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La Commission européenne a fait le choix de réguler le secteur de la distribution automobile par un règlement d'exemption par catégorie, considéré comme un instrument de concurrence favorisant la sécurité juridique. L'objectif poursuivi était le suivant : combattre les effets anticoncurrentiels des accords verticaux du secteur par une intervention directe sur le contrat de distribution. La réforme opérée en 2010 a rompu cet équilibre, la Commission a abandonné son approche sectorielle au profit d'une politique concurrentielle davantage globale et économique. En ce qui concerne le secteur de la vente, le règlement n°1400/2002 perdurera jusqu'au 31 mai 2013, le secteur sera alors soumis au règlement général n°330/2010, au règlement n°461/2010 et à leurs lignes directrices. Les services de l'après-vente sont immédiatement concernés par le nouveau règlement automobile n°461/2010 et par le règlement général n°330/2010 ainsi qu'à leurs lignes directrices respectives. La première règle emportant alignement du secteur automobile sur le règlement général est la généralisation du seuil de 30 % en deçà duquel doivent se situer les parts de marché du constructeur et du distributeur réunies. La Commission abandonne la promotion du multimarquisme dès lors que le constructeur sera en droit d'exiger de son distributeur une obligation d'approvisionnement à hauteur de 80 %. Le point de réforme important reste celui lié à l'abandon des règles relatives à la durée des accords, aux délais de préavis, aux conditions de rupture et au règlement non juridictionnel des litiges. En matière d'après-vente, des règles spécifiques plus strictes que celles prévues par le règlement général, notamment en ce qui concerne l'information technique, les pièces détachées, le refus d'honorer la garantie et l'accès aux réseaux de réparateurs agréés, ont été conservées. / The european Commission has taken the choice to regulate the car sector by an exemption regulation, considered as an effective antitrust tool in order to provide a juridic security. The objective pursued was to fight the anticompetitive effects of vertical agreements by a direct intervention in the contract of distribution. The reform maked in 2010 has upset this balance, the Commission has given up her sectonial approach for a competition policy more than a global and economic one. Concerning the vehicle distribution, the exemption regulation 1400/2002 will come into force until 31 may 2013, then the sector will be submited to the exemption regulation 330/2010, the exemption regulation 461/2010 and their guidelines. The after sales services will be immediately submited to the new exemption regulation 461/2010 and by the exemption regulation 330/2010 and also their guidelines. The first rule who will permit to treat the car distribution like an y other market is the generalization of the uniform market share threshold of 30 % for the motor vehicle supplier and his distributor. The Commission gives up the objective of multi-brand distribution as far as the vehicle supplier can require from his distributor a buying obligation for 80 %. The key of the reform remain the giving up of the rules concerning the terme of the contract, the minimum period of notice, the rupture of contract and the right to refer disputes concerning the fulfilment of their contractual obligations to an independent expert or arbitrator. Concerning after sales services, specific rules more strict than those provided by the general exemption, particularly concerning the technical informations, spared parts, the refuse to honour warranties on motor vehicles and the access to the networks remains of sales services, have been kept.

Le commerce électronique a suscité une véritable révolution commerciale. En raison de sa nature dématérialisée et transfrontière, il a fait naître de nouvelles interrogations pour le juriste autour l'impact de ce type particulier de commerce sur les angles de la vie économique. Un de ces angles importants est le réseau de distribution qui organise une répartition géographique de la clientèle dans la mesure où le distributeur agréé bénéficie d'un monopole de commercialisation sur un territoire déterminé. Ainsi, la commercialisation en ligne peut constituer un frein puissant à l'exclusivité territoriale car elle constitue, par sa nature même, une distribution "sans ancrage". C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons opté pour analyser l'impact de la commercialisation en ligne sur l'exclusivité territoriale en traitant les moyens suggérés pour contrôler celle-là afin de préserver les droits conférés par cette exclusivité territoriale. Nous étudierons dans une première partie l'impact de la commercialisation en ligne sur le respect de l'exclusivité territoriale par les parties de contrat de distribution exclusive. À un autre stade, on présentera dans une seconde partie une étude analytique de la situation juridique de tiers à l'égard de notre problématique, en distinguant entre la situation juridique des autres distributeurs agrées dans le même réseau d'une part, et la situation juridique des revendeurs parallèle sur l'Internet d'autre part. / The E-commerce has caused a true commercial revolution. Due to its dematerialized and cross-border nature, it raises new interrogations in front of the lawyers about the impact of this particular type of commerce on the angles of the economic life. One of these important angles is the distribution network which divides the client on a geographical basis to the extent that the approved distributor has a monopoly of distributing the contracted products within a fixed territory. Thus, E-commerce may constitute a powerful barrier to the territorial exclusivity because it constitutes, by its very nature, a distribution “without boundaries”. This is why we went towards analyzing the impact of online sales on the territorial exclusivity. While treating this subject we will explore the means suggested to control the online sales in order to preserve the rights conferred by the territorial exclusivity. We will study in the first part the impact of online sales on the respect of the territorial exclusivity by the parties of exclusive distribution contract. At another stage, we will present in the second part an analytical study of the legal situation of third parties with regard to our subject, while distinguishing between the legal situation of the other distributors members in the same network on one hand, and the legal situation of the parties involved in online parallel sales on the other hand.

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There is growing consumer interest in locally produced food and farmers and retailers play an important part in this growing niche market. Up-to-date and reliable data are necessary to create efficient distribution lines, but there is currently a dearth of aggregate data available to assess the distribution channels of local foods. The research questions for this thesis are motivated by the potential for growth in the local food market, and a need to investigate the role of consumer co-ops in achieving that potential. In Article 1, results from 67 surveys by consumer co-op managers and memberworkers from the American Northeast are reported. A conservative estimate for the Northeast co-ops’ contribution to the local food market is $21,253,750 annually, an average of 17.2% of co-ops’ expenditure being spent on local food. Article 1 identifies the consistency with which various food categories are sourced locally by co-op, and identifies the reasons for and barriers to sourcing locally. An ordinary least squares model reveals that the average percent locally sourced by co-ops whose mission includes sourcing locally is 12.7-percent higher than those whose mission does not include sourcing locally. No difference in percent locally sourced is found between co-ops from different settings (urban, suburban, rural), or Cooperative Grocer ranking (large, medium, small). Article 2 reports on the follow-up unstructured interviews with 58 co-op managers and member-workers. The five principal barriers to sourcing locally – locating local producers, co-op cooperation, organic certification, competition, and distribution – are discussed and various solutions that co-op managers have implemented are described. It is argued that co-ops act as local food hubs in the local food market, providing local producers with a year-round outlet for their products. Alleviating the specific barriers to sourcing locally will allow co-ops to achieve their potential in that role. Overall, improved communication among co-ops and between co-ops and farmers can begin to address some barriers to sourcing locally. Further, other groups such as NOFA, regional localvore groups, state agricultural extension agencies, and others can continue to facilitate communication and share pertinent information. It further suggests that filling some of the gaps can contribute to alleviating barriers identified by co-op managers and member workers. If co-ops are interested in sourcing more of what they sell from local producers, using percent of expenditure locally sourced as a marker can be useful for setting specific goals, while addressing the barriers to sourcing locally can help co-ops and producers meet these goals.