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Stäng dörren tack : En observationsstudie om dörröppningar på operationssal / Close the door please : An observational study of door openings in the operating roomKaas, Kristina, Mattsson, Veronika January 2013 (has links)
Bakgrund: Flera studier beskriver vikten av att minimera dörröppningsfrekvensen på operationssalarna. Högre frekvens av dörröppningar leder till försämrad ventilation på operationssalen, vilket i sin tur kan leda till vårdrelaterade infektioner. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att på en operationsavdelning observera frekvensen av dörröppningar under pågående operation, varför och av vem de öppnades. Metod: Metoden var en kvantitativ deskriptiv observationsstudie med tvärsnittsdesign. Personalen på en operationsavdelning i Mellansverige observerades under pågående operationer. Observationerna utfördes sex vardagar i januari 2013 och valdes från operationsprogrammet. Resultat och slutsats: 22 observationstillfällen observerades, 11 från vardera konventionell respektive infektionskänslig kirurgi. Studien visade att dörröppningsfrekvensen var högre vid konventionell kirurgi jämfört med infektionskänslig. Dörröppningsfrekvensen varierade från en gång per minut till var 10:e minut vid konventionell kirurgi. Vid infektionskänslig kirurgi varierade dörröppningsfrekvensen från var 3:e minut till var 19:e minut. Den yrkesgrupp som utförde de flesta dörröppningarna var den cirkulerande personalen. Den största anledningen till dörröppningarna var hämtning av utrustning/material/instrument. Klinisk betydelse: Studien visar att dörröppningsfrekvensen vid konventionell kirurgi är högre än vid infektionskänslig kirurgi. För infektionskänslig kirurgi finns lokala riktlinjer. Däremot finns det inte vid konventionell kirurgi, där de kunde ha betydelse för att sänka dörröppningsfrekvensen. / Background: Several studies describe the importance of minimizing the frequency of door openings to the operating room. Higher frequency of door openings leads to impaired ventilation in the operating room, which in turn can lead to surgical site infections. Aim: The aim of this study was that in a surgical department observing the frequency of door openings during surgery, why and by whom they were opened. Method: The method was a quantitative descriptive observational study with cross-sectional design. The personnel in a surgical department in central Sweden were observed during operations. The observations were performed six weekdays in January 2013 and were selected from the surgical program. Results and conclusion: 22 observations were observed, 11 each from conventional and implant surgery. The study indicated that door openings were more frequent when comparing conventional surgery with implant surgery. The frequency of door openings varied from once per minute to every 10 minutes for conventional surgery. In implant surgery the frequency of door openings varied from every 3 minutes to every 19 minutes. The profession who carried out most door openings was the circulating staff. The main reason for the door openings was retrieval of equipment / materials / instruments. Clinical relevance: This study shows that the frequency of door openings was higher at conventional surgery than at implant surgery. For implant surgery there are local guidelines. However, there are none for conventional surgery, where they could play a role in lowering the frequencies of door openings.
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Polyfunkční dům v Uherském Hradišti / Multifunctional building in Uherské HradištěMaňásková, Kristýna January 2014 (has links)
The subject of diploma thesis is the construction of technical project documentation for building realization - Multifunctional building in the town of. The object has three floors with residential attic and basement garage. The land is in the city center Uherské Hradiště and This is a building in the vacant space between existing objects. Construction is rectangular in shape, roofed with a gable roof and is designed from traditional building materials.
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Håll luften ren! : En observationsstudie om CFU-halten i operationssalar. / Keep the air clean! : An observational study on the CFU content in operating theatres.Bergqvist, Jessica, Fransson, Fredrik January 2024 (has links)
Bakgrund: Till operationssjuksköterskors ansvarsområden hör hygien och infektionsprevention. Vårdrelaterade infektioner (VRI) drabbar drygt 55 000 patienter i Sverige varje år. Av dessa VRI är runt 12 000 postoperativa sårinfektioner (SSI), varav hälften beräknas vara möjliga att undvika. En vanlig orsak till SSI är att bakteriebärande partiklar i luften, colony forming units (CFU), hamnar i operationssåret. Antalet personer i salen, personalens klädsel och antalet dörröppningar är några faktorer som antas påverka CFU-halten i operationssalens luft. Det råder osäkerhet kring vilka infektions-förebyggande åtgärder som bör prioriteras för att hålla CFU-halten nere och säkerställa en säker vård. Syfte: Att undersöka sambandet mellan CFU-halten i operationssalens sterila område och miljöfaktorer i salen. Metod: En prospektiv icke-experimentell korrelationsstudie med kvantitativ ansats genomfördes. CFU-halten mättes med en aktiv luftprovtagare under 113 mätperioder fördelade på 17 operationer i en operationssal utrustad med LAF-ventilation. Samtidigt observerades antalet personer, antalet personer utan dok och antalet dörröppningar. Med hjälp av SPSS beräknades korrelationerna mellan de studerade variablerna. Resultat: Inget signifikant samband kunde påvisas mellan CFU-halten i operationsområdet och antalet personer i salen, antalet personer utan dok eller antalet dörröppningar. Slutsats: Luften i operationsområdet höll genomgående en ultraren nivå och CFU-halten påverkades inte av de studerade miljöfaktorerna. Detta är positivt ur perspektivet säker vård då det tyder på att risken för att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion på grund av bakterier i luften är liten i salar med LAF-ventilation. Därigenom undviks onödigt lidande för patienter och kostnaderna för samhället hålls nere. Risken att drabbas av SSI påverkas av fler faktorer. Mer forskning behövs innan nuvarande rutiner kan ändras. / Background: Hygiene and infection prevention are two of the responsibilities of the operating room nurse. In Sweden, roughly 12,000 patients suffer from surgical site infections (SSI) each year, many of which could be avoided. A common cause of SSI is bacteria-laden particles (CFU) in the air of the operating room. The number of people in the room, the attire of the surgical staff and the number of door openings are thought to affect the CFU count. It remains unclear what preventive measures are most effective in reducing the CFU count to provide the safest care possible. Aim: To investigate the relationship between the CFU count in the sterile area of the operating room and various environmental factors. Method: A prospective, non-experimental correlational study was conducted. The CFU count was measured through active air sampling during 113 ten-minute periods, distributed over 17 operations, in an operating room equipped with a laminar air flow ventilation system. Simultaneously, observations were made of the number of people in the room, the number of people wearing a specific type of surgical cap called “dok” and the number of door openings. Correlations between variables were calculated using SPSS software. Results: No correlations between the CFU count within the sterile area and the studied variables were found. Conclusion: The air in the sterile area remained ultra-clean throughout the study, and the CFU count was not affected by the studied variables. This indicates that the risk of suffering from SSI caused by airborne bacteria is low, which benefits both patients and society. However, there is still a significant risk of suffering from SSI because of other risk factors. More research is needed before any new recommendations regarding hygiene routines in the operating room can be given.
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Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation des écoulements d’air et transferts thermiques dans un meuble frigorifique fermé / Experimental characterization and modeling of airflow and heat transfer in a closed refrigerated display cabinetChaomuang, Nattawut 16 September 2019 (has links)
L'utilisation des meubles frigorifiques de vente fermés a augmenté régulièrement dans les supermarchés en raison des économies d'énergie réalisées par rapport aux meubles ouverts. D’où la nécessité d'élargir les connaissances scientifiques à ce type de meuble. Pour l’instant la plupart des études de la littérature ont porté sur l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique après l'installation de portes, tandis que les études sur les mécanismes de transfert de chaleur dans les meubles frigorifiques fermés sont rares. De plus, il convient d’étudier également les circulations d’air car ils influencent les échanges de chaleur entre l’air et les produits, donc leur température. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre les phénomènes d’écoulement d’air et de transfert de chaleur dans les meubles frigorifiques fermés par la mise en œuvre d'approches expérimentales et numériques.Des investigations expérimentales ont été menées sur un meuble frigorifique fermé placé dans une cellule d’essai à température contrôlée. Quatre-vingts thermocouples calibrés répartis dans le meuble ont permis d’observer les évolutions spatio-temporelles des températures de l’air et du produit dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement. Nous avons fait varier la température de l'air ambiant (15, 19, 24 et 29 ° C), le volume occupé par le produit (meuble vide ou plus ou moins chargé de blocs de méthylcellulose) et la fréquence d'ouverture des portes (0 : fermé en permanence, 10, 20, 40, 60 Ouvertures Par Heure - OPH). Des expériences ont également été réalisées dans une configuration ouverte du meuble frigorifique (portes complètement retirées) afin de déterminer les avantages des portes sur les performances thermiques.Les résultats ont montré que lorsque les portes étaient fermées en permanence, les champs de température étaient similaires quels que soient la température ambiante et le pourcentage de volume occupé : la température la plus élevée se situe à l’avant de l'étagère supérieure alors que la température la plus basse est observée à l’arrière de l'étagère inférieure. Cette répartition change lorsque les portes sont périodiquement ou définitivement ouvertes : la position où la température est la plus élevée migre vers l’avant de l'étagère du milieu. Même pour une fréquence très élevée d’ouverture des portes (60 OPH), les températures de l’air et des produits dans le meuble fermé sont restées plus basses d’au moins 1,0 ° C par rapport au meuble sans portes.Des mesures de vitesse d'air par anémométrie à fil chaud au niveau du rideau d’air ont permis d'observer son allure générale tandis que les mesures effectuées dans le conduit arrière ont permis de quantifier la répartition du flux d'air à travers le plaque arrière perforée. L’utilisation d’une technique de vélocimétrie par image de particules (PIV) a permis de caractériser le rideau d’air avec une résolution et une précision spatiale supérieures. Les résultats ont notamment montré l’existence d’une zone de recirculation de l'air dans la partie supérieure du meuble où l’on observe également une infiltration d'air ambiant chaud par les fentes présentes autour des portes. Ceci induit une augmentation de la température du rideau d'air. Des simulations numériques bidimensionnelles d’écoulement (CFD) avec le modèle de turbulence k-ε ont permis de reproduire les principaux phénomènes d'écoulement observés par PIV et de voir leur influence sur la distribution de température dans le meuble.Enfin, un modèle simplifié des transferts de chaleur a été développé par une approche zonale en régime permanent et en régime transitoire ce qui permet respectivement de prévoir les températures moyennes de l’air et du produit et les fluctuations de température en fonction des cycles marche / arrêt du compresseur. Le modèle transitoire a été résolu avec une approche spectrale. L'influence de différents paramètres sur les niveaux de température et l'amortissement des fluctuations peut ainsi être identifiée. / The use of closed refrigerated display cabinets in supermarkets has been increased steadily because of the potential energy savings compared to open ones. This growing trend has contributed to the necessity to expand research in the field of retail refrigeration. Most studies in literature, however, focused on the improvements of energy efficiency after door installation while studies on the mechanism of heat transfer and airflow within closed display cabinets are still limited. In fact, the airflow pattern influences the heat exchange between air and products, thus, product temperature. This PhD thesis aims to gain an insight into the mechanism of airflow and heat transfer in closed refrigerated display cabinets by the implementation of experimental and numerical approaches.Experimental investigations were conducted in a closed refrigerated display cabinet (an integral type with a single band air curtain and two double-glazing doors) located in a controlled-temperature test room. Air/product temperatures and air velocity are the main parameters taken into investigations. Eighty calibrated thermocouples distributed throughout the cabinet made it possible to observe the spatial and temporal evolutions of the air and product temperatures under different operating conditions. These conditions were ambient air temperature (15, 19, 24 and 29 °C), product-occupied volume (unloaded, half-loaded and full-loaded with test packages made of methylcellulose), door-opening frequency (0 - permanently closed, 10, 20, 40, 60 Openings Per Hour - OPH) and opening duration (15s and 30s). An automatic door opening system was developed and allowed to apply the opening regime as prescribed in the standard test (EN ISO 23953-2, 2015). The experiment was also conducted in an open configuration of the cabinet (doors were completely removed) to determine the benefits of the doors on the temperature performance. The results showed that when the doors were permanently closed, the temperature distribution in the cabinet was similar whatever the ambient temperatures and occupied-volume percentages – the highest temperature position at the front-top shelf and the lowest temperature position at the rear-bottom shelf. The temperature distribution changed when the doors were periodically or permanently open – the front of the middle shelf became the highest temperature position while the lowest temperature position remained at the rear-bottom shelf. However, the air and product temperatures in the cabinet with doors remained lower despite a very high door-opening frequency (i.e. 60 OPH, product temperatures at least 1.0 °C lower), compared to the case without doors.Air velocity measurement using a hot-wire anemometer at the front of the cabinet from the discharge to the return air grilles allowed to observe the shape of the air curtain, while the measurement in the rear duct allowed to quantify the air flow distribution over the perforated back panel of different shelves. The use of a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique allowed the characterization of the air curtain with higher spatial resolution and accuracy. The result showed a zone of air recirculation at the upper part of the cabinet where warm ambient air infiltration through the door gaps was also observed, leading to an increase in the air curtain temperature. A 2D-CFD k-ε turbulence model was developed to reproduce the main flow phenomena observed by PIV so that its influence on the internal temperature distribution can be examined.Finally, a simplified heat transfer model was developed based on a zonal approach in both static and dynamic regimes which permits, respectively, the predictions of time-averaged air and product temperatures and temperature fluctuations according to the on/off cycle of the compressor regulation. The dynamic model was solved with a spectral approach, thus the influence of different parameters on the damping of the temperature fluctuations can be identified.
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