, chlorine concentration in the network is limited between maximum and minimum limits. Cancerogenic disinfectant by-products start to occur at high concentrations so it is desired to have minimum amount of chlorine without violating the limit. In addition to the health issues, minimum injection amount is favorable concerning cost. Hence, an optimization model is necessary which covers all of these considerations. However, there are uncertain factors as chlorine is reactive and decays both over time and space. Thus, probabilistic approach is necessary to obtain reliable and realistic results from the model. In this study, a linear programming model is developed for the chance constrained optimization of the water distribution network. The objective is to obtain minimum amount of injection mass subjected to maintaining more uniformly distributed chlorine concentrations within the limits while considering the randomness of chlorine concentration by probability distributions. Network hydraulics and chlorine concentration computations are done by the network simulation software, EPANET.