A model-based estimation process is implemented in simulation of a water transmission line for the purpose of leak detection. The objective of this thesis is aimed at determining, through simulation results, the effectiveness of the Extended Kalman Filter for leak detection. Water distribution systems often contain large amounts of unknown losses. The range in magnitude of losses varies from 10 to over 50 percent of the total volume of water pumped. The result is a loss of product, including water and the chemicals used to treat it, environmental damage, demand shortfalls, increased energy usage and unneeded pump capacity expansions. It is clear that more control efforts need to be implemented on these systems to reduce losses and increase energy efficiencies. The problems of demand shortfalls, resulting from lost product, are worsened by the limited availability of water resources and a growing population and economy. The repair of leakage zones as they occur is not a simple problem since the vast majority of leaks, not considered to be major faults, go undetected. The leak detection process described in the work of this thesis is model based. A transient model of a transmission line is developed using the Method of Characteristics. This method provides the most accurate results of all finite-difference solutions to the two partial differential equations of continuity and momentum that describe pipe flow. Simulations are run with leakage within the system and small transients are added as random perturbations in the upstream reservoir head. The head measurements at the two pipe extremes are used as inputs into the filter estimation process. The Extended Kalman Filter is used for state estimation of leakage within the transmission line. The filter model places two artificial leakage states within the system. The estimates of these fictitious leakage states are then used to locate the actual position and magnitude of leakage within the transmission line. This method is capable of locating one leak within the line. The results of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) process show that it is capable of locating the position and magnitude of small leaks within the line. It was concluded that the EKF could be used for leak detection, but field tests need to be done to better quantify the ability of these methods. It is recommended that a multiple filtering method be implemented that may be able to locate the occurrence of multiple leakage.

This descriptive study was done 1) to explore and describe the proportional distribution of breast, cervical and colorectal cancers by stage (a proxy measure of availability, access, and utilization of secondary prevention strategies) in northern Saskatchewan First Nations and non-First Nations in comparison to southern Saskatchewan First Nations and non-First Nations; 2) to assess the impact of stage and age on the survival patterns for these cancers in northerners and First Nations whose survival patterns have been shown by previous research to be equal or poorer in comparison to southerners. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were carried out to ascertain the impact of the different proportions of stage for each study group on survival. Stage at time of diagnosis is a proxy assessment of secondary prevention services, which include formal screening programs.<p> Data for this study was obtained from the Saskatchewan Cancer Registry, which has been maintaining cancer data since 1932. Cancer stage at time of diagnosis information is complete in the registry for different years for each cancer site. Hence data for breast cancer was for the years 1970 to 1995; cervical cancer data for the years 1980 to 1995; colorectal cancer data for the years 1990 to 1995. <p> The proportion of cancer cases for each site by TNM stage and age were compared among the four study groups. First Nation and northern populations were found to have a larger proportion of diagnoses at a later stage in comparison to the southern non-First Nation group. <p> Using Cox's proportional hazards model, both stage and age at time of diagnosis were found to be significant predictors of survival for all study groups. Age and stage adjusted relative risks were calculated and found to be significant in comparison to the southern non-First Nation group for cancer of the breast (RR =1.81 P=0.013). For cervical cancer the relative risk of dying of cervical cancer for southern First Nations in comparison to southern non­-First Nations was found to be 1.38 but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.097). For colorectal cancer, the relative risk of dying of colorectal cancer was found to be better for northern First Nations in comparison to southern non-First Nations (RR = 0.59), however this was not statistically significant (p = 0.45).<p> This study showed that despite adjusting for stage and age at time of diagnosis, there were still some unexplained differences in the survival pattern of northern First Nations, northern non-First Nations and southern First Nations in comparison to southern non-First Nations. Hypotheses as to what these unexplained differences are have been offered. These include differences in socio-economic status as well as availability, accessibility, attitudes towards and knowledge of secondary prevention strategies. Further study into these unexplained differences should be carried out.

The purpose of this thesis is to  examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight &amp; Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.

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The pursuit for higher performance at a lower cost is driving rapid progress in the field of packaged digital systems. As the complexity of interconnects and packages increases, and the rise and fall time of the signal decreases, the electromagnetic effects in distributed passive structures become an important factor in determining the system performance. Hence there is a need to accurately simulate these parasitic electromagnetic effects that are observed in the signal distribution network (SDN) and the power delivery network (PDN) of an electronic system. The accurate simulation of high-speed systems requires information on the high frequency transient currents that are injected into the power distribution network causing simultaneous switching noise. Existing techniques for determining these transient currents are not sufficiently accurate. Furthermore existing transient simulation techniques suffer from two major drawbacks: 1) they are not scalable and hence cannot be applied to large sized systems, and 2) the time domain simulations violate causality. This dissertation addresses the above-mentioned problems in the domain of high-speed packaging. It proposes a new technique to accurately extract the transient switching noise currents in high-speed digital systems. The extracted switching noise currents can be used in both the frequency domain and the time domain to accurately simulate simultaneous switching noise. The dissertation also proposes a methodology for the transient co-simulation of the SDN and the PDN in high-speed digital systems. The methodology enforces causality on the transient simulation and can be scaled to perform large sized simulations. The validity of the proposed techniques has been demonstrated by their application on a variety of real-world test cases.

In this paper, I'll introduce the applications of Mathematica 7th and 8th edition in probability and statistics. The major contents are statistical data and charts, basis statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, distribution fitting, regression analysis, cluster analysis and so on. Except introducing variously related commands, this paper will provides corresponding examples, so it can be regarded as a toolbook for people interested in the probabilities and statistical parts of this software.

Mathematica 8 introduces a free-form language input as the new method of calculation. Enter everyday English - no syntax, you can get results. It is a new entry point of the mma workflow, including the world's most advanced statistical computing power and the most advanced image processing. In this paper, we investigate the applications of Mathematica 8.0 in probability and statistics including dynamic module, descriptive statistics and data visualization, probability distribution and hypothesis testing. Moreover, we provide related examples by retrieving the data of built-in system or textbooks.

Variation of the center of gravity of a golf club head will influence the initial velocity and rotation of speed of a ball after the golf ball is struck by golf club head. After fixing the weight of 200g of a golf head, the researcher changes the volume of golf head and the horizontal curvature of radius. He also distribute counterpoise to investigates the effect of launching of a golf ball. This thesis summarizes the ball of three-dimensional flight trajectory and offset distance. For the volume of the golf head is 400 cc, the best level of the radius of horizontal curvature is 11 in, in the 430 cc should use a radius of horizontal curvature of 12 in, and the 460 cc head club can chose a radius of horizontal curvature of 13 in. The distribution of counterpoise can effectively improve the play¡¦s habits, so the trajectory of a golf ball can be appropriately adjusted. By finite element method, the physical behavior of a series of the lunching ball can be predicted. The trajectory of golf ball can be measured by substituting the inertial value of ball into the three-dimension equations of motion. According to the trajectory of golf ball flight by this study, this study provides the characteristics for designing a golf club head.

This study collected zooplankton and hydrographic data in the Taiwan Strait (TS) using the cruises of ¡§Fishery Research I¡¨ from January 2005 to October 2006, to investigate the seasonal and spatial distribution of planktonic pteropods associated with hydrographic conditions. In total, 29 species of pteropods belonging to 10 genera and 5 families were identified, with mean abundance of 97.14 ¡Ó 66.16 ind./100 m3. The abundances and species number of pteropods exhibited apparent seasonal changes, abundance was higher in summer and lower during winter, while species numbers was higher in fall and lower in winter. Pteropods showed higher diversity in oceanic waters than in shallower shelf waters, but the abundance showed no significant difference. The night-time abundance and species number were significantly higher than the day-time. The effect of typhoon on the abundance and species numbers of pteropods was not significant. The four predominant species found in this study area were Creseis clava, Creseis acicula, Limacina inflate and Limacina trochiformis, together they accounted for 95% of the total pteropod catch, among these, C. clava constitued 48% of the total catch. The pteropod communition was similar among seasons, but ranked differently. Different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns. The distribution of pteropods showed no clear spatial difference in the TS, but higher species richness was usually observed in the southern TS. The pteropods found in this study mostly belonged to the widespread oceanic species, and the dominant species were similar to the previous studies in the South China Sea. The total abundance, species number, and species diversity index of pteropods showed significantly positive correlation with the seawater temperature, and the species number was negative correlated with salinity. Among the four predominant species, the abundance of C. clava, C. acicula, and L. trochiformis were positively correlation with seawater temperature, meanwhile, C. acicula and L. trochiformis showed significantly negative correlations with salinity. This study proposed that the abundance, species number, and species diversity of Pteropods were not obviously influenced by typhoon, instead seasonal succession of water masses and day/night change might be the important factor affecting the distribution patterns of pteropods.

The Laguna Madre is a hypersaline lagoon. Despite harsh conditions, the upper Laguna Madre (ULM) is a highly productive ecosystem and a popular sportfishing area, especially for spotted seatrout and red drum. It is also the most important Texas bay for commercial fishing of black drum. TPWD’s Coastal Fisheries division began conducting routine monitoring of coastal fishery resources in 1977 to guide management. The goal of the present study was to improve understanding of spatiotemporal trends in relative abundance of selected fish and macro-invertebrate species in the upper Laguna Madre. I used TPWD’s bag-seine and water-quality data from the years 1985-2004 to examine variation in species’ relative abundances and relationships to several environmental factors. I hypothesized that one or more of these variables, alone or in combination, were related to spatial and temporal trends in community composition. I used detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) to measure species turnover (beta diversity) and to determine which model (linear or unimodal) of species response along a gradient to apply. I used canonical correspondence analysis to relate species abundances directly to explanatory variables. The explanatory variables were tested for significance and the variance partitioned among three groupings: temporal, spatial and environmental. DCA indicated complete species turnover along two dimensions: seasonal and spatial. It also indicated that a unimodal method such as CCA was appropriate for further analysis. The CCA model included 39 variables. The included variables explained 14% of the variation in species abundance in the data set. Since the first four axes explained 67% of the variation contained in the first two DCA axes, the chosen explanatory variables were sufficient to explain the majority of the tractable variation in species abundance. The variance partitioning procedure indicated that temporal effects were the most important in explaining species variation in the Upper Laguna, followed by the spatial component. The pure environmental component explained the least amount of variation. In this study, much of the variability in species abundance was due to the spawning patterns of estuary-dependent species, most of which spawn in the spring and summer months, leading to higher abundances from spring through fall.