Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jacintho_app_me_jabo.pdf: 1171496 bytes, checksum: ca4de86d788a08d2a03efb6f93a4a52b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os cães infectados pelo protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi podem ou não apresentar sinais clínicos dessa zoonose e são a principal fonte de infecção para o homem. A pele é o primeiro órgão infectado pelo parasito na LVC. As enzimas metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) atuam na degradação da matriz extracelular (MEC) e na modulação da resposta inflamatória, frente a vários tipos de injúrias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9, por meio da técnica de imuno-histoquímica e zimografia na pele de cães naturalmente acometidos por LVC e comparar estes resultados com a imunodetecção das citocinas TNF- e TGF- e do protozoário Leishmania, com as possíveis alterações da matriz extracelular dermal. A alteração da composição de fibras colágenas da derme foi avaliada pela coloração PicroSirius. O método foi usado para diferenciar fibras colágenas dos tipos I e III, nas regiões do focinho, orelha e abdômen. A carga parasitária, intensidade de inflamação e a produção de MMP 2 e 9 foram maiores nas regiões cutâneas da orelha e focinho. Os macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos predominaram no infiltrado inflamatório da derme superficial, formando granulomas, associados a degradação do colágeno maduro (tipo I) e a discreta deposição de colágeno jovem (tipo III), com maior intensidade nos cães com elevada carga parasitária cutânea. O TGF-β foi detectado nos três grupos de cães infectados (assintomático, oligossintomático e sintomático), sem diferenças significativas entre eles. O TNF-α não foi detectado na maioria dos animais infectados e no grupo controle. Conclui-se que quanto maior a carga parasitária e a intensidade de inflamação na pele, maior a degradação do colágeno maduro, produção de MMPs 2 e 9 e produção de TGF-β. A MMP-9 ativa poderia ser utilizada... / Dogs infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi may or may not show clinical signs of the zoonosis and they are the main source of infection for man. The skin is the first organ infected by the parasite in the LVC. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) act on the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the inflammatory response modulation against many kinds of injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by immuno-histochemistry and zymography in the skin of dogs naturally affected by LVC and the immunodetection of TNF- and TGF- and of Leishmania and compare these results with the possible alterations of dermal extracellular matrix. The method was used to differentiate collagen fibers in the dermis was evaluated by Picrosirius red staining to differentiate collagen types I and III, in regions of the nose, ear and abdomen. The parasite load, intensity of inflammation, increased production of MMP 2 and 9 were higher in regions of the ear and muzzle. Macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated in the inflammatory infiltrate of the superficial dermis, forming granulomas, associated with degradation of mature collagen (type I) and the discrete deposition of the young collagen (type III), with greater intensity in dogs with high parasite load skin. The TGF-β was detected in all groups of infected dogs (asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic), no significant differences among them. The TNF-α was not detected in most infected animals and the control group. It follows that the greater is the intensity of parasitic load and inflammation of the skin, the greater is the degradation of mature collagen, the production of MMPs and 2 and 9, production of TGF-β. Active MMP-9 could be used as a marker of inflammation in infected dogs. This profile of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:19:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toni_mc_me_jabo.pdf: 258996 bytes, checksum: 041759d510733c85331d9b8673133b75 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se conhecer os valores médios para as estruturas intraoculares e compará-los entre cães com diferentes conformações cranianas por meio da ultrassonografia ocular com transdutor de 20 MHz. Foram selecionados 30 cães, adultos, peso corpóreo até 10 kg, machos ou fêmeas, hígidos, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP – Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Os cães foram distribuidos em três grupos: G1 – 10 braquicefálicos, G2 - 10 mesocefálicos e G3 - 10 dolicocefálicos. Na análise estatística realizada pelo teste t Student com nível de significância de 5%, não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo dos cães do mesmo grupo (p > 0,05). Valores médios e desvios padrão foram obtidos para profundidade da câmara anterior (D1), espessura da lente (D2), profundidade da câmara vítrea (D3) e comprimento axial do bulbo do olho (D4) nos três grupos. G1: D1 2,92mm (± 0,37), D2 7,03mm (± 0,61), D3 9,48mm (± 0,74) e D4 19,43mm (± 0,60). G2: D1 3,08mm (± 0,67), D2 7,02mm (± 0,87), D3 8,76mm (± 1,23) e D4 18,86mm (± 1,45). G3: D1 3,07mm (± 0,65), D2 7mm (± 0,81), D3 9,75mm (± 0,98) e D4 19,82mm (± 0,95). Para comparação dos valores médios de D1, D2, D3 e D4 entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Na análise de D3, foi observada diferença (p < 0,05) na comparação entre G2 e G3. Na análise de D4, foi observada diferença (p < 0,05) na comparação entre G2 e G3 / The present study aimed to know the average values of the intraocular structures and compare among different skulls’ conformations in dogs using ocular ultrasonography with 20 MHz probe. They were selected 30 healthy adult dogs, body weight 10 kg, male or female, assisted at Governador Laudo Natel Veterinary Teaching Hospital - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP – Campus of Jaboticabal. Animals were divided into three groups: G1 - 10 brachycephalic dogs, G2 – 10 mesocephalic dogs and G3 - 10 dolicocephalic dogs. The Student t test at 5% significance level was used to compare difference between right and left eyes of the dogs in the same group and no difference was found (p > 0.05). Mean and standard deviations were obtained for anterior chamber depth (D1), lens thickness (D2), vitreous chamber depth (D3) and axial length of the eye globe (D4) in the three groups. G1: D1 2.92mm (± 0.37), D2 7.03mm (± 0.61), D3 9.48mm (± 0.74) and D4 19.43mm (± 0.60). G2: D1 3.08mm (± 0.67), D2 7.02mm (± 0.87), D3 8.76mm (± 1.23) and D4 18.86mm (± 1.45). G3: D1 3.07mm (± 0.65), D2 7mm (± 0.81), D3 9.75mm (± 0.98) and D4 19.82mm (± 0.95). The Tukey test at 5% significance level was used to compare the average of D1, D2, D3 and D4 among groups. Differences between G2 and G3 were found (p <0.05) when comparing D3 and D4

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ml_me_jabo.pdf: 215535 bytes, checksum: cd0cb8025e24b157abddf88c5cead9f9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida visando-se a se avaliarem alterações nas dimensões de estruturas do bulbo de olho de cães da raça cocker spaniel inglês, machos e fêmeas, com e sem catarata, à ultrasonografia transcorneal nos modos A e B. Dezesseis pacientes (n = 16, 32 olhos, 10 machos, 6 fêmeas) com catarata e idade superior a 8 anos e um grupo controle sem catarata (n =7, 14 olhos, 2 manchos, 5 fêmeas) foram avaliados. Realizou-se ultrasonografia transcorneal nos modos A e B com transdutor de 10 MHz. Os dados referentes à ecobiometria, foram avaliados estatisticamente ao teste ANOVA de via única e os resultados expressos em média e desvio padrão (±DP). A incidência de catarata entre gênero foi avaliada estatisticamente ao teste de Fisher’s. O comprimento axial do bulbo do olho dos pacientes com catarata e dos do grupo controle respectivamente, foi de 19.909 ± 1,103 mm; 19,958 ± 1,050mm. Para a câmara anterior, encontraram-se 3,041 ± 0,828 mm; 3,373 ± 1,040mm, respectivamente. Para o diâmetro lenticular foram de 6,817 ± 1,117 mm; 7,062 ± 0,477mm, respectivamente, e para o segmento posterior foram 10,056 ± 0,754mm; 9,523 ± 0,705mm. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas entre olhos com catarata e os controles, tampouco entre machos e fêmeas com e sem catarata. Tampouco foi encontrada diferença em quanto à incidência das cataratas entre ambos os sexos (P > 0.05). / The present study was conceived to evaluate A- and B-mode ultrasonographic changes in the thickness of various structures of the eyeball in male and female English Cocker Spaniel dogs with and without cataracts. Sixteen dogs with cataracts (36 eyes, 10 males, 6 females), and seven normal dogs (14 eyes, 2 males, 5 females) older than eight years were selected. A- and B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a 10 MHz transducer. Echobiometry values were evaluated statistically by one way ANOVA. Incidence of cataract among gender was assessed by Fisher’s excat test. Mean and standard deviations of various ocular structures for dogs with and without cataracts were, respectively, anterior chamber: 3.041 ± 0.828 mm, 3.373 ± 1.040 mm; lens: 6.817 ± 1.117 mm, 7.062 ± 0.477 mm; vitreous: 10.056 ± 0.754 mm, 9.523 ± 0.705 mm; and axial length: 19.909 ± 1.103 mm; 19.958 ± 1.050 mm. Ocular measurements between right and left eyes, males and females, as well as in eyes with and without cataract were not significantly different. Incidence between gender were not significantly (P > 0.05).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cintra_tcf_me_jabo.pdf: 1118712 bytes, checksum: 9ed4c1a0250026e0fd2cbccd8b8c5e84 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com este trabalho objetivou-se correlacionar a ultrassonografia transcraniana com a anatomia encefálica, confeccionar um atlas com cortes anatômicos do encéfalo, à similitude dos planos de varredura ultrassonográficos, identificando e mensurando nas imagens as estruturas encefálicas visibilizadas, para padronizar dimensões em cães mesaticéfalos. Foram utilizados 37 cães adultos, hígidos, sem raça definida, sendo 30 in vivo e sete cadáveres. Nos cadáveres, após varredura, as cabeças foram removidas e seccionadas em planos anatômicos à similitude dos planos ultrassonográficos. Nos animais in vivo a identificação e as mensurações das estruturas encefálicas foram comparadas entre si para avaliar a repetibilidade da varredura eletrônica. No encefálo foram realizados cortes ultrassonográficos em planos dorsais e dorsais oblíquos pela janelas temporal e occipital, sendo passível visibilizar regiões dos lobos frontal, temporal e occipital, ventrículos laterais, septo pelúcido, fissura longitudinal do cérebro, sulcos suprasilviano, marginal e coronal, cerebelo, tentório ósseo do cerebelo, vermes do cerebelo, e medula oblonga. As médias e os desvios padrão das estruturas encefálicas nos 30 cães in vivo não variaram (p>0,05) em função das janelas temporais e foram 0,277cm ± 0,030 e 0,281cm ± 0,024; 1,643cm ± 0,115; 0,161 ± 0,021 e 0,157 ± 0,016; 2,248 ± 0,166 e 2,368 ± 0,212, respectivamente para largura dos ventrículos laterais direito e esquerdo; manto encefálico; espessura dos sulcos marginal e coronal; diâmetros ventro-lateral e crânio-caudal da região cerebelar / The goals o this study were to correlate transcranial ultrasonography with brain anatomy, to make an atlas with anatomical cuts of the brain that were similar to the ultrasound plane images, to identify and to measure the brain structures visualized, in order to standardize their dimensions in mesaticephalic dogs. In this experiment, 37 adult, healthy mongrel dogs were used – 30 alive and 7 corpses. After the ultrasound procedure the head of the corpse was removed and cut in anatomical planes as the ultrasound plane images. In the live animals, the brain structures identification and measurements were compared to each other to assess the reprodutibility of the ultrasound procedure. Ultrasound scans in dorsal and dorsal oblique planes were performed in the brain through the temporal and occipital window, with visualization of the frontal, temporal and occipital lobe, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, the longitudinal fissure of the brain, suprasylvian, marginal and coronal sulcus, cerebellum, the osseous tentorium of the cerebellum, the vermis of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The average and the standard deviation of the brain structures of the 30 live dogs did not vary (p>0,05) in both temporal window and were 0,277cm ± 0,030 e 0,281cm ± 0,024; 1,643cm ± 0,115; 0,161 ± 0,021 e 0,157 ± 0,016; 2,248 ± 0,166 e 2,368 ± 0,212, respectively for width of the right and left lateral ventricles and cerebral mantle, thickness of the marginal and coronal sulcus, and ventrolateral and canio-caudal cerebellar diameter

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_ag_me_botfmvz.pdf: 619936 bytes, checksum: 26f3dbd1632fca5d2ec5d73fee61d030 (MD5) / Dentre as doenças oculares diagnosticadas no cão, o glaucoma reveste-se de singular importância, como afecção potencial causadora de cegueira. O aumento da pressão intra-ocular (PIO) é o fator de risco primário para o desenvolvimento da neuropatia óptica glaucomatosa canina. A dorzolamida e o timolol, fármacos utilizados para o tratamento do glaucoma, reduzem a PIO pela diminuição da produção do humor aquoso, embora utilizem diferentes mecanismos de ação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cloridrato de dorzolamida 2%, maleato de timolol 0,5% e da combinação de ambos na pressão intra-ocular de cães normais e verificar possíveis alterações na PIO do olho contra-lateral sem tratamento. Foram utilizados 60 cães, distribuídos em três grupos (G) aleatórios de 20 animais. Cada grupo recebeu tratamento tópico no olho esquerdo com timolol 0,5% (GT), dorzolamida 2% (GD) ou a combinação, timolol 0,5% e dorzolamida 2% (GTD). Em todos os grupos, a mensuração da PIO foi realizada utilizando-se tonômetro de aplanação (Tonopen). As medidas foram realizadas, em ambos os olhos, uma hora antes e uma, duas, quatro, seis e oito horas após a instilação de uma gota do colírio no olho esquerdo. No olho tratado percentual de redução máxima da associação timolol/dorzolamida foi numericamente superior (27%) comparado ao timolol (21,9%) e dorzolamida (22,4%) quando utilizados como monoterapia. O olho não tratado apresentou uma redução significativa da PIO, sendo que a redução máxima para o GT foi de 7%, para o GD de 13,8% e para o GTD de 13,6%. A dorzolamida e a associação timolol/dorzolamida promoveram uma ação redutora maior, após uma e seis horas da sua instilação no olho tratado. A administração tópica do timolol 0,5%, dorzolamida a 2% como monoterapia e a associação fixa destes fármacos resultou na redução significativa da PIO de cães clinicamente normais. / Glaucoma is one of the most important ocular diseases in the dog. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Dorzolamide and timolol are drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma. Both drugs modify aqueous humor outflow by different mechanisms, resulting in decreased IOP. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of dorzolamide hydrochloride, timolol maleate and the combination of both drugs on IOP of healthy dogs. Sixty adult dogs were randomly and equally assigned to three groups (n = 20 per group). Each group received topical treatment in the left eye with 0,5% timolol, 2% dorzolamide or the combination (0,5% timolol / 2% dorzolamide). IOP measurements were made using aplanation tonometry (Tono-pen) after local instillation of 0,5% proparacaine in he both eyes. Measurements were performed 1 hour before (baseline) instillation of a single drop of the test drugs in the left eye, and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after treatment. Similar measurements were also performed in the right eye (nontreated eye). In the nontreated eye, IOP decreased over time, with a maximum decrease from baseline of 7%, 13,8% and 13,6% in the timolol, dorzolamide e timolol/dorzolamide groups, respectively. In the treated eye, there was a greater reduction in IOP for the combination (27% maximum decrease from baseline) when compared with timolol (21,9%) and dorzolamide (22,4%) groups. Dorzolamide and timolol/dorzolamide caused greater decreases in IOP at 1 and 6 hours after drug instillation. It was concluded that 0,5% timolol, 2% dorzolamide and the combination of these drugs are effective in reducing IOP in healthy dogs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_act_me_botfmvz.pdf: 351540 bytes, checksum: a736014d049cff4275cf80311f4872cd (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A otite externa sempre foi um problema para cães, especialmente na presença de quadros de malasseziose. As leveduras do gênero Ma/assezia são patógenos oportunistas em potencial no microambiente ótico, podendo agravar um quadro de otite externa quando as condições assim o permitirem. O controle da população desses fungos normalmente é realizado com drogas de custo razoável e por um período relativamente longo, podendo trazer efeitos colaterais ao paciente. É nesse ponto que a medicina natural se faz relevante. A própolis, um produto oriundo do processamento do pólen por abelhas da espécie Apis me/ifera, possui notáveis efeitos sobre diversos microrganismos, incluindo fungos leveduriformes. Por ser uma substância complexa e composta por diversas frações antimicrobianas, é possível que sua ação também se estenda às Ma/assezia spp. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a eficácia de soluções aquosa e alcoólica de própolis sobre Ma/assezia spp isoladas do ambiente ótico de cães. Quarenta amostras de Ma/assezia spp foram avaliadas frente ao teste de diluição em meio sólido, verificando-se o diâmetro dos halos de inibição e correlacionando-os com um efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento. Conclui-se que as soluções de própolis possuem efeito inibidor do crescimento in vitro de Ma/assezia spp oriundas do conduto auditivo de cães, sendo esta ação mínima no extrato aquoso e maior em extrato alcoólico. Pode-se inferir, também, que o álcool etílico 96° isoladamente possui efeito inibidor do crescimento in vitro de Ma/assezia spp oriundas do conduto auditivo de cães. / The externa I otitis has always been a problem for dogs, especially in the presence of malasseziasis. The yeast of the genus Ma/assezia is a potential opportunistic pathogen in the optical microenvironment and may aggravate the external otitis when conditions so permit. The control of the population of these fungi is usually done with reasonable cost of drugs, has a relatively long time and may bring side effects to the patient. This is where natural medicine is relevant. The propolis, a product comes from the processing of pollen by the bee Apis me/itera, has remarkable effects on different organisms, inciuding yeast fungi. As a substance composed of diverse and complex antimicrobial fractions, it is possible that its action also extends to Ma/assezia spp. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of alcohol and aqueous so\utions of propolis on Ma/assezia spp isolated from the aural environment of dogs. Forty samples of Ma/assezia spp were evaluated facing the test of agar dilution, whilst the diameter of halos of inhibition and correlating them with an inhibitory effect on growth. It was concluded that propolis extracts have inhibitory effect of the in vitro growth of Ma/assezia spp from the canine ear conduct, with minimal action by the aqueous extract and more accentuated action by alcohol extract. It is possible to infer also that the ethyl alcohol 96° alone has inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of Ma/assezia spp from the canine ear conduct.

Orientador : Maria Denise Lopes / Resumo: Com o objetivo de se avaliar dois meios diluidores - Tris/Glicerol e MP50 - para a congelação do sêmen de cães, foram utilizados ejaculados de 10 cães adultos, colhidos por meio de manipulação digital. As características morfofuncionais foram analisadas no sêmen in natura (T1), refrigerado (T2) e descongelado (T3). As amostras foram avaliadas para: motilidade e vigor espermático, teste hiposmótico, integridade de membrana espermática, morfologia espermática e análise ultra-estrutural, além da mensuração do pH. Após a diluição com os diferentes meios, o sêmen foi envasado em palhetas francesas de 0,5mL, contendo 40 x 106 espermatozóides móveis/palheta, e mantidas por 60 minutos à 5ºC (T2); logo após, foram transferidos para o vapor de nitrogênio durante 20 minutos, e por fim, mergulhadas em nitrogênio. O armazenamento das palhetas foi em botijão criogênico. As palhetas foram descongeladas a 70ºC por 8 segundos. A análise de variância mostrou influência do efeito animal nas variáveis analisadas, com exceção da motilidade espermática e integridade de membrana espermática. O teste hiposmótico, a integridade de membrana espermática e o pH, nas amostras refrigeradas (T2), apresentaram diferença estatística significativa (p<0,05) entre os meios, com superioridade do MP50. Nas análises pós-descongelação (T3), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as variáveis estudadas para os dois meios. A análise ultra-estrutural, mostrou edema de membrana plasmática e acrossomal, nas diferentes etapas do processo de congelação. Em conclusão, considerando-se as características morfofuncionais do sêmen canino pós-descongelação, os meios diluidores demonstraram igualdade. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of two different extenders for freezing dog semen: Tris/Glycerol and MP50. Ten ejaculates from different adult dogs were collected by digital manipulation. Seminal characteristics were evaluated in three different moments, fresh (T1), cooled (T2) and thawed (T3) semen for sperm motility and vigor, hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm membrane integrity, sperm morphology, ultrastructural analysis and seminal pH. The samples were divided into two equal parts and each part was mixed with one extender type. After mixing, samples were packaged in 0,5mL French straws with 40 x 106 spermatozoa/straw. Semen samples were kept at 50C for 60 minutes (T2); then frozen in static vapor of nitrogen for the following 20 minutes and immersed in liquid nitrogen until being thawed in 700 C water for 8 seconds (T3). By analysis of variance, it would be possible to verify the animal effect on almost all variables observed in this study, except for sperm motility and membrane integrity. For cooled semen (T2), MP50 were significantly better for hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm membrane integrity and pH (p<0,05) than Tris/Glycerol. For thawed semen (T3), there was no significant difference between extenders. By ultrastructural analysis, it was possible to verify swelling plasma and acrosomal sperm membranes in the different stages of freezing process. In conclusion, the extenders showed the same results as to morphofunctional characteristics the semen canine thawed. / Mestre

Orientador: Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão / Resumo: Dentre as doenças oculares diagnosticadas no cão, o glaucoma reveste-se de singular importância, como afecção potencial causadora de cegueira. O aumento da pressão intra-ocular (PIO) é o fator de risco primário para o desenvolvimento da neuropatia óptica glaucomatosa canina. A dorzolamida e o timolol, fármacos utilizados para o tratamento do glaucoma, reduzem a PIO pela diminuição da produção do humor aquoso, embora utilizem diferentes mecanismos de ação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cloridrato de dorzolamida 2%, maleato de timolol 0,5% e da combinação de ambos na pressão intra-ocular de cães normais e verificar possíveis alterações na PIO do olho contra-lateral sem tratamento. Foram utilizados 60 cães, distribuídos em três grupos (G) aleatórios de 20 animais. Cada grupo recebeu tratamento tópico no olho esquerdo com timolol 0,5% (GT), dorzolamida 2% (GD) ou a combinação, timolol 0,5% e dorzolamida 2% (GTD). Em todos os grupos, a mensuração da PIO foi realizada utilizando-se tonômetro de aplanação (Tonopen). As medidas foram realizadas, em ambos os olhos, uma hora antes e uma, duas, quatro, seis e oito horas após a instilação de uma gota do colírio no olho esquerdo. No olho tratado percentual de redução máxima da associação timolol/dorzolamida foi numericamente superior (27%) comparado ao timolol (21,9%) e dorzolamida (22,4%) quando utilizados como monoterapia. O olho não tratado apresentou uma redução significativa da PIO, sendo que a redução máxima para o GT foi de 7%, para o GD de 13,8% e para o GTD de 13,6%. A dorzolamida e a associação timolol/dorzolamida promoveram uma ação redutora maior, após uma e seis horas da sua instilação no olho tratado. A administração tópica do timolol 0,5%, dorzolamida a 2% como monoterapia e a associação fixa destes fármacos resultou na redução significativa da PIO de cães clinicamente normais. / Abstract: Glaucoma is one of the most important ocular diseases in the dog. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Dorzolamide and timolol are drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma. Both drugs modify aqueous humor outflow by different mechanisms, resulting in decreased IOP. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of dorzolamide hydrochloride, timolol maleate and the combination of both drugs on IOP of healthy dogs. Sixty adult dogs were randomly and equally assigned to three groups (n = 20 per group). Each group received topical treatment in the left eye with 0,5% timolol, 2% dorzolamide or the combination (0,5% timolol / 2% dorzolamide). IOP measurements were made using aplanation tonometry (Tono-pen) after local instillation of 0,5% proparacaine in he both eyes. Measurements were performed 1 hour before (baseline) instillation of a single drop of the test drugs in the left eye, and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after treatment. Similar measurements were also performed in the right eye (nontreated eye). In the nontreated eye, IOP decreased over time, with a maximum decrease from baseline of 7%, 13,8% and 13,6% in the timolol, dorzolamide e timolol/dorzolamide groups, respectively. In the treated eye, there was a greater reduction in IOP for the combination (27% maximum decrease from baseline) when compared with timolol (21,9%) and dorzolamide (22,4%) groups. Dorzolamide and timolol/dorzolamide caused greater decreases in IOP at 1 and 6 hours after drug instillation. It was concluded that 0,5% timolol, 2% dorzolamide and the combination of these drugs are effective in reducing IOP in healthy dogs. / Mestre

The number of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in Northern KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa has increased substantially over the last six years. This is largely due to a managed metapopulation approach of introductions onto protected areas and private game reserves since 1998. Because of the increasing wild dog population, the likelihood of rural communities surrounding protected areas encountering dispersing wild dogs in northern KwaZulu‐Natal has also increased. Resident wild dog populations currently occur in Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park (HiP), Mkhuze Game Reserve (MGR) of Isimangaliso Wetland Park and Thanda Private Game Reserve (TPGR) all of which are bordered by a matrix of natural habitats and human settlements. Thus, land outside these protected areas could be utilized to expand wild dog distribution and provide connectivity between existing resident populations of wild dogs within KwaZulu‐Natal. To investigate the viability of such an approach, Maximum Entropy Modelling (Maxent) was used to characterize habitat niche selection of dispersing wild dogs, and to identify potential dispersal linkages between current wild dog metapopulation reserves. The model was calibrated using 132 location points collected from 2006 until 2009. From 2008 to 2009 I also conducted a survey of 247 community members in tribal authorities bordering HiP and MGR, to understand factors influencing attitudes towards wild dogs. A habitat suitability model with seven predictor variables had an AUC of 0.96 (SD = 0.02) and indicated four variables which best predicted probability of presence for dispersing wild dogs: elevation, road density, land cover and human density. The results suggest that elevation and land cover may be of greater influence for dispersing wild dogs than human density or activity. Elevation was the single most effective variable indicating a higher probability of presence for dispersing wild dogs in lower lying locations; peaking at approximately 200 – 300m a.s.l. Wild dogs also showed a preference for Woodland and Bushland habitats which in KwaZulu‐Natal tend to be found on lower lying topography. A preference for areas of lower human density and a highest probability of presence at road densities of approximately 0.7km/km2 or less would suggest that while wild dogs may show a tendency to avoid areas of high human activity, they can coexist in close proximity to humans. Respondent’s attitudes, knowledge of wild dogs and livestock husbandry were interpreted by the development of a set of indices. Attitudes were positively related to formal education levels and wild dog‐specific education, but were not influenced by demographic factors such as gender, age and employment status. Eighty three percent of respondents believed efforts to protect wild dogs should continue. Respondents with higher numbers of livestock tended to have more positive attitudes towards wild dogs despite generally incurring higher losses to carnivore depredation than those with less livestock. This appears to be because the financial burden of livestock losses to those with fewer livestock is perceived to be a loss of a greater proportion of total financial wealth. The study highlighted the substantial scope for improvement in livestock management. Theft (34 percent), drought (30 percent) and disease (14 percent) were ranked as the greatest problems facing livestock owners while predators were ranked as the greatest problem by only 4 percent of respondents. My findings suggest that wild dogs are generally viewed positively or with ambivalence. Concerns over the potentially increasing threat to livestock, as natural prey numbers outside protected areas decline and wild dogs disperse from natal packs, are likely to be manageable. However, wild dog population expansion within KwaZulu‐Natal will continue to rely on managed core populations on perimeter‐fenced metapopulation reserves with tolerant communities and landowners contributing to the connectivity of isolated reserves. Generation of tolerance can be instilled through continued advocacy and education, supported by conflict mitigation initiatives and rapid response to conflict reports. The implementation of incentive schemes for adjoining private landowners to co‐manage wild dog populations will need to be addressed in conjunction with managed metapopulation practices and law enforcement, to promote range expansion, and reduce potentially lethal edge effects and wild dog‐human conflict.

Objective: To describe the changes in plasma glucose concentration in severely injured, canine to canine bite wound cases admitted for veterinary treatment. The changes were measured over a period of 72 hours from the initiation of the trauma. Historical, signalment, clinical and haematological factors were investigated to determine their possible relationship to blood glucose concentration. Hypo- and hyperglycaemia have been associated with death from sepsis and acute injury. Method: Twenty dogs admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) with severe bite wounds were evaluated. The time of injury was established by questioning the dogs’ owners. Blood was taken on admission for haematology and plasma glucose concentration. Haematology was repeated every 24 hours and glucose every 8 hours, measured from the time the dogs were first bitten. Results: On admission, 5% (1/20) of the dogs were hypoglycaemic, 40% (8/20) were normoglycaemic and 55% (11/20) were hyperglycaemic. No other dogs showed hypoglycaemia during the study period. The median glucose at each of the ten collection points, prior to the 56-hour collection point and at the 72 hour collection point, was in the hyperglycaemic range (5.8mmol/l to 6.2mmol/l). Puppies and thin dogs had considerably higher median plasma glucose concentrations than adult and fat dogs at 0 and 16 hours respectively (P < 0.05 for both). A high incidence of SIRS was encountered (65% to 80%). Fifteen dogs were alive at 72-hours. Thirteen dogs (81.3%) eventually made a full recovery. Three out of four dogs (75%) that were recumbent on admission, died, whereas all dogs (12/12) admitted with either an alert or depressed mental status survived (P = 0. 004). Clinical significance: The high incidence of hyperglycaemia may be explained by the ‘diabetes of injury’ phenomenon. The role of insulin therapy in the treatment of severe injuries should be explored in future studies, as its use in the treatment of human ICU cases, has resulted in a substantial reduction of fatalities resulting from acute injury. The high incidence of death and initial hyperglycemia in the collapsed group and the higher plasma glucose concentrations found in puppies and thin dogs warrants further investigation with a larger group of animals. / Dissertation (MMedVet (Small Animal Surgery))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / MMedVet / unrestricted