The goal of this diploma thesis is to compare trademarks in terms of their systemic and practical functioning not only in terms of economic competition and to identify pitfalls and formulate recommendations both practical and de lege ferenda. Trademarks and their institutes are also compared with other exclusive rights to labels. By way of their mutual comparison I attempt to find systemic and procedural differences in differing legislation and following that, attempt to identify aspects that could enrich either subsystem of rights to label. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters. In the opening chapter, I deal with the definition of key terms as well as the role of trademarks in industrial property rights. Following that I deal with mark law as enshrined in international law as well as the individual systems - national, European and international. The greatest attention is given to trademarks and their various aspects. An entire chapter is spent on their detailed exploration and analysis as well as their comparison with other rights to label. Recommendations, both practical and de lege ferenda are formulated based on this analysis. Attention is also given to the law enforcement of industrial property rights as well as the use of instruments of private law, especially as it concerns the right to...

Le nom de domaine était inventé pour localiser sur Internet. Son valeur augment en tant qu'une ressource importante pour les entreprises. Ils ont été reconnu un type d'un signe distinctif par les jurisprudences. Le principe de « premier arrivé, premier servi » est appliqué pour enregistrer. Le problème est qu'il n'existe pas de système permettant aux registraires de filtrer au préalable les demandes susceptibles de poser problème. Ils peuvent entrer en conflit avec d'autres signes distinctifs, notamment avec les marques. Les causes peuvent expliquer par les différences des systèmes. En principe, les litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine découlent de la pratique du cybersquattage. L'apparition du cyber squattage et l'augmentation rapide du nombre de conflits nuisent à la sécurité légale. Pour résoudre ces conflits, on peut utiliser deux procédures : la procédure extrajudiciaire et judiciaire. L'UDRP procédure a été mise en place par l'ICANN. Cette procédure est évaluée comme peu coûteuse, rapide et efficace. Beaucoup de pays opèrent la procédure extrajudiciaire très similaire avec l'UDRP. En ce qui concerne des litiges « .eu », la procédure ADR est lancée. Les tribunaux de chaque pays sont en train d'essayer de régler les conflits relatifs au cybersquattage sous le fondement des lois tels que le droit de marque, le droit de concurrence déloyale et droit civil. Comme les systèmes légaux de chaque de pays sont différents, le critère appliqué ne peut pas être identique. En conclusion, le système légal pour règlementer les conflits est en train de développer au niveau international. Il est nécessaire d'harmoniser le système de règlement des conflits. / The domain name was invented to identify on Internet. His value has become an important resource for companies. The domain name was recognized a kind of distinctive sign by jurisprudence. The principle of "first come, first serve" is applied for registration. The problem is that there is no system to filter in advance some applications that may bring about a problem.Domain names may conflict with other distinctive signs, particularly with the trademarks. The causes of conflicts can be explained by the differences in systems. In principle, the disputes related to domain names come mainly from the practice of cybersquatting. The emergence of cybersquatting and their rapid increase of conflicts hinder legal security.To resolve these conflicts, two procedures can be used: the administrative procedure and the judicial procedure. The UDRP procedure has been implemented by ICANN. This procedure is evaluated as a less expensive, fast and efficient. Many countries including the France operate the administrative procedure that is very similar with the UDRP. With regard to disputes '.eu', the ADR procedure was launched. Each country's courts are currently trying to resolve disputes related to cybersquatting by the laws such as trademark law, unfair competition law and civil law. As each country's legal systems are different, the applied criteria aren't the same.In conclusion, the legal system to regulate conflicts between trademark and domain name is developing internationally and domestically. It is necessary to harmonise the system of resolution of disputes at the international level.

This doctoral thesis is focused on the most progressive part of telecommunications nowadays, on Internet governance and Internet domain name system. This field is not only highly interesting, but only very little researched area from the point of view of economics sciences compared to the traditional fields. Recently, the question of Internet governance was highlighted, but it has been neither resolved nor sufficiently discussed so far. The theory does not answer many questions raised by the praxis sufficiently. The aim of the thesis was to describe the branch in detail and to develop an original model, which would characterise the dependency of the number of registrations on other indicators. This doctoral thesis of Regina Filipova Fuchsova brings a detailed analysis of factors influencing the domain name system. This is the first analysis of this art ever, which targets top level domains .cz and .eu. Typology of TLD registries and connection of domain name selection with the company strategy are further new findings. Based on own analysis and case studies, the author concludes, that there is a relatively strong dependency of the number of registered domains under the respective TLD on national economy characteristics and that the model of the relationship of a ccTLD registry and respective government significantly varies in particular countries. This is due to the historical development and national specifics. The author further came to the conclusion, that national and generic TLDs are partially substitutes and partially complements on national markets. It depends on concrete market and the degree of ccTLD liberalisation, because generic TLDs act as substitutes to the country code TLD on not liberalised markets and/or where the ccTLD is rather expensive. As for the liberalised markets, the growth of a ccTLD goes hand in hand with the growth of gTLD and they compete less. National TLDs of the EU countries and the European TLD .eu show the nature of complements according to the statistical analysis. There are significant theoretical and practical contributions of this work because of its wide content and original analysis in this field. The findings can be practically used for registry benchmarking and ideas related to the delegation of new top level domains.

This thesis explores the use of applied machine learning techniques to augment traditional methods of identifying and preventing web-based attacks. Several factors complicate the identification of web-based attacks. The first is the scale of the web. The amount of data on the web and the heterogeneous nature of this data complicate efforts to distinguish between benign sites and attack sites. Second, an attacker may duplicate their attack at multiple, unexpected locations (multiple URLs spread across different domains) with ease. Third, attacks can be hosted nearly anonymously; there is little cost or risk associated with hosting or publishing a web-based attack. In combination, these factors lead one to conclude that, currently, the webs threat landscape is unfavorably tilted towards the attacker. To counter these advantages this thesis describes our novel solutions to web se- curity problems. The common theme running through our work is the demonstration that we can detect attacks missed by other security tools as well as detecting attacks sooner than other security responses. To illustrate this, we describe the development of BayeShield, a browser-based tool capable of successfully identifying phishing at- tacks in the wild. Progressing from specific to a more general approach, we next focus on the detection of obfuscated scripts (one of the most commonly used tools in web-based attacks). Finally, we present TopSpector, a system we've designed to forecast malicious activity prior to it's occurrence. We demonstrate that by mining Top-Level DNS data we can produce a candidate set of domains that contains up to 65% of domains that will be blacklisted. Furthermore, on average TopSpector flags malicious domains 32 days before they are blacklisted, allowing the security community ample time to investigate these domains before they host malicious activity.

<p><strong>Title:</strong> The Commercial Value of Domain Names – A case study of the Iraqi top-level domain .iq</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Course:</strong> EFO704: Master Thesis in Business Administration</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Authors:</strong> Mofid Al Jaafar (Västerås) and Magnus Hurtig (Västerås)</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Tutor:</strong> Peter Ekman</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Domain name, Iraq, Internet, Brands, Organization, Knowledge, Competence, Material.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the perceived commercial value of the Iraqi domain name and identify possible obstacles in commercializing the domain name. The aim of the study is to develop recommendations for the Iraqi Communication and Media Commission on how to further enhance the use of the Iraqi (.iq) domain name.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methodology</strong><strong>:</strong> Both qualitative and quantitative approach was used in gathering information for this thesis. For gathering empirical materials, we conducted interviews with government officials and companies. Furthermore, a survey of Iraqi individuals was also conducted. The survey has been presented with descriptive statistics and the interviews transcribed and presented.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Theoretical Framework:</strong> theories about branding are applicable to understand the commercial value of domain names and therefore the theoretical framework consists of branding theories and an organizational part with knowledge and competence. A conceptual framework has then been developed from the theoretical findings.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Secondary Information:</strong> There is also a part consisting of secondary information of other domain names and their administration. This contributes as a comparative part of the thesis.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Empirical Data:</strong> The qualitative empirical data has been collected through interviews with one of the four responsible officials for the Communication and Media Commission and companies active in the Iraqi market. The quantitative empirical data has been collected by a survey distributed to people at two different locations in Iraq.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>End Discussion:</strong> The conclusion shows that there is a commercial value for the Iraqi domain name which is also strengthened by the explicit interest from Iraqis showed by the survey. There are however some obstacles that has to be overcome if Iraq want to commercialize their domain name in the future. The authors point out some main obstacles that is important to improve in the future such as: Electricity and Material, Knowledge or Competence and Requirements.        </p>

Title: The Commercial Value of Domain Names – A case study of the Iraqi top-level domain .iq   Course: EFO704: Master Thesis in Business Administration   Authors: Mofid Al Jaafar (Västerås) and Magnus Hurtig (Västerås)   Tutor: Peter Ekman   Keywords: Domain name, Iraq, Internet, Brands, Organization, Knowledge, Competence, Material.   Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the perceived commercial value of the Iraqi domain name and identify possible obstacles in commercializing the domain name. The aim of the study is to develop recommendations for the Iraqi Communication and Media Commission on how to further enhance the use of the Iraqi (.iq) domain name.   Methodology: Both qualitative and quantitative approach was used in gathering information for this thesis. For gathering empirical materials, we conducted interviews with government officials and companies. Furthermore, a survey of Iraqi individuals was also conducted. The survey has been presented with descriptive statistics and the interviews transcribed and presented.   Theoretical Framework: theories about branding are applicable to understand the commercial value of domain names and therefore the theoretical framework consists of branding theories and an organizational part with knowledge and competence. A conceptual framework has then been developed from the theoretical findings.   Secondary Information: There is also a part consisting of secondary information of other domain names and their administration. This contributes as a comparative part of the thesis.   Empirical Data: The qualitative empirical data has been collected through interviews with one of the four responsible officials for the Communication and Media Commission and companies active in the Iraqi market. The quantitative empirical data has been collected by a survey distributed to people at two different locations in Iraq.   End Discussion: The conclusion shows that there is a commercial value for the Iraqi domain name which is also strengthened by the explicit interest from Iraqis showed by the survey. There are however some obstacles that has to be overcome if Iraq want to commercialize their domain name in the future. The authors point out some main obstacles that is important to improve in the future such as: Electricity and Material, Knowledge or Competence and Requirements.

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tema – pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos internete problematika. Pagrindinės darbe naudotos sąvokos – pramoninė nuosavybė, internetas, domeno vardas, tiesioginis naudojimas, alternatyvūs ginčų sprendimo būdai, sui generis procedūra. Magistro baigiamojo darbo santraukoje trumpai apžvelgiamas nagrinėjamos temos aktualumas, užsibrėžti tikslai, tyrimo rezultatai bei išvados. Nagrinėjama tema ypatingai aktuali sparčiai besiplėtojant internetui, kuomet tradicinė pramoninės nuosavybės teisė ne visuomet atitinka aktualijas. Informacijos, perduodamos internetu, kiekiai pastoviai auga, tuo pačiu auga ir ginčų, kylančių dėl pramoninės nuosavybės pažeidimų internete, skaičius. Šiuo darbu siekta išanalizuoti pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos internete problematiką. Nagrinėjant temą apžvelgtas pramoninės nuosavybės reglamentavimas, išanalizuoti pagrindiniai pramoninės nuosavybės pažeidimų internete atvejai bei teisių priešpriešos, taip pat išnagrinėti ir įvertinti perspektyvūs ginčų, kylančių dėl pramoninės nuosavybės naudojimo internete, sprendimo būdai. Darbe išanalizuoti tarptautiniai ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys pramoninės nuosavybės registravimą bei apsaugą, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo teismo praktika, užsienio valstybių teismų praktika, Pasaulinės intelektinės nuosavybės organizacijos Arbitražo ir mediacijos centro ginčų sprendimų praktika ir rekomendacijos, Interneto korporacijos paskirtiems vardams ir numeriams bei NOMINET ginčų sprendimo... [to full text] / Industrial property on internet – subject of master’s final work. Industrial property, internet, domain name, direct usage, alternative dispute resolution means as well as sui generis procedure – main terms used in this work. Subject relevance, set tasks, research results and conclusions reviewed in master’s final work summary. Traditional industrial property law was out of keeping to rapid development of internet so analyzed subject was particularly topical. Amount of information transmitted over internet grew up constantly and quantity of industrial property infringements on internet arose up accordingly. Master’s final work aimed for analysis of issues related to industrial property on internet. Industrial property regulation reviewed, leading infringements and antitheses on industrial property on internet studied and promising resolution means on disputes of industrial property usage on internet analyzed and evaluated as well. National and international legal regulations on industrial property registration and protection, practice of Supreme Court of Lithuania, practice of foreign states courts, practice and guidelines of dispute resolution of World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers as well as NOMINET dispute resolution regulations, Lithuanian and foreign law doctrine studied. Traditional industrial property law not always is able to protect infringed industrial property owner’s... [to full text]

This is a multidisciplinary work that encompasses considerations of politics, regulation and technology. It considers the impact of technology on the way in which, politically, we are able to regulate technology and how we devise policy to guide that regulation. The added complication is that Internet technology knows no jurisdiction. The rulemaking established in recent years is globally applicable and is carried out without the direct involvement of national governments in the key decision making processes, particularly in the environment under examination here which focuses on the management of the technical resources of the Internet. In formulating the hypothesis that grounds this work, I have focused on two things. Firstly, that technical regulation has political, and therefore, policy implications. Secondly, that where there are policy implications with direct commercial impact, we can expect to see the vigorous involvement of corporations as they manage the environment in which they do business. These two critical conditions have driven the formulation of policies and procedures for making decisions about Internet governance. They have also driven the actual decisions which have been implemented, to a greater or lesser degree of success. This research contributes to the scholarship in four significant ways. The first is that the Internet Domain Name System (IDNS) and its governance present a new perspective on the discussion of the globalisation of business regulation. The data used to support the analysis has not been collated or examined previously and is presented here to illustrate the extension of the literature and to frame the hypothesis. The second is that I have found that national governments have, despite ongoing control within their national jurisdiction, little effective influence over the management and governance of the Domain Name System (DNS) at an international level. Thirdly, I have found that corporations have significant power to determine the way in which policies for the management of the technical resources of the Internet are discussed, developed to consensus policy positions, implemented and reviewed. Finally, the research has opened up new lines of inquiry into the rise of a new class of bureaucrats, the cosmocrats and their cosmocracy, on which further research continues.

Universiẗat, Diss.-2006--Konstanz, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 391 - 302.

Univ., Diss., 2009--Mainz. / Includes bibliographical references.