Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-87).

In Drosophila melanogaster, two chromosome-specific targeting and regulatory systems have been described. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex supports dosage compensation by stimulating gene expression from the male X-chromosome and the protein Painting of fourth (POF) specifically targets and stimulates expression from the heterochromatic 4(th) chromosome. The targeting sites of both systems are well characterized, but the principles underlying the targeting mechanisms have remained elusive. Here we present an original observation, namely that POF specifically targets two loci on the X-chromosome, PoX1 and PoX2 (POF-on-X). PoX1 and PoX2 are located close to the roX1 and roX2 genes, which encode ncRNAs important for the correct targeting and spreading of the MSL-complex. We also found that the targeting of POF to PoX1 and PoX2 is largely dependent on roX expression and identified a high-affinity target region which ectopically recruits POF. The results presented support a model linking the MSL-complex to POF and dosage compensation to regulation of heterochromatin.

Dosage compensation is the key regulatory process employed in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> to equalize the level of gene transcripts between the single X chromosome in males (XY) and the two X chromosomes in females (XX). Dimorphic sex chromosomes evolved by the severe degeneration of the Y chromosome, giving rise to an imbalance between the heterogametic sex and the homogametic sex. Vital to the viability of male Drosophila is the dosage compensation complex (DCC), a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the precise two-fold transcription of the single male X chromosome. The DCC is comprised of five proteins: male-specific-lethal proteins (MSL) 1, 2, and 3, male absent-on-the-first (MOF), maleless (MLE), and two non-coding RNAs. The complex specifically co-localizes along the male X chromosome in a reproducible manner, resulting in acetylation of lysine 16 of the N-terminal tail of histone H4. The exact mechanism of recruitment and spreading of the DCC along the male X chromosome remains unclear; recent studies propose a multi-step mechanism involving DNA sequence elements, epigenetic marks, and transcription. Understanding how dosage compensation functions provides insight into the interplay between gene regulation and chromatin remodelling. The goal of this project was to better understand how <i>Drosophila</i> MSL1, MSL3, and MOF interact and how their interaction modulates MOFs acetyltransferase activity. Recombinant protein constructs were cloned and over-expressed in a bacterial expression system permitting future structure determination by X-ray crystallography. The dMSL1820-1039 construct consisted of the C-terminal domain, reported to be able to interact with both dMSL3 and dMOF. dMSL3186-512 contained the domain required for the interaction with dMSL1 and dMOF. dMOF371-827 was comprised of the catalytic domain, the CCHC zinc finger, and the chromodomain, as the N-terminal region does not encode any known domains. All three recombinant proteins were successfully cloned, over-expressed, and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant dMOF371-827 was determined to acetylate histones. Interaction studies using GST pull-down assays and size exclusion chromatography determined that dMSL1820-1039 and dMOF371-827 did not interact above background levels. Moreover, size exclusion chromatography revealed dMSL3186-512 and dMOF371-827 did not interact nor did the three recombinant proteins form a stable complex.

Dosage compensation is the key regulatory process employed in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> to equalize the level of gene transcripts between the single X chromosome in males (XY) and the two X chromosomes in females (XX). Dimorphic sex chromosomes evolved by the severe degeneration of the Y chromosome, giving rise to an imbalance between the heterogametic sex and the homogametic sex. Vital to the viability of male Drosophila is the dosage compensation complex (DCC), a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the precise two-fold transcription of the single male X chromosome. The DCC is comprised of five proteins: male-specific-lethal proteins (MSL) 1, 2, and 3, male absent-on-the-first (MOF), maleless (MLE), and two non-coding RNAs. The complex specifically co-localizes along the male X chromosome in a reproducible manner, resulting in acetylation of lysine 16 of the N-terminal tail of histone H4. The exact mechanism of recruitment and spreading of the DCC along the male X chromosome remains unclear; recent studies propose a multi-step mechanism involving DNA sequence elements, epigenetic marks, and transcription. Understanding how dosage compensation functions provides insight into the interplay between gene regulation and chromatin remodelling. The goal of this project was to better understand how <i>Drosophila</i> MSL1, MSL3, and MOF interact and how their interaction modulates MOFs acetyltransferase activity. Recombinant protein constructs were cloned and over-expressed in a bacterial expression system permitting future structure determination by X-ray crystallography. The dMSL1820-1039 construct consisted of the C-terminal domain, reported to be able to interact with both dMSL3 and dMOF. dMSL3186-512 contained the domain required for the interaction with dMSL1 and dMOF. dMOF371-827 was comprised of the catalytic domain, the CCHC zinc finger, and the chromodomain, as the N-terminal region does not encode any known domains. All three recombinant proteins were successfully cloned, over-expressed, and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant dMOF371-827 was determined to acetylate histones. Interaction studies using GST pull-down assays and size exclusion chromatography determined that dMSL1820-1039 and dMOF371-827 did not interact above background levels. Moreover, size exclusion chromatography revealed dMSL3186-512 and dMOF371-827 did not interact nor did the three recombinant proteins form a stable complex.

Several polymer systems including P(MAA-g-EG) and P(MAA-co-NVP) with crosslinking agents TEGDMA and PEGDMA1000, monomer-to-solvent ratios of 67:33, 60:40, and 50:50, and particle sizes of <75 microns, 90-150 microns, and 150-212 microns were synthesized for use with protein-transporter conjugates. All synthesized systems were characterized by SEM which demonstrated the visual size, surface features, and surface textures of the polymer microparticles. Insulin-transferrin and calcitonin-transferrin conjugates were successfully synthesized using the protein crosslinker SPDP, binding the two proteins with a disulfide bond. The multi-step conjugation reactions used to create the conjugates were analyzed by the use of UV spectroscopy and HPLC to ensure the quality of the final products. In both conjugation reactions, the final product yield was found to be over 70%. The in vitro loading and release characteristics for insulin-transferrin and calcitonin-transferrin were separately investigated. By testing loading and release using a number of different polymer systems with different synthesis parameters, it was possible to optimize the hydrogel carriers for use with each of the conjugates independently. Upon optimization, the ideal system for use with insulin-transferrin and calcitonin-transferrin was found to be P(MAA-g-EG) microparticles of <75 microns formed using a PEGDMA1000 crosslinker and a 50:50 monomer-to-solvent ratio for both conjugates through separate optimization processes. This optimized polymer carrier was found to release upwards of 50% of loaded insulin-transferrin conjugate and near 90% of loaded calcitonin-transferrin conjugate. The insulin-transferrin conjugate was further evaluated through the use of cellular and animal models. Using cellular models, the insulin-transferrin conjugate was shown to increase transport relative to insulin by a factor of 7, achieving an apparent permeability of 37 x 10⁹ cm/s. Also, in the presence of polymer microparticles, the insulin-transferrin conjugate increased transport by a factor of 14 times relative to insulin, achieve an apparent permeability of 72.8 x 10⁹ cm/s. The presence of the microparticles near the cells was found to improve conjugate transport by nearly 100%. The preliminary animal studies verified the successful synthesis of the insulin-transferrin conjugate as well as demonstrated the bioactivity of the insulin portion of the molecule by achieving a drop in blood glucose level upon subcutaneous injection. / text

published_or_final_version / Radioisotope / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

Dissertation (Ph.D.).--University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Medical Physics Unit. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/05/29). Includes bibliographical references.