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Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_LiwanaChiude_M.pdf: 1654795 bytes, checksum: 44e9ed5746c2489e5e6ee274dafa1b70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O comportamento do ser humano tem causado inúmeros danos ao meio ambiente, sendo necessário que se revejam atitudes e hábitos de consumo dos insumos em geral, dentre eles o uso da água. Apesar deste assunto se encontrar na pauta de discussões de vários países, percebe-se que as pessoas ainda não se atentaram para o fato de que a necessidade de preservação deste insumo é essencial para a sobrevivência humana e de que são agentes determinantes para a sua conservação dentro de uma edificação. Isto ocorre, muitas vezes, porque não é suficiente informar as pessoas sobre a crise da água, é necessário que elas revejam seus conceitos e valores, seus padrões de consumo, sintam-se sensibilizadas pelo problema e mudem de atitude em prol de um desenvolvimento sustentável. Inserido neste contexto, a partir de um programa de conservação de água desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP, o presente trabalho consiste em um levantamento das atividades realizadas no uso doméstico da água nessa tipologia de edificação, por meio de entrevistas e da observação de sua forma de realização, de modo a identificar as principais fontes de desperdício e as ações a serem implantadas para o uso racional da água. Palavras-chave: sistemas prediais, uso racional da água, uso doméstico da água, hospitais, comportamento humano / Abstract: The human behavior has caused countless damages to the environment; consequently it is necessary to review attitudes and habits of resources consumption, among them the use of water. Although this subject is up for a discussion in several countries, it is noticed that most people still do not realize that the necessity for the water preservation is essential for human survival and that they play a decisive role in its conservation inside a building. In general, this often happens because it is not enough to inform the people about the crisis of the water, it is necessary to make them review their concepts and values, their consumption patterns and make them sensible of this problem, in order to change their attitude on behalf of a sustainable development. Inserted in this context, starting from a program of conservation of water developed at UNICAMP Hospital, this work consists of a study about the activities regarding the domestic use of water in this building. The results were obtained based on interviews and observing the users dealing with the water, in order to identify the main sources of waste and the actions that could be implanted for the rational use of water. Keywords: plumbing system, rational use of water, domestic use of water, hospitals, human¿ behavior / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Em Campo Largo existe uma concentração de fábricas para a produção de louças de mesa branca de uso doméstico e por conta disso, em dezembro de 2010, a Lei no. 16.773, declarou \"O Município de Campo Largo como Capital da Louça, Porcelana de Mesa e da Cerâmica do Estado do Paraná\", tal evento pareceu confirmar um processo de formalização e de uma ritualização, que carrega do passado práticas desenvolvidas por meio de uma tradição. Para realizar o estudo que envolveu a história da produção de louças nesse município, uma questão central norteadora foi formulada buscando responder ao que se pode depreender do design de louças de mesa branca de uso doméstico, produzidas em Campo Largo, nas décadas de 1920 a 1960? Para responder à essa questão um estudo voltado para o paradigma qualitativo, na modalidade histórica, foi aplicado e como métodos de coletas de informações, entrevistas individuais e semiestruturadas, além delas, também foram feitas consultas a acervos particulares, de museus, memoriais, documentos históricos e consultas a dados da hemeroteca. As informações geradas pela coleta dos dados foram interpretadas e depois disso, divididas em categorias temáticas, utilizadas para responder a 4 questões que derivaram da questão central. A reconstituição realizada a partir dos dados encontrados de fábricas que existiram no início do século XX possibilitaram a geração de um documento que resgatou um passado, resultado da formação de uma rede de máquinas e equipamentos, associadas a assentamentos humanos que formaram um parque industrial que impactou no design da louça de mesa branca e também foi impactado por ela. Identificar oficialmente a cidade como sendo a Capital da Louça é indício de que um produto pode ser reflexo da sua história cultural, política e econômica além de ter, também, influenciado a construção de valores e hábitos nesse território. / In Campo Largo in the State of Paraná - Brazil, there is a concentration of factories that manufacture white tableware for domestic use, and because of that, in December 2010 the law no 16.773, decreed Campo Largo as \"Parana\'s white tableware capital\". Such event might have confirmed a process of formalization and a ritualization which carries from the past practices developed by means of a tradition. In order to carry out the research that included the history of the manufacturing of white tableware in this city, a fundamental guiding question was made up, seeking to answer what can be understood from the design of white tableware for domestic use manufactured in the city of Campo Largo, from the 1920\'s to the 1960\'s. To answer such question, a study focused on the qualitative paradigm with emphasis on the historic genre has been carried out using as data collect methods such as: in-depth interviews, visits to museums, visits to private collections, memorials and also the analysis of historic documents and newspapers. The information generated by the data collect was interpreted and then divided into thematic categories used to answer four questions derived from the fundamental one. The reconstitution made from the data found from factories that had been around in the early twentieth century enabled the generation of a document that rescued a past, which was the result of the formation of a network of machines and equipment, associated with human settlements, which in turn made up an industrial complex that impacted on the design of white tableware, and was also impacted by its design. Identifying officially the city of Campo Largo as being the capital of white tableware implies that a product can reflect its cultural, political and economic history and also this product has influenced the construction of values and habits in that territory.

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Approximately, 780 million of people in the world lack access to safe water for domestic use. Out of these, 37 % are found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the negative impact of climate variability and change, scarcity of water is likely to continue worsening. Although semi-arid areas experience water shortages, they receive limited amounts of rainfall. Rainwater might help alleviate temporal water shortages. However, rainwater is rarely harvested for use when most needed. The PhD in Rural Development thesis research was carried out in Mabayeni village, which falls under Ward 35 of Collins Chabane Local Municipality in Limpopo Province of South Africa. It was designed to develop a grassroots community-informed prototype for a technology that could be used to harvest rainwater for domestic use. A series of interrelated studies with the following specific objectives underpinned the research: (1) To determine the extent of water scarcity; (2) To identify strategies households used to cope with inadequate availability of water for domestic use; (3) To document the rainwater harvesting techniques rural households used; (4) To compare the features of rainwater harvesting technology that people of different age groups preferred; (5) To develop community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology with the best potential to increase access to water for domestic use; and (6) To evaluate the community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology. Partly, the study was conducted as a follow-up to a Master’s research study on climate change carried out in 2014 in Mabayeni village. In the 2014 study, it was revealed that water scarcity was a major result of climate change in the area. In addition, Mabayeni was perceived as the driest compared to other villages in the ward. The Cresswell (2013) explanatory sequential mixed method design guided the study. Multi-stage sampling was followed to select respondents. This entailed categorizing respondents first dividing them by age and gender. Respondents were placed in the following clusters: children (boys and girls), youth (male and female), adult (men and women), and the elderly. This was done in order to ensure that there was triangulation of data sources. Various participatory research techniques were used to collect qualitative data for the same reason. For objective 1, data collection techniques such as photo voice, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, transect walks, storytelling and seasonal diagramming were used. Data were analysed through card sorting, Atlas.ti version 7.5.7-mediated thematic content analysis, map ranking, matrix scoring and conversation analysis. Data collection techniques employed for objective 2 were similar to those used in objective 1 with the exception of participatory mapping. Thematic content analysis in Atlas.ti, map ranking and matrix ranking were used to analyse data for this objective. Only focus group discussions, key informant interviews and transect walks were used to collect data for objective 3. Data analysis techniques used were similar to those used in the previous objective with the exception of map ranking. For objective 4, data were collected through focus group discussions and analysed using matrix ranking and Atlas.ti-aided thematic content analysis. In objective 5, development of artefacts was guided by prototyping and sketch modelling techniques. Techniques such as verbal protocol analysis, mathematical calculations and presentation and analysis were used to analyse data. A questionnaire with open and closed ended questions was also used to collect data for the last objective. Open-ended questions were analysed using thematic content analysis. In addition, the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 25 determined first, the two prototypes (one for zinc and another for thatch roof) that were regarded as the best; and second, if prototype component ratings significantly differed (p <0.05) across prototypes. As a post hoc test, the Dunn’s test in R Statistical Software version 3.3.0 was used for pairwise comparisons. Data saturation determined the sample size. A total of 17 community engagement sessions were held to collect, analyse and validate findings with the grassroots community members in Mabayeni village. Water scarcity in Mabayeni village was reconfirmed to be seasonal. The dry season in each year was five months long. During this time, residents adopted random, risky and unhygienic coping strategies. Although rainwater was collected from rooftops, there was no formal technology used to gather and store large quantities for later use. This was attributed to lack of resources and knowledge on how to develop such technologies. The most commonly preferred features of rainwater harvesting technology across interest groups related to water quality, construction materials and security. All interest groups preferred a technology that harvested clean/potable water. Moreover, the elderly wanted a technology that would help them access the stored water easily. In total, 14 prototypes were developed. When all the interest groups evaluated the prototypes, the ones that boys and men developed were selected as the best for zinc and thatched roofbased technologies, respectively. Selection of a prototype that children produced as the best underlined that children were an important resource that communities should never marginalise. Nor should their ability to contribute useful ideas be underestimated when seeking solutions to local challenges. Active involvement of grassroots community members in the entire design process helped tailor specifications of the technology to user needs, thereby highlighting the importance of inclusive decision making in development practice. This was also important because it created ownership and increased chances of adopting the technology. Lastly, the current study reaffirmed the view that postgraduate degree research can be harnessed to coproduce solutions to community-identified challenges. / NRF