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Focusing on the A-text (1604) version of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus , this study further assesses biographical information on the poet and intellectual currents of the Counter Reformation, so as to investigate the play's relation to emergent trends of individualism in the Renaissance, recovery of the pagan past, and intellectual aspirations that could readily collide with orthodoxy. Clearly reflecting anxieties of the period about individual deviance from social norms through intellectual overreaching, Doctor Faustus powerfully testifies to the potential dangers of human aspiration and the scholarly spirit of unbounded learning. While thus exploring the exotic temptations of forbidden knowledge, the play resurrects and interrogates traditional taboos which related intellectual appetite to wrongful lust. Marlowe stages an explosive conflict between the conservative tradition of intellectual inquiry, which distrusted the unorthodox scholarship and Neoplatonic magic that some widely influential thinkers promoted in the Italian Renaissance, and Faustus's own creative desires, ambitions, and imagination. The tension between proscribed and prescribed knowledge climaxes in the invocation of Helen of Troy. While Helen's significance is complex, we find that, in relation to the play's concern with dissent from orthodoxy, she focuses the power of intellectual longing to seduce and ravish the mind. Apart from being a superior play, Doctor Faustus encapsulates Marlowe's awareness of his period's uneasy perception of unconventional thinking, and urges the importance of challenging restrictions on how much one is permitted to know.

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The study is an examination of the quest motif as it occurs in the Tarot and two dramatic works, King Lear and Marlowe's Dr. Faustus. The development of the quester is traced from his naivete, through a series of trials, to the consummation of his quest.The hero's quest is essentially to achieve an integration of polar opposites: light and dark, good and evil, the conscious and unconscious. Both the Fool of the Tarot and Lear seem to achieve that harmony, and, thus, I treat the Tarot and King Lear in separate sections of the first chapter. I begin with the Tarot also because of its enormous suggestiveness for elucidating the quests of Lear and Faustus. The archetypal nature of the quest is ultimately what unites the three works, and the Tarot provides a repository for the symbols and primordial images that inform quest literature.The second chapter deals with Dr. Faustus. Unlike the Fool and Lear, Faustus never seems to attain the hero's vision of light and harmony (however, the conclusion is ambiguous); indeed, he inverts the quest to its diabolical opposite and becomes the trickster in league with the demonic forces that form the negative corollary to the hero. Faustus' quest is the coexisting opposite of Lear's and the Fool's, and, as such, is the other pole that must be seen to experience the whole.

Trata-se de realizar uma articulação entre as imagens construídas pelo romance Doutor Fausto, de Thomas Mann, e o quadro teórico elaborado pela Escola de Frankfurt, a fim de compor uma interpretação filosoficamente investida do romance e alcançar uma melhor compreensão das ideias da Teoria Crítica. A vida do compositor Adrian Leverkühn, o Fausto de Mann, é narrada pelo amigo e biógrafo Serenus Zeitblom, e essa narrativa revela a identidade fundamental entre o músico e a Alemanha, aproximando suas características e histórias. Nossa abordagem tematiza especialmente a questão da salvação ou condenação da alma do pactário, tratando de matizar essas possibilidades na obra. Elaboramos uma noção de mito comum ao romance e àquele quadro teórico frankfurtiano, apontando sua força de estruturação totalizante, bem como sua inserção em uma dinâmica dialética. A seguir, propomos considerar que todos os elementos do romance que repõe a mitificação apontariam para a condenação do Fausto, enquanto, inversamente, os aspectos da obra que revelam os limites ou se contrapõem à força do mito anunciariam a possibilidade de salvação do pactário. A noção de sofrimento é especialmente importante, pois comparece em ambas as perspectivas. Isso quer dizer que o sofrimento pode ser interpretado tanto como a evidenciação de um destino como se as dores e a infelicidade de Adrian Leverkühn antecipassem a condenação , quanto pode ser compreendido como um sintoma que denuncia o mito como se revelasse a inverdade do destino aparente e as possibilidades do devir. Finalmente, análise da música, um tema central no romance, também revela sua ambivalência, pois ela pode tanto ser a reposição do mito quanto uma crítica ao mundo mitificado. / This work articulates the images constructed by Thomas Manns novel Doctor Faustus with the theoretical framework developed by the Frankfurt School, in order to compose a philosophically invested interpretation of the novel, as well as achieve a better understanding of Critical Theorys ideas. The life of the composer Adrian Leverkühn, Manns Faustus, is narrated by his friend and biographer Serenus Zeitblom, and this narrative reveals the fundamental identity between the musician and Germany, relating their characteristics and histories. Our approach on the novel specially studies the questions of the salvation or the damnation of Fausts soul, trying to precise these possibilities within the work. We develop a notion of myth common to the novel and to that frankfurtian theoretical framework, pointing its totalizing strength, as well as its insertion in a dialectical dynamic. Next, we propose to consider that all the novels elements that instigate the mythification would point to the condemnation of Faust, while, conversely, the novels aspects that reveal the limits of the myth or contradict it would announce the possibility of the mans salvation. The notion of suffering is especially important, as it appears in both perspectives. This means that suffering can be interpreted both as the disclosure of fate as if Adrians pain and sadness would anticipate the condemnation as can be understood as a symptom that denounces the myth as if it would reveal the lie of the apparent destination and the possibilities of future. Finally, the inquire on músic, a central theme of the novel, also reveals its ambivalente, for it can either strengthen the myth, as it can exercise a critic of the mythologized world.

Trata-se de realizar uma articulação entre as imagens construídas pelo romance Doutor Fausto, de Thomas Mann, e o quadro teórico elaborado pela Escola de Frankfurt, a fim de compor uma interpretação filosoficamente investida do romance e alcançar uma melhor compreensão das ideias da Teoria Crítica. A vida do compositor Adrian Leverkühn, o Fausto de Mann, é narrada pelo amigo e biógrafo Serenus Zeitblom, e essa narrativa revela a identidade fundamental entre o músico e a Alemanha, aproximando suas características e histórias. Nossa abordagem tematiza especialmente a questão da salvação ou condenação da alma do pactário, tratando de matizar essas possibilidades na obra. Elaboramos uma noção de mito comum ao romance e àquele quadro teórico frankfurtiano, apontando sua força de estruturação totalizante, bem como sua inserção em uma dinâmica dialética. A seguir, propomos considerar que todos os elementos do romance que repõe a mitificação apontariam para a condenação do Fausto, enquanto, inversamente, os aspectos da obra que revelam os limites ou se contrapõem à força do mito anunciariam a possibilidade de salvação do pactário. A noção de sofrimento é especialmente importante, pois comparece em ambas as perspectivas. Isso quer dizer que o sofrimento pode ser interpretado tanto como a evidenciação de um destino como se as dores e a infelicidade de Adrian Leverkühn antecipassem a condenação , quanto pode ser compreendido como um sintoma que denuncia o mito como se revelasse a inverdade do destino aparente e as possibilidades do devir. Finalmente, análise da música, um tema central no romance, também revela sua ambivalência, pois ela pode tanto ser a reposição do mito quanto uma crítica ao mundo mitificado. / This work articulates the images constructed by Thomas Manns novel Doctor Faustus with the theoretical framework developed by the Frankfurt School, in order to compose a philosophically invested interpretation of the novel, as well as achieve a better understanding of Critical Theorys ideas. The life of the composer Adrian Leverkühn, Manns Faustus, is narrated by his friend and biographer Serenus Zeitblom, and this narrative reveals the fundamental identity between the musician and Germany, relating their characteristics and histories. Our approach on the novel specially studies the questions of the salvation or the damnation of Fausts soul, trying to precise these possibilities within the work. We develop a notion of myth common to the novel and to that frankfurtian theoretical framework, pointing its totalizing strength, as well as its insertion in a dialectical dynamic. Next, we propose to consider that all the novels elements that instigate the mythification would point to the condemnation of Faust, while, conversely, the novels aspects that reveal the limits of the myth or contradict it would announce the possibility of the mans salvation. The notion of suffering is especially important, as it appears in both perspectives. This means that suffering can be interpreted both as the disclosure of fate as if Adrians pain and sadness would anticipate the condemnation as can be understood as a symptom that denounces the myth as if it would reveal the lie of the apparent destination and the possibilities of future. Finally, the inquire on músic, a central theme of the novel, also reveals its ambivalente, for it can either strengthen the myth, as it can exercise a critic of the mythologized world.

As a cultural staple, the Christian faith has been a defining characteristic of the United States for generations. Religion has moved from the spiritual and become integral to many parts of this society’s social gatherings, artistic outlets, and even businesses. Often rooting itself in conservative values and interpretations of The Bible, Evangelicalism’s beliefs regarding damnation and hell contradicts its sola scriptura theological view. Yet, with The Bible’s near silence on hellish matters when looked at as a whole, the human need to have these gaps filled allowed for literary portrayals of hell and explanations of damnation to become part of this subsect of Christianity. Lining sermons with bits and pieces of Faustus’s lost soul, a new tradition was born. Filling churches with paintings of unique layers of hell from Dante’s Inferno, this tradition took on new life. This thesis analyzes how Evangelicalism has bypassed The Bible in favor of Doctor Faustusand Inferno as well as how Christianity in the United States influences literature and biblical interpretations.

The purpose of the study is to establish the critical need for stage action in order to understand fully the theme of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. Marlowe's primary intent is to invert the morality play, illustrating the distortions and ambiguities of a systematized religion and to establish the human dilemma when man is faced with moral choices. To illustrate this inversion, Marlowe uses emblematic action for an effect opposite to that of the traditional moralities: Often this action goes beyond the emblem, becoming a metaphor for Marlowe's theme, man as a victim, conflicting within himself and within the system which governs his morality.Chapter one introduces this theme and the crucial need for staging Marlowe's ideas. The first chapter also establishes a compromise of the textual problems inherent within any study of Doctor Faustus. Since the study argues that audience reaction is important to Marlowe's intent, attention is paid to how audience response governs the play's interpretation.Chapter two is a critical review of the historical staging practices which must be considered when studying the dramatic text. Included are stage size, costuming, and special effects.Chapter three is the advancement of the thesis in a scene by scene analysis of the text with special attention to the action as metaphor. Considered is how audience reaction represents part of Marlowe's purpose; the increasing tension of the audience furthers Marlowe's concept of the ambiguities present when humans are faced with moral choices. This purpose is traced scene by scene with specific attention to how it is metaphorically portrayed on stage.Chapter four is separate as a director's book, with the text reproduced, together with the researcher's marginal notes on specific blocking and with footnotes emplacing and expanding on the metaphorical action as it appears in the text. / Department of English

La présente thèse compare le drame Le Docteur Faust de Christopher Marlowe (1604, 1616) avec la première traduction française faite par Jean-Pierre Antoine Bazy (1850) et la première traduction italienne faite par Eugenio Turiello (1898) en visant à identifier les changements textuels révélateurs du contexte culturelle et idéologique au moment où se produisent les deux textes cibles. Le Docteur Faust est un exemple emblématique de l’instabilité du texte dramatique source. Il nous est parvenu en deux versions (le texte A et le texte B) différentes du point de vue structurel, thématique et doctrinal. En revanche, aucune version ne permet pas une interprétation cohérente. Ce travail a pour propos d’examiner si les traductions de Bazy et de Turiello, qui proviennent de contextes géographiques, historiques et littéraires différents mais étroitement liés, multiplient les lectures plausibles ou bien si elles aboutissent à une vision plus constante. En outre, on s’interroge sur la cause des variations textuelles, généralement dénommées en traductologie les glissements. Tout d’abord, j’ai identifié une régularité des glissements qui se manifestent dans deux traductions en question. Puis, j’ai analysé les effets des glissements sur la structure et la signification générales des textes. Enfin, en adoptant une approche socioculturelle de l’analyse des traductions, j’ai exploré la manière dont les changements sont déterminés par l’idéologie des traducteurs et leur interprétation de l’original. Cela explique leur position au sein de l’espace politique et idéologique de chaque culture d’arrivée, ainsi que les normes traductrices et culturelles adoptées au cours de la traduction. / The aim of this research is to compare Christopher Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus (1604, 1616) with the first French translation by Jean-Pierre Antoine Bazy (1850) and the first Italian translation by Eugenio Turiello (1898) in search of the changes that are symptomatic of the cultural and ideological context of translation production. The case of Doctor Faustus represents the epitome of the instability of a dramatic source text. Two main versions of the play (the A-text and the B-text) differ in structural, thematic and doctrinal terms. At the same time, neither version delivers a coherent vision. The research seeks to examine whether Bazy’s and Turiello’s translation, belonging to different yet related geographical, historical and literary traditions, further multiply the potential readings of the original or whether they display a more consistent framework. In addition, we will analyse the causes of textual variation, commonly labelled in Translation Studies as shifts. First, we identified a pattern of shifts manifested in the target texts in question. Then, we discussed the ways in which the identified patterns of shifts affect the general meaning and the structure of the texts. Finally, adopting a socio-cultural approach, we showed how certain shifts are conditioned by the translators’ ideology and their interpretation of the original. This in turn reveals the positions they occupy within the political and ideological space of each target culture and the main cultural and translation norms operating in the recipient systems.