Orientador: Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos / Coorientador: Gisele Fabrino Machado / Banca: Daniel Cortes Beretta / Banca: Rosangela Zacarias Machado / Resumo: Os cães infectados pelo protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi podem ou não apresentar sinais clínicos dessa zoonose e são a principal fonte de infecção para o homem. A pele é o primeiro órgão infectado pelo parasito na LVC. As enzimas metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) atuam na degradação da matriz extracelular (MEC) e na modulação da resposta inflamatória, frente a vários tipos de injúrias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9, por meio da técnica de imuno-histoquímica e zimografia na pele de cães naturalmente acometidos por LVC e comparar estes resultados com a imunodetecção das citocinas TNF- e TGF- e do protozoário Leishmania, com as possíveis alterações da matriz extracelular dermal. A alteração da composição de fibras colágenas da derme foi avaliada pela coloração PicroSirius. O método foi usado para diferenciar fibras colágenas dos tipos I e III, nas regiões do focinho, orelha e abdômen. A carga parasitária, intensidade de inflamação e a produção de MMP 2 e 9 foram maiores nas regiões cutâneas da orelha e focinho. Os macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos predominaram no infiltrado inflamatório da derme superficial, formando granulomas, associados a degradação do colágeno maduro (tipo I) e a discreta deposição de colágeno jovem (tipo III), com maior intensidade nos cães com elevada carga parasitária cutânea. O TGF-β foi detectado nos três grupos de cães infectados (assintomático, oligossintomático e sintomático), sem diferenças significativas entre eles. O TNF-α não foi detectado na maioria dos animais infectados e no grupo controle. Conclui-se que quanto maior a carga parasitária e a intensidade de inflamação na pele, maior a degradação do colágeno maduro, produção de MMPs 2 e 9 e produção de TGF-β. A MMP-9 ativa poderia ser utilizada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Dogs infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi may or may not show clinical signs of the zoonosis and they are the main source of infection for man. The skin is the first organ infected by the parasite in the LVC. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) act on the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the inflammatory response modulation against many kinds of injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by immuno-histochemistry and zymography in the skin of dogs naturally affected by LVC and the immunodetection of TNF- and TGF- and of Leishmania and compare these results with the possible alterations of dermal extracellular matrix. The method was used to differentiate collagen fibers in the dermis was evaluated by Picrosirius red staining to differentiate collagen types I and III, in regions of the nose, ear and abdomen. The parasite load, intensity of inflammation, increased production of MMP 2 and 9 were higher in regions of the ear and muzzle. Macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated in the inflammatory infiltrate of the superficial dermis, forming granulomas, associated with degradation of mature collagen (type I) and the discrete deposition of the young collagen (type III), with greater intensity in dogs with high parasite load skin. The TGF-β was detected in all groups of infected dogs (asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic), no significant differences among them. The TNF-α was not detected in most infected animals and the control group. It follows that the greater is the intensity of parasitic load and inflammation of the skin, the greater is the degradation of mature collagen, the production of MMPs and 2 and 9, production of TGF-β. Active MMP-9 could be used as a marker of inflammation in infected dogs. This profile of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Prairie dog control was found to be economically feasible on the Conata basin in South Dakota with future annual maintenance control to prevent re-invasions. The large difference between the present net worth values of the two viewpoints ($2587 for the U.S. Forest Service acting as an agent of the sovereign and $109,011 for the ranchers ) was due to the added costs of environmental considerations included in the U.S. Forest Service control program, but assumed not to be included in control by ranchers. In order for prairie dog control to remain economically feasible, annual maintenance control for the U.S. Forest Service must be below 5 percent of the total initially controlled acreage in the control program (9 percent for the rancher viewpoint). Sun sedge (Carex heloiphila) constituted the major cattle forage increase from control in this study while western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), the dominant mid-grass in the area, showed no increase in production after five years of prairie dog elimination. Overall, 84 pounds per acre of usable cattle forage was gained from control.

<p>Två experiment undersökte empati och empatiträning. I Experiment 1 fick 130 deltagare läsa en berättelse där ett barn, en bebis eller en hundvalp for illa. Därefter skattade deltagarna sina känslor. Resultatet visade att kvinnor hade mer empati än män oavsett offer. Föräldrar hade mer empati än andra för barn/bebis. Hundägare hade mer empati än andra för hund. I Experiment 2, som gick vidare och undersökte empatiträning, deltog 38 elever i årskurs 3 och 4. Pojkar som fått empatiträning i form av REDE-projektet visade en tendens till mer empati än pojkar som inte använt projektet. Ingen effekt påvisades hos flickorna. Flickor verkar utveckla sin empati på egen hand medan pojkar verkar behöva lite hjälp.</p> / <p> </p><p>Two experiments investigated empathy and empathy training. In Experiment 1, 130 participants read a story where either a child, an infant or a puppy had been abused. The result showed that women had more empathy for all the victims than men. Parents had more empathy for a child/an infant than those who weren´t parents. Dog owners also showed more empathy for the puppy than those who didn´t own a dog. In Experiment 2, which consisted of 38 students in grades 3 and 4, boys who had used the REDE-project had a tendency to more empathy than boys who hadn´t used the project. No effect was demonstrated with the girls. Girls seem to develop their empathy on their own while boys seem to need some help.</p>

Två experiment undersökte empati och empatiträning. I Experiment 1 fick 130 deltagare läsa en berättelse där ett barn, en bebis eller en hundvalp for illa. Därefter skattade deltagarna sina känslor. Resultatet visade att kvinnor hade mer empati än män oavsett offer. Föräldrar hade mer empati än andra för barn/bebis. Hundägare hade mer empati än andra för hund. I Experiment 2, som gick vidare och undersökte empatiträning, deltog 38 elever i årskurs 3 och 4. Pojkar som fått empatiträning i form av REDE-projektet visade en tendens till mer empati än pojkar som inte använt projektet. Ingen effekt påvisades hos flickorna. Flickor verkar utveckla sin empati på egen hand medan pojkar verkar behöva lite hjälp. / Two experiments investigated empathy and empathy training. In Experiment 1, 130 participants read a story where either a child, an infant or a puppy had been abused. The result showed that women had more empathy for all the victims than men. Parents had more empathy for a child/an infant than those who weren´t parents. Dog owners also showed more empathy for the puppy than those who didn´t own a dog. In Experiment 2, which consisted of 38 students in grades 3 and 4, boys who had used the REDE-project had a tendency to more empathy than boys who hadn´t used the project. No effect was demonstrated with the girls. Girls seem to develop their empathy on their own while boys seem to need some help.

Dogs with behavioral problems This study was made to investigate if there was a problem in today’s society regarding dogs showing for example excessive aggression and/or anxiety. The main questions in this study was "is there a problem today" and "if there is a problem, what can we do to prevent it". To investigate these questions interviews were made with six different professions concerning the dog domain. The result of the study shows that three of the interviewed considered it to be a problem, one did not have an opinion on the matter and two choose not to call it a dog related problem because it mostly depends on the owner. Today about 20 – 25 % of the euthanasia’s in Denmark depends on aggressions or anxiety problems. It is the second most common reason for euthanasia. In Sweden 27 dogs were taken into custody during 2010, by the police in Stockholm, when they were considered dangerous to the society because of their aggression and anxiety problems. To prevent the problems from occurring we need to control the breeding more extensively and to be more careful selecting animals on which we choose to breed. Socialization is also an important factor to prevent aggression. Extensive socialization at an early age prevents aggressive behavior towards humans and also other animals. Anders Hallgren, a dog physiologist in Sweden estimates that about 75 % of the dogs that are sent to him for training can be well again.

The study examines the meaning of having a dog in the workplace of personnel who work with therapy. The purpose was to examine the personnel’s view of dogs in their work envi-ronment. The study uses two theories. One is ‘psychosocial work environment’ and the other theory used is ‘symbolic interactionism’. The first theory aims to see the personnel in the con-text of their work environment. The second theory aims to examine the symbolic meaning of the dog for the personnel. The method used is a semi-structured qualitative interview with eight personnel that work in a place where they use therapy dogs as a part of therapy for the clients. The study showed that good work environment is very important to the personnel and that bad work environment affects them negatively both at work as well as at home. The study also showed that having a dog at a workplace has many advantages as cheering up the per-sonnel and clients, making the workload easier and makes the clients motivated for therapy. A negative aspect was that there are risks for allergic people and that the dog could be distract-ing to the clients.

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Driven by both applied and theoretical goals, scientific interest in canine cognition has experienced a rapid surge in popularity, especially over the last 15 years (Morell, 2009). Here we provide the most comprehensive review to date of dog cognition research, capturing all the articles (285) we could find on the subject going back to 1911. We begin by summarizing general research trends, first documenting the rapid recent growth in dog cognition research (particularly in the domain of social cognition), and then identifying a number of trends in terms of the cognition topics and dog populations studied. Next, we summarize and synthesize the substantive conclusions emerging from research on non-social (discrimination learning, object permanence, object learning, categorization, object manipulation, quantitative understanding, spatial cognition, memory) and social (responses to human cues, perspective taking, dog-human communication, social learning) cognition. In light of burgeoning research on individual differences in cognition and on the biological organization of cognitive domains, we highlight the potential impact of these topics on dog cognition. Finally, based on our syntheses, we outline some ideas for future research, including recommendations that studies focus on: (1) incorporating multiple sensory modalities (most notably olfaction); (2) using more diverse populations of subjects; (3) replicating studies where current knowledge is based on small study sets or on small samples; (4) identifying fundamental developmental patterns of cognitive development; (5) identifying individual differences in cognitive ability; and (6) identifying potential cognitive constraints (e.g., cognitive abilities that are non-independent due to pleiotropic biological organization). / text

Few spaces have been as tyrannically predetermined as St. Petersburg and Soviet Moscow. This paper aims to present a theoretical narrative delineating the tyranny of space through both Russian capitols by examining both Peter the Great’s and Lenin’s predetermined construction of Russian spaces. First will be an examination of the manner in which Peter the Great undercut authentic Russian tradition by replacing historical with European spatial consciousness. In the second chapter, a few case studies from the history of Russian letters will be provided so as to best demonstrate the continuing anxiety of spatial representation plaguing Russian writers through the nineteenth century. Chapter three concerns Lenin’s spatial despotism. In contrast to Peter the Great, who opened Russia (and Russian consciousness) to the West, Lenin will compress space by reclaiming Russia’s capital of old, Moscow. This compression of space is best embodied in the kitsch, micromanagement, and tyranny of the Soviet communal apartment. Finally, the goal is to show the shift from the highly cerebral production of the place that is St. Petersburg to the unconscious social cues that constituted the mapping, reading, and minute control of Soviet spaces as evidenced in the works of Mikhail Bulgakov’s Heart of a Dog. By defamiliarizing common spaces, Bulgakov points to Russia’s inability to reconcile space with its national identity. / text

Die neurologische Untersuchung stellt die Grundlage der klinischen Neurologie dar und führt durch die Festlegung einer Neurolokalisation (neuroanatomischen Diagnose) zur Eingrenzung eines Krankheitsprozesses auf eine bestimmte Region im Nervensystem. Basierend auf der Neurolokalisation erfolgt die weitere klinische Aufarbeitung des Patienten wie die Erstellung einer Liste an möglichen Differentialdiagnosen und notwendigen diagnostischen Maßnahmen zum Nachweis der Erkrankung im Nervensystem. In der veterinärmedizinischen Literatur existieren zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nur wenige Angaben über die Genauigkeit der festgelegten Neurolokalisation. Die wenigen vorliegenden Studien analysierten zudem lediglich die Genauigkeit der Neurolokalisation in ausgewählten Segmenten des Nervensystems. Das Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war es daher, das Ergebnis der neurologischen Untersuchung (Neurolokalisation) mit dem Ergebnis weiterführender diagnostischer Maßnahmen zu vergleichen und dabei die Genauigkeit der Neurolokalisation zu ermitteln. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob Faktoren wie die Körpermasse des Patienten, die klinische Erfahrung des Untersuchers und die Lokalisation im Nervensystem einen Einfluss auf den Grad der Übereinstimmung zwischen Neurolokalisation und tatsächlich ermittelter Lokalisation der Läsion haben. Es wurde bei 214 Hunden verschiedener Hunderassen eine vollständige neurologische Untersuchung durch einen Tierarzt aus der Abteilung Neurologie der Klinik für Kleintiere durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe der neurologischen Untersuchung wurde bei jedem Tier eine Neurolokalisation festgelegt. Danach erfolgte die diagnostische Aufarbeitung jedes Patienten der Studie in der Klinik für Kleintiere zum Nachweis einer Läsion im Nervensystem. Im Anschluss an die Diagnostik wurde die Übereinstimmung zwischen der festgelegten Neurolokalisation und der nachgewiesene Lokalisation der Läsion ermittelt. Bei den 214 Hunden wurden, resultierend aus der neurologischen Untersuchung, insgesamt 237 Neurolokalisationen im gesamten Nervensystem festgelegt. Mit Hilfe der diagnostischen Maßnahmen konnten bei den 214 Hunden 221 Läsionen im gesamten Nervensystem nachgewiesen werden. Die allgemeine Übereinstimmung zwischen festgelegter Neurolokalisation und nachgewiesener Lokalisation der Läsion lag bei 71 Prozent. Bei 13 Prozent (27/214) der untersuchten Hunde stimmte die Neurolokalisation nicht mit der Lokalisation der Läsion überein. Bei 16 Prozent (35/214) der Patienten konnte keine Läsion im Nervensystem mit Hilfe der diagnostischen Maßnahmen ermittelt werden. Dies bedeutete nicht, dass der Patient keine neurologische Erkrankung hatte, sondern vielmehr dass eine Reihe von neurologischen Erkrankungen existieren, die selbst mit modernster Technik nicht nachweisbar sind. Anhand der Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde festgestellt, dass die klinische Erfahrung des Untersuchers und die Körpermasse des Patienten keinen Einfluss auf die Übereinstimmung zwischen Neurolokalisation und in der Diagnostik nachgewiesener Lokalisation der Läsion hatten. Das Rückenmarksegment Th3-L3 erwies sich als Lokalisation mit der höchsten Übereinstimmung zwischen neuroanatomischer Diagnose (Neurolokalisation) und Lokalisation der Läsion. Schlussfolgernd aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit kann man sagen, dass die Neurolokalisation mit einer Genauigkeit von 71 Prozent eine relativ verlässliche Grundlage für die weitere diagnostische Aufarbeitung eines Patienten ist. Jedoch hat diese Arbeit auch Schwachstellen der neurologischen Untersuchung aufgedeckt. So war beispielsweise die Untersuchung des Flexorreflexes der Vorder- und Hintergliedmaßen zur Festlegung der Neurolokalisation im Bereich der vier Rückenmarkssegmente eine nicht zu unterschätzende Fehlerquelle. Diese Erkenntnis sollte sich in Zukunft auf eine Ausweitung der diagnostischen Maßnahmen im Falle eines fehlenden Nachweises einer Läsion auswirken. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen außerdem, dass die Grundkenntnis über die Funktionalität der einzelnen anatomischen Strukturen des Nervensystems sowie die intensive Kenntnis über die Grundelemente der neurologischen Untersuchung ausreichend sind für eine zuverlässige Festlegung der Neurolokalisation.