Trade liberalization and international economic integration are major and important issues especially to developing countries including Vietnam. They have provided the country with many opportunities such as foreign investment projects from developed countries, an increase in the State budget through taxation on exports and imports, the higher level of employment, which have all contributed to improving the standard living of the people. Since the country's Reform (Doi Moi) in 1986, trade liberalization has brought about an increase export value from 0.78 billion USD in 1986 to more than 72 billion USD in 2010 which accounted for an average of 70% increase to the GDP of Vietnam. Moreover, Vietnamese firms are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of innovation and this is becoming the main driver for Vietnam's deeper participation in regional and global economic integration organization such as ASEAN and WTO. Exports play an important role in Vietnam’s international trade, helping to increase the national revenue and to improve the position of Vietnamese firms in the global value chain. Such an improvement of Vietnam's position in the global value chain means being higher in the chain rather than carrying out simple processing at the low-end. If the production factors which include labor, capital, and fixed assets are analyzed in relation to firms' exports, plausible assessments of Vietnamese firms' contributions to the global chain can be determined. It should be also noted that the country's trade policy reform has affected the structure of Vietnam's exports during periods, has been subject to the effect of the volatile world's trading market and the effect of an emerging giant exporter such as China. However, Vietnam's exports are facing some problems on international trade market for various reasons. Firstly, the export structure continues to be mainly based on primary and labor-intensive products such as the agricultural, forestry, fishery and footwear sectors. Secondly, low value added and labor intensive products account for a large proportion of the total exports since almost all economic sectors of Vietnam are involved in the assembly and simple processing stage of the global value chain. We hope this dissertation can help to constitute a reliable basis for formulating export trade policy. Firstly, there is a need for greater efforts from Vietnamese government to implement social economic structural reform with a special focus on SOEs, in order to strengthen investors' confidence. Secondly, there is also a need to encourage the shift away from labor-intensive export products toward capital-intensive products with special emphasis on innovation in particular through research and development activities of firms. The dissertation studies export trade of a single country namely Vietnam. It is an empirical study, which tests both macro and micro determinants of Vietnamese export trade. Particularly, the dissertation uses export trade data at country and firm level to test hypotheses for each determinant including firm and sector effects. We have extracted a dataset on Vietnam's export trade for the 1997-2009 period via WITS of the World Bank. For firm's gravity model, we used export data of firms from VCO for the 2006-2010 period. We analyzed determinants of firms' exports by combining firms' export data and the data of footwear, rice and wood and wood products firms' characteristics for the year 2008. Since firms' export intensity strictly lies in the unit interval, we transformed it into the type of logit then attempted with the OLS and quantile regression methods. Our dissertation mainly focuses on certain external factors of Vietnamese exports at macro and micro levels and analyzes some important determinants of exporting firms in three sectors namely footwear, rice and wood and wood products. Relevant findings based on empirical analysis serve to suggest policy implications and firms' managerial practices. In general, wealthier nations are preferred destination market for Vietnamese exports because of their higher purchasing power. The government of Vietnam therefore tries to negotiate proactively and conclude trade agreement as well as memorandum of understanding with such countries as these measures facilitate trade for local firms. However, rice firms in particular do not necessarily consider country with the large economy to be their destination market. In fact, there are several reasons for firms to enter international market and to sign contracts such as to improve their net profits, to expand their market share or to develop potential market. Regarding determinants of Vietnamese exporting firms, higher wages reduce a firms' propensity to export in general which significantly affects wood and wood products and footwear firms. Although, in some cases, increasing wages somewhat improve worker's productivity thus increasing export revenue, in other cases for economic reasons, higher wages can not be afforded by employers for manual workers in manufacturing sectors where skilled labor is not essential. Investing in high-tech production technology does not necessarily increase growth in the value of Vietnamese firms' exports in three sectors mentioned. Although, state-owned firms have been granted preferential or priority treatment by the Government, they appears to be less efficient than others. The regression result shows that state-owned firms in all three sectors are lagging in export performance. Ongoing Government support for state-owned, firms may lead to an unfair competitive environment especially for small, privately owned firms since the Government protection of the Government seem to be unreasonable. If full data on firms' exports of in all sectors had been obtained, the author of the dissertation were able to draw conclusions on the determinants for all sectors and compare their effects on exports accordingly. We consider innovation indicators would be interesting particularly for firms located in a developing and emerging country such as Vietnam. Therefore, we need an appropriate survey method to collect information to resolve the missing data problem of the existing database. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Depuis la publication des premiers rapports Doing Business par la Banque Mondiale qui ont établi un classement entre États en fonction de l’attractivité économique de leurs droits, l’intérêt pour la compétition des droits s’est accru. Les travaux se sont multipliés dans le but de démontrer ou de contester la compétitivité des droits nationaux. Cependant, le phénomène annoncé n’a pas les mêmes réalités lorsqu’il s’agit d’une compétition des modèles de droit ou de celle des règles de droit. La compétition entre le modèle de droit civiliste et le modèle anglo-américain nous semble réelle. Chaque modèle cherche à étendre son influence hors de l’Union dans les pays en développement ou dans les démocraties en mutation. Au sein même de l’Union, chaque projet offre une occasion de compétition entre les deux cultures juridiques. Il est alors nécessaire pour le droit français de peser dans ces différents lieux de compétition pour préserver voir étendre encore son influence internationale. La compétition des règles nous semble plus discutable. Dans l’Union européenne, lesprincipes de liberté d’établissement, de libre circulation des marchandises et de libre prestation des services créent des conditions favorables à la mise en compétition des droits. En matière contractuelle, la libéralisation du régime des clauses de choix de lois et de juridictions, ainsi que le développement de l’arbitrage peuvent favoriser la spéculation desacteurs économiques sur les moyens de contournement des règles impératives. Mais l’analyse des données empiriques ne confirme pas l’effectivité d’une compétition à laquelle se livreraient les États pour le droit des sociétés et le droit des contrats. Une analyse coûts/bénéfices des différentes opportunités nous a permis non seulement de justifier la réticence des acteurs à la compétition des règles de droit, mais aussi d’inciter le droit français à se consacrer prioritairement à la compétition des modèles de droit. / Since the publication of the first Doing Business reports issued by the World Bank, that ranked the different States according to the economic attractiveness of their laws, interest in regulatory competition has increased. Extensive research on the topic were conducted in order to contest or to bear witness of national laws competitiveness. The phenomenon projected however does not reflect the reality when the challenge involves regulatory models or law rules competition.Competition between the civil law model and the Anglo-American model seems real. Each model seeks to expand its influence outside the European Union either in the developing countries or in the emerging democracies. Within the European Union itself, each project represents an opportunity for both the legal cultures to make competition. It is thereforenecessary for the French law to weight the risks and benefits in order to preserve and stretch out its international influence.Regulatory competition seems questionable. The principles of freedom of establishment, free movement of goods and freedom to provide services inside the European Union create suitable conditions to set in motion regulatory competition. About contractual matters, liberalisation of choice-of-law and jurisdictions clauses, as well as the developmentof arbitration can foster economic actors to bypass imperative rules. The analysis of empirical data did not though confirm the existence of competition between the States as far as companies’ laws and contracts law are concerned.The benefit-cost analysis of the various opportunities has enabled us to explain the reluctance of the law rules competition actors on one hand, and encourage the French law to focus mainly on law models competition on the other hand.

My diploma thesis analyze business environment in Kazakhstan. I decided to use PEST analysis to specify political, economic, social and technology factors. I believe, that my diploma thesis will help foreign investors to enter kazakhstani market.

This master thesis tests the statement whether the EU Economic Policy related to the Internal Market Project decreases the costs of doing business or not. We tested the conducting of business of Global Company in seven various regions (Visegrad Countries, Baltic, East Balkan Countries, Croatia, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey). We framed the research period into 2011 and focused on four major Research Fields (Transportation, Cross-border Trading, Consumer Protection and Financial Regulation). Based on the cost impact analysis we could confirm that Internal Market Project decreases the costs of doing business.

The diploma thesis focuses on doing business in dentistry in the UK on the expamle of an unnamed dental practice, which currently consists of three dental practices. The aim of the thesis is to map and describe the characteristic of operating dental practices in the UK. Using available literature, the first part defines theoretical principles of doing business with emphasis on the specifics of dentistry and the region of the UK. This part is followed by the practical part, which puts these principles into practice and describes how the activities and processes are performed in the dental practices from the point of setting out the business by Dr. Jane Smith to their performance today. In order to write the thesis internal data from dental practices were used with addition of information obtained from the owner and a manager of the company.

Background: Unemployment increases the risk of income loss, lower wages upon reemployment, and adverse effects on mental and physical health, particularly for individuals of lower socioeconomic status. Long-term unemployment doubles the risk of mental illness and physical conditions such as heart attacks and strokes. Job loss can also lead to social isolation, as work is crucial to social engagement and status. Entrepreneurship is a solution to unemployment, fostering economic growth, innovation, and industry diversification. Purpose: This study examines how external enablers, specifically the Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure, influence the relationship between unemployment and the creation of new businesses. The research aims to understand how the external environment shapes entrepreneurial decisions among the unemployed by focusing on these factors. Insights from this study can inform policymakers of the importance of creating supportive conditions for entrepreneurship to address unemployment and promote economic growth.      Method: This quantitative study employs mediation analysis based on Baron and Kenny's (1986) method to investigate the potential mediating effects of Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure on the relationship between unemployment and new business creation. The analysis involves multiple regression to test if there is a relationship between various indirect variables and a dependent variable. Conclusion: The results indicate a negative correlation between unemployment and new business registered. The study also highlights the significant mediating effect of the Ease of Doing Business on this relationship, emphasizing the importance of strengthening a supportive business environment to encourage entrepreneurial initiatives among the unemployed. However, the study finds limited evidence supporting digital infrastructure as a mediator, suggesting a need for continued investment in this area for broader economic development. Policymakers are urged to prioritize reforms that simplify business processes and create supportive ecosystems to facilitate entrepreneurship and drive sustained economic growth.

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional estudia el sector de tiendas por departamento en el mercado peruano durante los años 2009 y 2017. Asimismo, explica cuáles fueron las estrategias y formas de ingreso de las principales tiendas por departamento extranjeras en el Perú y las teorías que se encuentran detrás de su incursión. De la misma forma, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es establecer la relación que existe entre los factores macroeconómicos con la internacionalización de las tiendas por departamento en el mercado peruano durante el periodo 2009 al 2017. Además, se empleó una investigación cuantitativa, de alcance correlacional, diseño longitudinal no experimental de tendencia. También, se usó la técnica estadística no paramétrica bajo el análisis correlacional de Rho Spearman. Mediante el uso de la herramienta estadística informática SPSS se comprobó que si existe correlación entre los factores macroeconómicos y la internacionalización de las tiendas por departamento Saga Falabella, Ripley y Almacenes Paris en el mercado peruano. Para el caso de Saga Falabella, el índice de competitividad es el que presenta mayor incidencia en la internacionalización de la misma en el Perú durante los años 2009 y 2017. En cuanto a Tiendas por departamento Ripley, el PBI es el indicador que se correlaciona con mayor significancia. Sin embargo, es importante mencionar que, debido a la poca información disponible para Almacenes París, se decidió desarrollar un análisis descriptivo evolutivo a través de gráficos donde se visualizó que los indicadores macroeconómicos que se correlacionan con la internacionalización de la empresa durante los años 2013 y 2017 fueron la competitividad, el riesgo país y el ranking Doing Business publicado por el Banco Mundial. / The present work of professional sufficiency studies the sector of the department stores in the Peruvian market during the years 2009 and 2017. In addition, it is explained which were the strategies and income forms of the main foreign department stores and the theories that are behind their incursion.In the same way, the main objective of this research is to establish the relationship that exists between macroeconomic factors with the internationalization of department stores in the Peruvian market during the period 2009 to 2017.Also, the type of research used was quantitative, correlational, non-experimental longitudinal trend design. The statistical technique used was correlational analysis of Rho Spearman. Using the statistical tool SPSS, it is verified whether there is a correlation between macroeconomic factors and the internationalization of department stores Saga Falabella, Ripley and Almacenes París in the Peruvian market. In the case of the Saga Falabella, the competency index is the most important presentation in the internationalization of the same in Peru during the years 2009 and 2017. As for Department Stores Ripley, the GDP is the indicator that correlates with greater significance. However, it is important to mention that, due to the little information available for Almacenes París, an evolutive descriptive analysis can be developed through the graphs showing the macroeconomic indicators that correlate with the internationalization of the company during the years 2013 and 2017. And the results were competitiveness, country risk and ranking Doing Business publishes by the World Bank. / Tesis

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama verslo sąlygų palankumo vertinimo objektyvumo problema, verslo sąlygų vertinimo tikslai ir būdai. Išnagrinėtas esamas metodinis verslo sąlygų palankumo vertinimo potencialas ir atlikta verslo sąlygų palankumo vertinimo modelių ir metodikų tinkamumo analizė. Tarpusavyje palyginti dažniausiai vertinami verslo sąlygų palankumo veiksniai ir atlikta pagrindinių analizuojamų veiksnių įtakos galutiniam rezultatui pagal skirtingus modelius ir metodikas analizė. Nustatyta ir palyginta pagrindinių verslo sąlygų palankumo veiksnių koncentracija pagal esamus vertinimo modelius ir metodikas. Remiantis atliktomis analizėmis ir palyginimais, nustatytos verslo sąlygų vertinimo tobulinimo krypties alternatyvos. Remiantis atlikta alternatyvų analize, pasirinkta tinkamiausia tobulinimo kryptis, pateikti pasiūlymai verslo sąlygų palankumo vertinimo tobulinimui. Patobulinus verslo sąlygų palankumo vertinimo modelį, atliktas empirinis tyrimas. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai palyginti su tyrimo rezultatais pagal bazinį modelį. Baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos darbo išvados ir siūlymai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, teorinė dalis, analitinė dalis, empirinis tyrimas, išvados ir siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 68 p. teksto be priedų, 13 iliustr., 11 lent., 64 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Final paper analysis the problem of assessing ease of doing business and methods to assess ease of doing business. Part of available models and methodologies evaluating ease of doing business level are overrwieved and compared in this paper. After comparison current methods of assessing ease of doing business are evaluated. Most ofently used indicators from different models that are used in assessment process of ease of doing business are compared. Concentration of most ofently used indicators is stated afterwards in a comparison way. Concentration in this work is the term used to describe influence of indicators, that are included into list of most ofently used indicators to final score of ease of doing business. Alternatives to improve current methodological potential of assessing ease of doing business are stated. After alternative analysis decision of improving current World Bank‘s ease of doing business assessment model is made. Author‘s proposals in improving the model are stated and research is carried. Results are compared with World Bank‘s „Doing Business“ results. Conclusions and suggestions for further are stated at the end of the paper.

The aim of the thesis is to classify european countries in terms of their business climate using the method of cluster analysis over the years 2008-2013. Changes in classification during this period are associated with events of global significance (e.g. World financial crisis) or local importance (reforms, EU strategy...). Data base consists of indicators describing administrative, financial and law environment for doing business and are publicated by World Bank. Clusters indicate both geographic conditionality and specific attributes of these clusters, which suggest countries with better/worse conditions in some of the areas. Particular attention is given to development in the Czech republic. There was significant change in classificiation between 2008 and 2009 and subsequently became stable. The results of analysis correspond to the existing rankings and indicators of business demography. Potentials for improvement which might leed to stabel economic development according to the conducted analysis are outlined in the end of the thesis (f.e. implementation of unified administrative points, electronization and further simplification of bureaucratic processes).

With regard to European Union joining, Romania and Eastern European region have much more attention of the rest of the world. Romania became a phenomenon of Balkan Peninsula during last five years. The aim of the thesis is to describe economic development of Romania before its admission to European Communities and summarize its current economic position in the Union. A part of the thesis is devoted to romanian market environment and assesses especially its attractivity in consideration of the Czech republic.