Applying microeconomic theory, we develop a forecasting model for firm entry into local markets and test this model using data from the Swedish wholesale industry. The empirical analysis is based on directly estimating the profit function of wholesale firms. As in previous entry studies, profits are assumed to depend on firm- and location-specific factors,and the profit equation is estimated using panel data econometric techniques. Using the residuals from the profit equation estimations, we identify local markets in Sweden where firm profits are abnormally high given the level of all independent variables included in the profit function. From microeconomic theory, we then know that these local markets should have higher net entry than other markets, all else being equal, and we investigate this in a second step,also using a panel data econometric model. The results of estimating the net-entry equation indicate that four of five estimated models have more net entry in high-return municipalities, but the estimated parameter is only statistically significant at conventional levels in one of our estimated models.

La presente investigación pretende demostrar que el impacto tributario de la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades influye en reducir la pérdida de la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta en las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales del rubro educacional de los Distritos de San Isidro y Miraflores. El inciso b) del artículo 19 de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta menciona los requisitos para obtener dicho beneficio de exoneración. A partir de un análisis de casos emitidos por el tribunal fiscal con relación a la pérdida de dicho beneficio se obtuvieron las hipótesis de la presente investigación, las cuales se detallarán en los siguientes capítulos. La presente tesis se desarrollará en 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se describirá la legislación peruana con respecto a las ONG y la posición que tiene el tribunal fiscal sobre la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades. En el segundo capítulo, se plantean los problemas, las hipótesis a validar, los objetivos propuestos y las limitaciones. En el tercer capítulo, se procederá a describir el tipo de investigación y la metodología a utilizada que es la mixta. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, adicionalmente se describe un caso práctico con el objetivo de medir el impacto económico en los estados financieros de una ONG si esta pierde la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta. En el quinto capítulo, se analizará los resultados de las entrevistas realizadas a 4 profesionales con una larga trayectoria en el rubro de las ONG, asimismo se realizará el análisis de 10 encuestas realizadas a una muestra conformada por gerentes, contadores y especialistas tributarios en Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, además se analizará el caso práctico planteado. Por último, se detallarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones. / This research aims to demonstrate the tax impact of the direct and indirect distribution of profits influences the loss of income tax exemption in the Non-Governmental Organizations of Educational Law of the San Isidro and Miraflores Districts. Subsection b) of article 19 of the Income Tax Law and the requirements to obtain said exemption benefit. From an analysis of cases issued by the tax court related to the loss of said benefit, the hypotheses of the present investigation were obtained, which will be detailed in the following chapters. This thesis will be developed in 5 chapters. In the first chapter, Peruvian legislation is described with respect to Non-Governmental Organizations and the position of the tax court on the direct and indirect distribution of profits. In the second chapter, the problems, the valid hypotheses, the proposed objectives and the limitations are posed. In the third chapter, we will proceed to describe the type of research and the methodology for that mixture. In the fourth chapter, the development of qualitative and quantitative research is presented, in addition a practical case is described with the objective of measuring the economic impact in the financial statements of an ONG, the responsibility of the Income Tax is lost. In the fifth chapter, the results of interviews with 4 professionals with a long career in the field of ONG will be analyzed, while the analysis of 10 responses to a sample made up of managers, accountants and tax specialists in organizations is shown. Non-Governmental, in addition to analyzing the case study. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are detailed. / Tesis

La société holding est une réalité économique dont l’importance ne cesse d’augmenter. Plusieurs États offrent des régimes de faveurs fiscales pour attirer les holdings sur leurs territoires. Le système fiscal turc n’offre pas un tel «régime holding» mais il comporte plusieurs dispositions qui offrent certains avantages aux participations turques et étrangères. Une fiscalité avantageuse pour les holdings est intéressante pour un État dans la mesure où elle lui permet d’attirer les entreprises. Les dispositions fiscales peuvent rendre un territoire attractif et compétitif mais elles peuvent inciter une évasion fiscale à l’intérieur même du territoire. Le second risque engendré par le régime fiscal avantageux est l’établissement d’une concurrence fiscale déloyale. Les éléments clés d’une fiscalité idéale pour la société holding prennent en compte, d’une part la distribution des bénéfices de la holding, et d’autre part, les bénéfices provenant de ses propres participations, notamment les dividendes provenant de ses filiales et les plus-values de cession de ces participations. Par ailleurs, le régime fiscal holding doit être attractif et compétitif tout en restant compatible avec les principes reconnus du droit fiscal international. / The holding company is an economic reality whose importance is still increasing. Several countries offer tax benefits plans to attract holdings in their territories. The Turkish tax system does not offer such a "holding plan" but it contains several provisions that provide certain benefits to Turkish and foreign investments. Tax advantages for holding companies are important for the State to the extent that it attracts businesses and group companies. The tax provisions can make an attractive and competitive territory, yet they may increase tax evasion within the same territory. Another risk caused by the advantageous tax regime is harmful tax competition. The key elements of an ideal tax system of holding companies are about, first of all, the distribution of profits of the holding company and secondly, income from its own shares, including dividends from its subsidiaries and the capital gains disposal of their shares. Furthermore, the holding company tax system must be both competitive and attractive and at the same time it must be compatible with the principles acknowledged by international tax law.