The peel test is a commonly used testing method for adhesive strength evaluation. The test involves peeling a pressure sensitive tape away from a substrate and measuring the peel force that is applied to rupture the adhesive bond. In the present study, the mechanics of the peel test is analyzed based on a cohesive zone model. Cohesive failure is assumed to prevail in the vicinity of the peel front, that is, the adhesive fails not by debonding from the adherends but by splitting of the adhesive itself. Generally, the failure of the adhesive is accompanied with a process of cavitation and fibrillation. Therefore, the cohesive zone is modeled as a continuous fibrillated region. A Maxwell model is employed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the adhesive. The governing equation and boundary conditions that describe the mechanics of the peel test are derived. Numerical results are obtained under steady state conditions. The model predicts the peel force in terms of the peel rate, the peel angle, the nature of the adhesive, and the properties of the backing and the substrate. The traction distribution on the substrate surface is found to depend on various test parameters. Finally, finite element analysis is performed using the commercial software package ABAQUS. The results from FEA are compared with those from the mathematical method to evaluate the validity of the present model. The effective range of the present model is found to be related to the ratio of the critical fibril length to the extent of the cohesive zone. Given the nature of the adhesive as well as the properties of the backing and the substrate, the proposed model is able to predict the peel force and the traction distribution in terms of the peel rate and the peel angle, and thus provides a measure of the strength of the adhesive bond.

The Tsallis entropy is applied to derive both 1-D and 2-D velocity distributions in an open channel cross section. These distributions contain a parameter m through which the Tsallis entropy becomes a generalization of the Shannon entropy. Different m parameter values are examined to determine the best value for describing the velocity distribution.Two Lagrangian parameters that are involved in the final form of 1-D velocity distribution equation are determined from observations of mean velocity and the maximum velocity at the water surface. For channels which are not wide and where the maximum velocity does not occur at the water surface, a 2-D velocity distribution is more appropriate. The Tsallis entropy is applied to derive 2-D velocity distributions. A new parameter M is introduced which represents the hydraulic characteristics of the channel. The derived velocity distributions are verified using both field data and experimental data. The advantages are found by comparing with Parandtl-von Karman, power law and Chiu’s velocity distributions.

Clock mesh is widely used in microprocessor designs for achieving low clock skew and high process variation tolerance. Clock mesh optimization is a very diffcult problem to solve because it has a highly connected structure and requires accurate delay models which are computationally expensive. Existing methods on clock network optimization are either restricted to clock trees, which are easy to be separated into smaller problems, or naive heuristics based on crude delay models. A clock mesh sizing algorithm, which is aimed to minimize total mesh wire area with consideration of clock skew constraints, has been proposed in this research work. This algorithm is a systematic solution search through rigorous Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP). The SQP is guided by an efficient adjoint sensitivity analysis which has near-SPICE(Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis)-level accuracy and faster-than-SPICE speed. Experimental results on various benchmark circuits indicate that this algorithm leads to substantial wire area reduction while maintaining low clock skew in the clock mesh. The reduction in mesh area achieved is about 33%.

The new advancement in well monitoring tools have increased the amount of data that could be retrieved with great accuracy. Downhole pressure and temperature could be precisely determined now by using modern instruments. The new challenge that we are facing today is to maximize the benefits of the large amount of data that is being provided by these tools and thus justify the investment of more capital in such gadgets. One of these benefits is to utilize the continuous stream of temperature and pressure data to determine the flow rate in real time out of a multilateral well. Temperature and pressure changes are harder to predict in horizontal laterals compared with vertical wells because of the lack of variation in elevation and geothermal gradient. Thus the need of accurate and high precision gauges becomes critical. The trade-off of high resolution sensors is the related cost and resulting complication in modeling. Interpreting measured data at real-time to a downhole flow profile in multilateral and horizontal wells for production optimization is another challenge. In this study, a theoretical model is developed to predict temperature and pressure in trilateral wells based on given flow conditions. The model is used as a forward engine in the study and inversion procedure is then added to interpret the data to flow profiles. The forward model starts from an assumed well flow pressure in a specified reservoir with a defined well structure. Pressure, temperature and flow rate in the well system are calculated in the motherbore and in the laterals. These predicted temperature and pressure profiles provide the connection between the flow conditions and the temperature and pressure behavior. Then we use an inverse model to interpret the flow rate profiles from the temperature and pressure data measured by the downhole sensors. A gradient-based inversion algorithm is used in this work, which is fast and applicable for real-time monitoring of production performance. In the inverse model, the flow profile is calculated until the one that generates the matching temperature and pressure profiles in the well is identified. The production distribution from each lateral is determined based on this approach. At the end of the study, the results showed that we were able to successfully predict flow rates in the field within 10% of the actual rate. We then used the model to optimize completion design in the field. In conclusion, we were able to build a dependable model capable of predicting flow rates in trilateral wells using pressure and temperature data provided by downhole sensors.

In this paper, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller t Test statistics, t_{ADF}, against a generalized fractional integrated process (for example: ARFIMA(p,1+d,q) ,|d|<1/2,and p, q be positive integer) by using the propositions of Lee and Shie (2003). Then we discuss why the power decreases with the increasing lags in the same and large enough sample size T when d is unequal to 0. We also get that the estimator of the disturbance's variance, S^2, has slightly increasing bias with increasing k. Finally, we support the conclusion by the Monte Carlo experiments.

Since Ministry of Transportation and Communication of the DGT put ¡§liberalization of telecommunications¡¨ into practice in 1997, the development of the mobile phone industry has been 7 years. The sales volume is affected by brand, function, specification, and service of system proprietor. Moreover, the available distribution channel and the execellent after-sales service have played an important role in it. In other words, according to the replacement of mobile phone, the influence of distribution channel is more important than before. Because the real channel is the biggest part of the mobile phone industry, this study wants to research demographic and lifestyle of consumers in this field. This study adopted the research of questionnaire as study method. The target of this study is consumers who have purchased mobile phone in Kaohsiung area, and the field of this study was concentrated on demographic and lifestyle of consumer behavior. The valid questionnaire volum is 551. This study used SPPS software to access factor analysis and cluster analysis to get the lifestyle data of consumers, and then it used Chi-square test to examine the influence between the demographic and lifestyle of consumers and consumer behavior. If the examination is remarkable, it would go a step further to show the distribution of sample frequencies. By this way, we would know where the difference is.According to this study result, it shows that different gender, years, occupation, and disposable income would have the remarkable difference with consumer behavior. It meant that the consumer characteristics had influenced the purchasing behavior of mobile phone. Therefore, the distribution channel should consinder more about consumer characterstics to decide its strategy. Moreover, different lifestyle would have an impact on purchasing price and choice of purchasing place. It meant that distribution channel could aim the distinguishing feature of different group to choose unique product and business modle. It would help to satisfy the need of different group and to create distinctive position of market.

The mangrove swamp, a woody plant community, grows in the coastal marsh and tidal zone in the tropical and subtropical zones. The general definition of the community means that mangrove swamps are composed of the landholding things which grow in the tropical and subtropical tidal zones. The strict definition refers that mangrove swamps are composed of arbors or shrubs which grow between the flood mark and average flood mark in the tropical coast. This research aims at studying the composition and distribution of mangroves in Kaohsiung and Pingdong County. The multiple-plot method was used in the study. There are 28 plots sampled. Based on the environmental situation, the samples consisted 10 to 177 small plots which are 1x1 square meter in size. In each plot, the trees which have DBH over 1 centimeter are all measured. Their heights are estimated and recorded. Estimation of tree number in each area, density, and average DBH was made. Five species of mangrove trees are found. They are¡G Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu¡®Yong, Rhizophora stylosa Griff ( Rhizophoraceae ), Avicennia marina (Forsk .) Vierh ( Verbenaceae ), Lumnitzera racemosa Willd ( Combretaceae ) and Excoecaria agallocha L ( Euphorbiaceae). Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Ceriops tagal in the early research have been disappeared. There are 125 woody and herbaceous species in the mangroves which belong to 36 families and 100 genera. The mangroves mainly grow in the conservation area in the river mouths of Kaohsiung and Pingdong Country. The remaining mangroves are scattered in the areas. The mangroves were previously flourished in Kaohsiung Harbor in the south of Taiwan, but, now,there are only 12 individuals of Avicennia marina and a single tree of Lumnitzera racemosa growing in the east of Qijin. The mangroves comprise mainly Avicennia marina. The southernmost distributional area of the species is Xinlong Village in Fanglian. A few individuals of Rhizophora stylosa grow near the mouth of the Houchin stream . Many individuals of Excoecaria agallocha are found near Dapengwan of Pingdong and some of them form pure stands along streams near coastal area. The curve of diameter and structural analyses of Avicennia stands is bell shape, which is possibly the results of human affection. Because of the development in the coast in past decades, mangroves have become decreased, and will be probably disappeared in the future, if they are not protected intensively.

The objective of the study was to investigate the air pollution of working place and the fence of aluminum plants. Four sites were selected for conducting the sampling of particulate matter¡]PM¡^to establish the fingerprints of PM in aluminum plants. Moreover, the receptor model was used to apportion the major contributing sources of particulate matter. The results of the study showed that PM concentrations in the working places were high, which might be emitted from manufacturing or mechanical operating process in the melting furnace, the continuous casting, and etc. The total suspended solid concentrations from non-combustion pollution source ¡]such as hot rolling , cold rolling, and plate industry¡^ were usually below 200 &#x00B5;g /m3. Moreover, the size distributions of PM in working places were usually bi-modal type. The particle sizes with the highest concentration in five and coarse fractions were 0.18~0.56 &#x00B5;m respectively. As for the combustion sources, the particle sizes with the highest concentration were 0.56~1.0 &#x00B5;m and 11.5~24.7 &#x00B5;m, respectively. The particle emitted from zinc casting source were mostly in the fine particle fraction¡]1.0~3.2 &#x00B5;m¡^. The fingerprint profiles of PM from the working places showed that the major metal content of the hot rolling were Al, Zn, K, Cr. Among then, Cr might be source of from the using of chromate acid. The most abundant water-soluble ions were sulfate ion and chlorine and chloride. The carbon content accounted for about 22% of the PM mass. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon were 2.54 and 2.80. The major metal content of melting process was Al, the minor metals were Zn, k, Ca, Fe. The ratio of anion to cation¡]A/C¡^ was about 0.80. The most abundant ion sulfate, while the chloride, the fluoride, potassium, and the ammonium ions were minor ones. The carbon content accounted about 19.2% and 27.3% of PM mass respectively. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon were 1.21 and 1.07. Moreover, the major metals were k, Ca, Fe. The major ion was chloride, while the nitrate calcium and potassium ions were minor ones. The A/C was 0.7. The carbon content accounted for 54.8% and 51.0% of PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon was about 2.9. The results obtained from receptor modeling showed that the contribution percentage of fugitive PM from the aluminum plant (including hot rolling, melting furnace, and low-wave furnace) was between 5.9 and 13.2%, Another major source was traffic refracted pollution with a contribution percentage between 17.0% and 23.0%, Fur then more, in the surrounding PM, was between 11.2% and 20.7%, while the contribution from the steel plant and Moreover, the municipal incineration was 2.5~6.5% and 2.3~5.0%,respectively. The sea salt contributed 4.3~7.1% of PM mass. The unsolved percentage was 7.0~11.8%.

Mangroves, the woody plants, mainly grow in tropical or subtropical intertidal estuaries. In order to adapt to the environment of intertidal estuaries, mangroves develop the special characteristics of ¡§aerial roots¡¨, ¡§prop roots¡¨, ¡§viviparous seeds¡¨, and simpler plant groups. In Taiwan, mangroves mostly grow in the west coast, from Danshui to Pingdong. Mangrove forests, which have long be called as ¡§sea forest¡¨, are the unique ecological landscapes. This study aims to investigate the main mangrove forests areas in the Tainan City and Tainan County and their cultivating situations. The investigation areas include the mouths of the main rivers, coastal areas, salt fields, fishponds, and coastal marshes. The dominant components of Taiwan¡¦s mangroves are Avicennia marina¡]Forsk.¡^Vierh¡]Vierbenaceae¡^, Kandelia obovata Sheue,Liu¡®Yong¡ARhizophora stylosa Griff¡]Rhizophoraceae¡^and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd¡]Combretaceae¡^. Besides, there are 90 associated plants of the mangroves, which belong to 30 families and 76 genera. After investigating, it reveals that Avicennia marina is the more superior specie; Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora stylosa mostly exist in Tainan City, while their cultivating groups can only be found in Shuangchun District in Tainan County; Kandelia obovata is mainly found in Tainan County, and scattered in Sihcao and the bank of Yanshuei stream in Tainan City. Protected areas have been set up in Beimen and Cigu of Tainan County and Sihcao of Tainan City. Man-made conservation areas include Shuangchun in Tainan County and An-ping harbor area in Tainan City. The mangrove plants existing in the areas mentioned above grow well. Moreover, people in Tainan City also plant many mangroves privately. Because of diking fishponds and quickly developing cities in past few years, many mangroves have disappeared. The previous investigations about the mangroves in Southern Taiwan were focused more on Kaohsiung area than in Tainan City and County. For this reason, hopefully the results of this study can make the information of the mangrove forests in the west coast of Taiwan more complete. Three suggestions about the conservation and cultivation of mangroves are listed as follows: (a) keeping the watercourses smooth, (b) deliberately evaluating the cultivation areas, and (c) increasing the habitats in the tidal zones.

Friction Stir Welding(FSW) experiments are conducted using 6061-T6 aluminum as specimens. The temperatures at different distances from the center of the joint are measured. Curve fitting analyses are used to predict the temperature distribution and calculate the central temperature of the joint, proceeding by measuring temperature. A second order curve is found to better fit the experiment values by the least square method.