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Perspectives on the best interests of the child : developments in the interpretation and application of the principle in the South African law relating to custodyBasson, Lindinette 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM )-- Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa entrenches the best interests of the
child as being of paramount importance in all matters concerning the child. This
commitment to the promotion of the welfare of children is not unique to modern
South African law, but is an acknowledged principle of the common law and
international child law as well. With such well-established recognition the question,
which forms the primary focus of this study, arises whether the principle of the best
interests of the child is workable and applicable in real life scenarios where the
custody of a child has to be decided. The challenge to the application of the principle
in this context is to reach a decision that will protect the parent-child relationship
regardless of the marital breakdown. The question is whether the principle allows for
and creates an honest awareness of and commitment to the welfare of children that
influence decisions in this context or whether courts and decision-makers merely pay
lip service to it in order to conceal the haphazard way in which custody is awarded.
In order to determine the workability and applicability of the principle, it is necessary
to know how the principle has evolved in the South African legal context. Through
the examination and analysis of existing literature, international conventions,
legislation and case law, a number of different perspectives on the developments in
the interpretation and application of the principle are provided. These perspectives
culminate in the useful and constructive insight and conclusion that the value of the
concept is dependant upon the correct approach to the principle and its characteristics.
The defining characteristic of the principle of the best interests of the child is its
inherent vagueness and indeterminacy. Though this subjects the principle to serious
criticism, this study supports the argument that indeterminacy is in fact essential. It
ensures not only the flexibility of the concept, rendering it applicable to the time,
cultural sphere and social context and unique circumstances of each case it is applied
to, but a holistic approach to the child as individual and family as a unit as well.
This holistic approach forms the foundation of the lists of criteria in McCall v McCall
1994 (3) SA 201 (C) and the Children's Bill, thereby establishing the workability and
value of the principle for fair and just results in all decisions pertaining to the custody
of children. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika verskans die beste belange van die
kind as van deurslaggewende belang in elke aangeleentheid rakende die kind. Die
verbintenis tot die bevordering van die belange van kinders is nie 'n verskynsel uniek
aan die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse reg nie, maar is 'n erkende beginsel in beide die
gemenereg en die internasionale kinderreg. Met hierdie wyd-verspreide en algemene
erkenning ontstaan die vraag, wat dan ook die primêre fokus van hierdie studie vorm,
of die beginsel van die beste belang van die kind werkbaar en toepaslik is in ware
lewensdramas waar 'n beslissing oor die bewaring van 'n kind gemaak moet word.
Die uitdaging vir die toepassing van die beginsels in hierdie konteks is om 'n besluit
te neem wat die voortbestaan van die ouer-kindverhouding ten spyte van die
verbrokkeling van die huwelik sal verseker. Die vraag is of die beginsel werklik 'n
eerlike bewussyn van en verbintenis tot die welstand van kinders skep wat die
besluitnemingsproses in hierdie konteks beïnvloed en lei en of howe en besluitnemers
bloot die regte lippetaal gebruik om die lukrake manier waarop besluite
geneem word te verbloem.
Om die werkbaarheid en toepasbaarheid van die beginsel te bepaal is dit nodig om die
proses van evolusie van die beginsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg onder oënskou te
neem. Deur die ondersoek en analise van bestaande literatuur, internationale
konvensies, wetgewing en hofuitsprake word 'n aantal perspektiewe op ontwikkelinge
in die interpretasie en toepassing van die beginsel voorgelê. Hierdie perspektiewe lei
tot die betekenisvolle en opbouende gevolgtrekking en insig dat die waarde van die
konsep afhang van 'n korrekte benadering tot die beginsel en sy kenmerke. Die
hoofkenmerk van die beste belange van die kind beginsel is die inherente vaagheid en
ondefinieerbaarheid daarvan. Hoewel dit die beginsel aan ernstige kritiek onderwerp,
ondersteun hierdie studie die argument dat die onbepaaldheid in der waarheid
noodsaaklik is. Dit verseker nie alleen buigsaamhied, wat toepassing op alle tye in
alle kulturele en sosiale omgewings en besondere omstandighede van 'n spesifieke
geval moontlik maak nie, maar ook dat 'n holistiese benadering tot die kind as
individue en die gesin as eenheid gevolg word. Hierdie holistiese benadering vorm die grondslag van die lyste van faktore in McCall v McCall 1994 (3) SA 201 (C) en die Wetsontwerp op Kinders 2003 waarmee die
werkbaarheid en waarde van die beginsel vir billike en regverdige resultate in alle
aangeleenthede rakende die bewaring van kinders verseker kan word.
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The construction of gender inequality within households in the context of a democratic dispensation:A case study of Makanye village, Limpopo ProvinceMokoele, Ngoako Johannes January 2013 (has links)
Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Gender inequality has always been a problem in the developing countries, and South Africa is no exception. There is pragmatic evidence about the level of gender inequality within households pre 1994 which was very high due to the discrimination and gender violence that were present within the country. Moreover, tradition and culture helped in the manifestation of gender inequality. However, the South African government has enacted to curb the manifestation of gender inequality within both the households and in the labour market. The Constitution of South Africa, 1996, Domestic Violence Act, 1998, Employment Equity Act (EEA), 1998, Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and Affirmative Action policy are the Acts and policies that were enacted to reduce gender inequality in the country. Women’s representation in the labour market was very low. Women also could not make decision within the households. The study investigates the construction of gender inequality within the households in the context of democratic dispensation in a rural community of Makanye village in Limpopo Province.
The study argues that the past traditional and cultural customs in rural Makanye village created patriarchal structures and household hierarchies where women were at the bottom of the hierarchy. Thus, the hierarchical and patriarchal structures helped in the manifestation of gender inequality within the households. The findings of the survey from Makanye village proved that the women are still not fully liberated from the past oppression and marginalisation. The persistence of domestic violence within Makanye village indicates that women are still given the lowest status within the households. In other words, the past patriarchal structures and hierarchies are still visible in rural areas and not many women are taking part in decision making within the households. The multiple roles women play within the households remains a huge challenge in rural areas. The persistence of gender inequality in Makanye village helps in the manifestation of poverty. The implementation of Affirmative Action policy and Employment Equity Act, 1998 will result in the achievement of gender equality in the labour market and within households.In conclusion, the improper implementation of Affirmative Action Policy and EEA, 1998 in South Africa will empower women, making them become independent, thus eradicating gender inequality and poverty
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Onderhoudsbevele : die effektiwiteit daarvan in familieregtelike konteksLotriet, Helen Mary 01 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar
gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van
onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal
nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat
op genoemde datum in werking getree het.
'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248
afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek
bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op
effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer
afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste
howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe
vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien.
Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe
relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan
bewerkstellig.
Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. / The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon.
Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance
collection and enforcement methods.
Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period
1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which
is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on
enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook
important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders.
Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as
amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more
effective enforcement of maintenance orders.
A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)
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Women's experiences and expectations of the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998.Shaikh, Faaiza B. January 2003 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Onderhoudsbevele : die effektiwiteit daarvan in familieregtelike konteksLotriet, Helen Mary 01 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar
gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van
onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal
nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat
op genoemde datum in werking getree het.
'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248
afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek
bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op
effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer
afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste
howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe
vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien.
Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe
relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan
bewerkstellig.
Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. / The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon.
Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance
collection and enforcement methods.
Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period
1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which
is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on
enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook
important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders.
Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as
amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more
effective enforcement of maintenance orders.
A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)
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Die funksionele gesin met adolessente kinders : 'n programprofiel vir gesinsverrykingSmit, Christa 17 February 2014 (has links)
M.A. (Social Work) / In a society where the demands are increasing, it will be expected of the South African family to demonstrate competence and functionality. Disintegration in the family life is causing distress and doubt regarding the role of the family as the keeper of social standards. The Government's concern and the renewed interest of academici, once again focusses the attention on the family. The importance of the functional family must be stressed. In this study the characteristics, functions, the achievement of family goals and the process of development of the white functional family with adolescent children is discussed. The program profile which is presented for the enrichment of the functional family with adolescent children's interactional processes is systematized into eight steps, whereby the family can assess their present functioning by ways of a self initiated assessing index with a numerical value. This assessment can be obtained by tabulating variables towards each other. Depending on the identified need, a program is designed which will promote and enrich enhancement of the existing good relationships within the functional family. It is the responsibility of the program designer to provide this family enrichment program with contents and to see that it focusses on the development of competence rather than on the changing of behavior. It is important that the necessary care is taken for this program to be family-susceptible and that it meets with the requirements of the family and profession.
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Die funksionering van gesinne in BapongTromp, Marlet 12 September 2012 (has links)
M.A. / Western models are often used when treating families in the South African context. However, these models prove to be inappropriate because of the unique South African multi-cultural context. This unique cultural context necessitates the adaptation of models to the diversity of traditional African families. The social functioning of the traditional African family must first be described before a suitable therapeutic model can be developed. The primary purpose of this study was to describe the social functioning of the traditional Tswana family in Bapong. A qualitative research method was used to describe the social functioning of the traditional Tswana family in Bapong. This method was used because little is known about the social functioning of such a family and it was necessary to obtain as much information as possible. The focus was on family functioning within the natural environment. Participatory observation, as well as unstructured interviewing, was primarily used to collect data. Bapong served as population. For the purpose of the study a non-probabilistic purposeful random sample was used, three Bapong families were identified and field notes and audio-cassettes were used for data capturing. The audio-cassettes were transcribed. Data processing was done by means of analysis schedules, which were compiled and categorised by referring to the contents of the transcripts and field notes. Establishing relations within the different categories identified the central themes. The themes were presented as results. These results were compared with relevant literature, to support the trustworthiness of the research. The trustworthiness of the study was also tested on the basis of credibility, transferability, consistency and impartiality. Conclusions concerning methodology, content and context were drawn from the study. The methodological conclusions concern the research method used. Conclusions about the content dealt with the objectives of the empirical study. Contextual conclusions were general conclusions drawn from the specific study. Recommendations are based on the results of, and the conclusions drawn from the preceding study. The recommendations are focussed on enrichment of practice, broadening of training and identifying possible research.
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Domicile and jurisdiction as criteria in external conflict of laws with particular reference to aspects of the South African law of personsSchoeman, Elsabe 01 1900 (has links)
This thesis explores the use of domicilium as a criterion in choice of law and
jurisdiction in South African law with special reference to private-law status. In this area
of the law adherence to the status theory has, in the recent past, resulted in the use
of domicile as an exclusive ratio jurisdictionis. This has impacted negatively on choice
of law issues in status matters: since domicile constituted the sole jurisdictional
criterion, little attention was devoted to choice of law. Even though the lex domicilii
was, in actual fact, applied to choice of law issues concerning private-law status, it
happened only as a result of the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum domicilii. With
the emergence of alternative jurisdictional criteria, such as ordinary residence, choice
of law issues will have to be addressed from a conflict of laws perspective, since the
jurisdictional criteria will no longer ensure the application of the appropriate lex causae.
In this regard recognition of the functional diversification of jurisdictional and conflicts
connecting factors is crucial: different principles and policies underlie the fields of
jurisdiction and choice of law and this must be borne in mind when a connecting factor is selected. In view of the prominence of domicilium as a connecting factor, problem areas in
regard to the interpretation and ascertainment of domicile, especially the domicile of
choice, is investigated within the context of the Domicile Act 3 of 1992 and with a view
to future reform. It is submitted that the subjective animus requirement for the
acquisition of a domicile of choice remains uncertain and undefined. Since domicile
constitutes such an important connecting factor in issues pertaining to private-law
status, as well as other non-status matters, it is essential that it should be readily and
easily ascertainable. In this regard certain concrete proposals for future reform are
advanced. Ultimately the domicile of an individual should indicate the community to
which he/she truly belongs: only then will domicile constitute a conflicts connecting factor which satisfies the demands of conflicts justice. / Private Law / LL. D. (Law)
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Die finansiële posisie van gades na egskeiding met spesifieke verwysing na die clean break -beginselEngelbrecht, Ockert Michiel January 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontwikkeling van die "clean break"-beginsel met verwysing
na die posisie daarvan in vergelykbare regstelsels. Dit toon aan hoedat maatskaplike
omstandighede die samelewing se siening van die huwelik be"invloed het.
Die hedendaagse samelewing is ten gunste van 'n "clean break" na egskeiding, sonder
'n voortdurende onderhoudsverpligting. Hierdie neiging beinvloed die finansiele posisie ·
van gades na egskeiding nadelig. Dit is 'n feit wat ook in regskringe al hoe meer
erkenning geniet en daartoe aanleiding gegee het dat voortdurend gedebatteer word oor
wyses waarop die finansiele posisie van vroue na egskeiding verbeter kan word. Daar
word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die siening van substansiele gelykheid 'n invloed
behoort te he op die finansiele posisie van gades na egskeiding.
Gesien teen die agtergrond van die fundamentele menseregte handves is 'n bemoeienis van regswee inderdaad geregverdig. / This study traces the development of the "clean break" principle as it has developed in
comparable legal systems. It shows that changed socio-economic conditions influenced
society's view of marriage. Modern society tends to follow a "clean break" after divorce,
with no continuing maintenance obligations. This trend tends to influence the financial
position of single parent families after divorce negatively. This fact has been recognised
in legal circles and has led to a continuing debate on ways to improve the financial
position of women after divorce. My study concludes that substantial equality as seen
from a fundamental human rights position point of view, justifies legal involvement with regard to the financial position of spouses after divorce. / Private Law / LL. M.
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De Facto huwelike :Dercksen, Elsje Jacoba Johanna, Heaton, J. 01 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die regsposisie van die deelgenote tot 'n de facto huwelik word krities ondersoek met
inagneming van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie, oorsigtelike regsvergelyking,
die morele argument, en die invloed van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika. Die
verskillende vorme van de facto huwelike in sy bree interpretasie word in oenskou
geneem en die volgende verbindings word bespreek: saamwoonverhoudings;
inheemsregtelike huwelike; huwelike voortspruitend uit godsdienstige tradisies; en
homoseksuele huwelike.
Dit word gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie tans baie onbevredigend is.
Sekere voorstelle vir wysigings word aan die hand gedoen, en daar word gewys op
die unieke kenmerke van die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie wat in ag geneem moet word
in die vorming van 'n nuwe benadering. Dit word bepleit dat die regslui die uitdaging
moet aangryp en met innoverende denke 'n nuwe bestel vir die Suid-Afrikaanse reg moet skep wat buigbaar en soepel is, maar terselfdertyd regsekerheid bevorder. / The legal status of the parties to a de facto marriage is investigated, taking into
consideration the present South African position, legal comparison, the moral
argument, and the influence of the Constitution of South Africa. The different forms
of the de facto marriage in its wide interpretation are reviewed and the following
relationships are discussed: cohabitation relationships; customary marriages;
marriages resulting from religious traditions; and homosexual relationships.
It is found that the present South African legal position is very unsatisfactory. Several
suggestions for amendments are made, and the unique characteristics of the South
African situation to be taken into consideration in forming a new approach, are
highlighted. It is pleaded that the legal profession accept the challenge to create, with
innovation, a new system for South African law which will be flexible, but, will at the same time ensure certainty in law. / Private Law / LL. M.
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