Thesis. / Bibliography: p. [70]-71.

Concertino consists of two movements, Paean and Dithyramb, either of which may be performed independently. Paean, a work of calm and majestic intensity, is characterized by a rhythmic pulse which is more consistently regular than that of the Dithyramb. Its three major sections form an arch, the final measures (mm. 87-95) returning to the material of the opening (mm. 1-14). The first section begins quietly, Maestoso ma sostenuto, in a very slow tempo. The activity and intensity increase until a brief, more active middle section begins in a faster tempo (Ancora piu mosso, m. 55). A fff climax (m. 63) begins in the third section (Tempo I). After a brief poco piu mosso (mm. 72-81), the opening tempo is restored (m. 82), the opening material returns (m. 87) and the final chord fades away. Dithyramb is a free and dramatic movement in which the musical material of the wind group usually contrasts with that of the string group. The piano, which has its own material, occasionally takes on the character of one group or the other as though mediating the conflict.

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um estudo filológico da poesia ditirâmbica de Píndaro (518/522 453/438 a.C.) atualmente compilada. Uma nota sobre Píndaro e a recepção de sua poesia introduz o leitor ao lugar do poeta na tradição literária e aos gêneros poéticos em que sua produção foi conhecida na Antiguidade, mas cuja transmissão foi irregular, como é o caso de seus ditirambos. Segue-se uma introdução sobre a questão do gênero poético do ditirambo na Antiguidade clássica, suas definições e classificações e seu corpus atualmente acessível, com considerações metodológicas sobre o que se propõe a seguir. Antecipando a apresentação dos fragmentos poéticos, algumas características distintivas dos ditirambos de Píndaro são destacadas a partir de fragmentos conhecidos e identificados (ou discutidos) como ditirambos do poeta. Por fim, o texto de cada fragmento conhecido da poesia ditirâmbica de Píndaro (baseado na edição de Maehler, 1989, com a contribuição mais recente de outros editores) é apresentado, com escólios, um aparato crítico, uma tradução e comentários que examinam teorias antigas e modernas acerca de suas referências, seus elementos formais, temáticos e estilísticos e o que possivelmente caracterizou esses poemas como ditirambos. / The aim of this work is to propose a philological study of the dithyrambic poetry of Pindar (518/522 - 453/438 a.C.) currently compiled. A note on Pindar and the reception of his poetry introduces the reader to the place of the poet in the literary tradition and to the poetic genres in which his production was known in Antiquity, but whose transmission was irregular, as is the case of his dithyrambs. Follows an introduction to the question of the poetic genre of the dithyramb in classical Antiquity, its definitions and classifications, and its currently accessible corpus, with methodological considerations about what is proposed to follow. Anticipating the presentation of the poetic fragments, some distinctive features of Pindars dithyrambs are highlighted from known fragments which are identified (or discussed) as his dithyrambs. Lastly, the text of each known fragment of Pindars dithyrambic poetry (based on the Maehler, 1989 edition, with the most recent contribution of other editors) is presented with scholia, a critical apparatus, a translation and commentary examining ancient and modern theories about its references, its formal, thematic, and stylistic elements, and what possibly characterized these poems as dithyrambs.

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known. / February 2009

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known.

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known.

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um estudo filológico da poesia ditirâmbica de Píndaro (518/522 453/438 a.C.) atualmente compilada. Uma nota sobre Píndaro e a recepção de sua poesia introduz o leitor ao lugar do poeta na tradição literária e aos gêneros poéticos em que sua produção foi conhecida na Antiguidade, mas cuja transmissão foi irregular, como é o caso de seus ditirambos. Segue-se uma introdução sobre a questão do gênero poético do ditirambo na Antiguidade clássica, suas definições e classificações e seu corpus atualmente acessível, com considerações metodológicas sobre o que se propõe a seguir. Antecipando a apresentação dos fragmentos poéticos, algumas características distintivas dos ditirambos de Píndaro são destacadas a partir de fragmentos conhecidos e identificados (ou discutidos) como ditirambos do poeta. Por fim, o texto de cada fragmento conhecido da poesia ditirâmbica de Píndaro (baseado na edição de Maehler, 1989, com a contribuição mais recente de outros editores) é apresentado, com escólios, um aparato crítico, uma tradução e comentários que examinam teorias antigas e modernas acerca de suas referências, seus elementos formais, temáticos e estilísticos e o que possivelmente caracterizou esses poemas como ditirambos. / The aim of this work is to propose a philological study of the dithyrambic poetry of Pindar (518/522 - 453/438 a.C.) currently compiled. A note on Pindar and the reception of his poetry introduces the reader to the place of the poet in the literary tradition and to the poetic genres in which his production was known in Antiquity, but whose transmission was irregular, as is the case of his dithyrambs. Follows an introduction to the question of the poetic genre of the dithyramb in classical Antiquity, its definitions and classifications, and its currently accessible corpus, with methodological considerations about what is proposed to follow. Anticipating the presentation of the poetic fragments, some distinctive features of Pindars dithyrambs are highlighted from known fragments which are identified (or discussed) as his dithyrambs. Lastly, the text of each known fragment of Pindars dithyrambic poetry (based on the Maehler, 1989 edition, with the most recent contribution of other editors) is presented with scholia, a critical apparatus, a translation and commentary examining ancient and modern theories about its references, its formal, thematic, and stylistic elements, and what possibly characterized these poems as dithyrambs.