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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the purpose of obtain solid state dosimeters whith characteristics such as high sensitivity, ease obtaining and handling and that are practical and economical were studied in in the present work phosphors based on magnesium ion. The materials chosen for analysis were MgSO4 (magnesium sulphate) and MgB4O7 (magnesium tetraborate), both materials were doped with the rare earths Dy (dysprosium) and Tm (thulium). The interest in the production of these doped materials was to investigate the production of thermoluminescent dosimeters with these elements and study their thermoluminescence characteristics. The phosphors were obtained by acid solution. The thermoluminescence response of materials produced in pellet form were investigated. For the study of thermoluminescent characteristics, sulphate and tetraborate samples were irradiated with a beta source (90Sr+90Y). The thermoluminescence response of the pellets based on MgB4O7 were investigate in more details after exposure to different radiation sources such as X rays , 60Co and 137Cs. For these materials the dose response curves related to X-rays and 60Co irradiations, reproducibility, homogeneity, minimum detectable dose, energy dependence, the intrinsic efficiency and the kinetic parameters for the glow curves, using Chen´s method were evaluated. The results obtained for MgB4O7:Dy and MgB4O7:Tm samples, show that is possible to use both materials to radiation dosimetry of photon beams such as X ray and gamma and beta radiation, due to the facility of the preparation , since they have adequate sensitivity and linearity of TL response over the dose range evaluated, among other characteristic. The initial studies of MgSO4: Dy (or Tm), show that materials have potential to dosimetry and should be better evaluated in future work. / Com o intuito de se obter dosímetros de estado sólido que apresentem características tais como: alta sensibilidade, facilidade de obtenção e manuseio, praticidade e economicidade foram estudados no presente trabalho fósforos à base do íon magnésio. Os materiais escolhidos para análise foram o MgSO4 (sulfato de magnésio) e o MgB4O7 (tetraborato de magnésio); ambos materiais foram impurificados com os terras raras Dy (disprósio) e Tm (túlio). O interesse na produção desses materiais impurificados foi o de investigar a produção de dosímetros termoluminescente com esses elementos e as características dessa termoluminescência. Os fósforos foram obtidos através de solução ácida. Foi investigada a resposta termoluminescente dos materiais produzidos na forma de pastilhas prensadas. Para o estudo das características termoluminescentes, amostras de sulfatos e tetraboratos foram irradiados com fonte beta (90Sr+90Y). A resposta termoluminescente das pastilhas produzidas à base de MgB4O7 foi investigada de forma mais aprofundada, após exposição a diferentes fontes de radiação, tais como, raios X , 60Co, e 137Cs. Para esse material, as respostas em função da dose de raios X e 60Co,a reprodutibilidade, a homogeneidade, a dose mínima detectável, a dependência energética, a eficiência intrínseca e os parâmetros cinéticos das curvas de emissão através do método de Chen, foram avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras de MgB4O7:Dy e MgB4O7:Tm mostram que é possível a utilização de ambos materiais para dosimetria de feixes de radiações ionizantes, tais como feixes de fótons de raios X e radiações gama e beta, devido à facilidade de preparação, por apresentarem sensibilidade termoluminescente adequada e linearidade da resposta TL no intervalo de dose avaliado, entre outras características. Os estudos iniciais com MgSO4:Dy (ou Tm) indicam que esses apresentam potencial para dosimetria e por isso devem ser mais bem avaliados em trabalhos futuros.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as propriedades ópticas de sistemas poliméricos luminescentes submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação gama. Foram preparadas soluções de poli[2-metóxi-5-(2\'etil-hexilóxi)-p-fenilenovinileno] - MEHPPV em clorofórmio e filmes finos depositados a partir de soluções deste polímero sobre substrato de vidro. As soluções e filmes finos tiveram suas propriedades investigadas por meio de medidas de absorção ultravioleta-visível (UV-VIS). Os filmes finos também foram analisados por medidas de espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) além da cromatografia HPSEC. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados buscando elucidar tanto os efeitos da radiação nas propriedades ópticas dos polímeros, como também o estudo da viabilidade destes materiais como elementos ativos de dosímetros para baixas doses de radiação gama (< 1 kGy) especialmente para aplicações no tratamento de esterilização de bolsas de sangue (~ 25 Gy) e altas doses de radiação gama (até 25 kGy) para aplicações como esterilização de materiais médicos hospitalares. / This work aims the investigation of the optical properties of luminescent polymeric systems when submitted to different gamma radiation doses. Solutions of poly[2-methoxi-5-(2\'etil-hexiloxi)-p-phenilenevinilene] - MEH-PPV in chloroform were prepared. From those solutions, thin film layers of MEH-PPV were deposited on glass substrates. The polymer solutions and the thin-film samples of MEHPPV had their properties investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The thin-film prepared samples were, additionally, investigated by InfraRed Fourier Transform (FTIR) spectroscopy and HPSEC chromatography. The experimental results were investigated to elucidate the radiation effects on the optical properties of these polymeric systems. From the experimental results, the feasibility of using this material as active element in gamma radiation dosimeters was investigated. The research was conducted aiming the low dose gamma radiation (< 1 kGy) specifically for application in the sterilization treatment of blood bags (~ 25 Gy) and high gamma radiation doses (up to 25 kGy) as used for the sterilization of medical and hospital supplies.

New radiation therapy (RT) techniques for treating cancer are continually under development. Our ability to demonstrate the safe and accurate implementation of new RT treatment techniques is dependent on the information provided by current dosimetric tools. Advanced dosimetric tools will become increasingly necessary as treatments become more complex. This work examines the readout of an advanced dosimeter --- the polyacrylamide, gelatin, and tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (PAGAT) dosimeter --- using a prototype fan-beam optical computed tomography (CT) scanner. A number of developments sought to improve the performance of the optical CT device. A new fan-creation method (laser diode module) and new matching tank were introduced. Artefact removal techniques were developed to remove flask seam artefacts and ring artefacts via sinogram space. A flask registration technique was established to achieve reproducible placement of flasks in the optical CT scanner. A timing-correction technique was implemented to allow for the scanning of continuously rotating samples. A number of experiments examined factors related to the PAGAT dosimeter. Comparisons of post-irradiation scans to pre-irradiation scans improved dosimeter readout quality. Changes to the PAGAT dosimeter cooling/scanning routine provided further improvements to dosimeter readout. Evaluations of calibration curves showed that a linear calibration curve was less capable of describing PAGAT dose response than a quadratic calibration curve. Intra-gel calibration using another dose distribution was shown to be no less accurate than self calibration, but inter-gel calibrations saw a statistically significant increase in absolute readout errors. A set of investigations examined how optical CT scanning protocols affected readout quality for PAGAT dosimeters. Doubling the dose delivered to the dosimeter doubled the signal-to-noise ratio. Acquiring and averaging additional light profiles at each projection angle provided only slight reductions in readout noise. Sampling a higher number of projection angles provided substantial reductions in readout noise. Those reductions in readout noise were not lost when sinograms with many projections were encapsulated into sinograms of fewer projection angles. Detector element binning (sinogram space) and pixel binning (image space) also provided substantial reductions in readout noise. None of these elements of the scanning protocol had statistically significant effects on readout errors. Finally, distinct imaging artefacts seen throughout this work were shown to be caused by radiation-induced refractive index changes in PAGAT dosimeters. Radiation-induced refraction (RIR) artefacts result when dose gradients caused the refraction of fan-beam raylines towards high dose regions. A filtering technique was developed to remove RIR artefacts in sinogram space, but this technique caused substantial blurring to the measured dose distribution. / Graduate / 0760 / 0756 / 0752 / warreng1983@gmail.com

Orientadores: Vera Lúcia da Silveira Nantes Button, Marcelo Baptista de Freitas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malthez_AnnaLuizaMetidieriCruz_D.pdf: 4070699 bytes, checksum: 5b502eb8b2975aac6052df7ad659d32a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um dosímetro (monitor individual) para monitoração externa de indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos à radiação (raios X e gama) que faz o uso simultâneo das técnicas de termoluminescência (TL) e luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL - Optically Stimulated Luminescence), combinado às diferentes características dosimétricas de detectores já utilizados com a técnica TL na rotina dos Serviços de Monitoração Individual Externa (SMIEs) no Brasil (LiF:Mg,Ti ¿ TLD100, CaF2:natural, CaSO4:Dy - IPEN) e detectores utilizados com a técnica OSL, ainda pouco explorados na monitoração individual (BeO ¿ Thermalox 995) e recentemente autorizados a serem utilizados com a técnica OSL no país (Al2O3:C - Luxel). Para o desenvolvimento do monitor, diversas características intrínsecas e dosimétricas dos detectores empregando as técnicas TL e OSL em três diferentes equipamentos leitores foram avaliadas. Testes de desempenho foram aplicados ao monitor desenvolvido, conforme critérios estabelecidos no país e no exterior (CASEC e IEC, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as respostas TL e OSL dos detectores dependem fortemente da configuração do leitor utilizado, da técnica empregada (TL ou OSL) e do tipo de sinal avaliado, no caso da técnica OSL (OSL total ou inicial). Assim é fundamental uma análise prévia de características intrínsecas do material, como comprimento de onda principal da emissão luminescente, tipo (inicial ou total) e magnitude (doses baixa, moderada ou alta) do sinal que será avaliado para a escolha adequada dos parâmetros do leitor (filtros, máscaras, potência, entre outros) empregando as duas técnicas. Os resultados obtidos com a técnica OSL reforçam seu uso na monitoração individual no Brasil, uma vez que estavam em acordo com a técnica TL, amplamente empregada pelos SMIEs nacionais. Além da determinação de dose individual, normalmente empregada na monitoração de trabalhadores, o dosímetro desenvolvido permite também estimar doses acumuladas ao longo do tempo, empregando a técnica OSL nos detectores de Al2O3:C ou BeO, sendo que no caso deste último, a dose única (ou individual) também pode ser determinada com a técnica TL aplicada simultaneamente no mesmo detector. Após a avaliação das respostas em energia dos detectores, um algoritmo foi desenvolvido, testado e validado para avaliar fatores de correção com respeito à energia, baseado na razão entre as respostas de um par de detectores TL e OSL. Os resultados demonstraram que as diferentes razões entre os sinais provenientes do par, permitem avaliar de forma precisa a qualidade da radiação à qual o par de detectores foi exposto. O monitor desenvolvido possui três configurações diferentes de pares de detectores, Al2O3:C/LiF:Mg,Ti, Al2O3:C/BeO e CaSO4:Dy/BeO. Ele apresenta como principais vantagens, em relação aos dosímetros já existentes em uso comercialmente, a possibilidade de poder inferir informações sobre a dose e qualidade da radiação (energia efetiva) sem a utilização de filtros e com diminuição das incertezas associadas, avaliar doses acumuladas ao longo do tempo com o mesmo dosímetro e combinar todas as características dos detectores associadas às técnicas TL e OSL, simultaneamente em um mesmo dosímetro. Os resultados dos testes de desempenho do monitor apresentaram conformidade com os critérios nacionais e internacionais estabelecidos, e contribuíram para que os critérios nacionais utilizados para a técnica TL possam ser estendidos para a técnica OSL / Abstract: In this study a dosimeter (personal monitor) for external monitoring of individuals occupationally exposed to radiation (X and gamma rays) was developed using simultaneously thermoluminescent (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques. Intrinsic characteristics of detectors already used with TL technique in External Individual Monitoring Services routine in Brazil (LiF:Mg,Ti ¿ TLD 100, CaF2:natural and CaSO4:Dy ¿ IPEN) were combined to detectors used with OSL technique, one less explored (BeO ¿ Thermalox 995), and other recently approved (Al2O3:C - Luxel) to be used in individual monitoring in the country (Al2O3:C - Luxel). During the monitor development, several intrinsic and dosimetric characteristics of detectors were evaluated employing TL and OSL techniques in three different reader equipments. Performance tests were applied to the developed monitor according to national and international established criteria (CASEC and IEC, respectively). The obtained results showed that the responses of TL and OSL detectors are strongly dependent on reader configuration, employed technique (TL and OSL) and, in the particular case of OSL technique, also the signal (total or initial OSL). Therefore, a previous analysis of the intrinsic characteristics of the material, as the main wavelength of the luminescent emission, the signal type (initial or total) and dose magnitude (low, moderate or high) must to be made in order to select the reader configuration (filters, power, and others) used with each technique. The results obtained with OSL technique reinforce its use in Brazil, as they were in agreement with TL technique, which is already largely used by national EIMS. In addition to the assess of individual dose, usually employed in workers monitoring, the developed dosimeter allows evaluating accumulated dose over time using OSL technique with Al2O3:C or BeO detectors, and single or individual doses can be evaluated applying TL technique simultaneously applied in the same detector. After the evaluation of the energy response of detectors, an algorithm was developed, tested and validated to assess correction factors with respect to energy, based on the ratio of the responses of a pair of TL and OSL detectors. The results confirm that the different ratios between signals from a detector pair allow to evaluate more accurately the radiation quality to that the pair of detectors were exposed. The monitor was developed with three different arrangements of pairs of detectors, Al2O3:C/LiF:Mg,Ti, Al2O3:C/BeO and CaSO4:Dy/BeO. It presents as main advantages, compared to existing commercial dosimeters in use, the possibility to infer information on the dosage and quality of radiation (effective energy) without the use of filters and reducing associated uncertainties, to assess cumulative doses over time with the same dosimeter, and to combine all features of the detectors associated with TL and OSL techniques, simultaneously, in the same dosimeter. The results of the performance tests of the developed monitor were in accordance to national and international criteria, and contributed to that the national criteria, used for TL technique, can also be extended to the OSL technique / Doutorado / Engenharia Biomedica / Doutora em Engenharia Elétrica

<p>  </p> <p>The research and development for this dissertation focused on the VOC-free, biodegradable “green” polylactic acid (PLA) polymer for deriving tailored properties via thermal and ionizing radiation and targeted for the following three areas: (i) Deriving a first-of-kind wear-resistant distortion-free coating for luxury vinyl flooring tiles (to replace PVC), (ii) Deriving an ultra-low cost, rapid turnaround, and versatile gamma-neutron solid state detector-dosimeter (PLAD), and, (iii) for studying the possible use general purpose adhesion of various substrates at elevated temperatures. Collectively, the PLA based technology is referred to as PLATech. </p> <p>Polylactic acid (PLA) bio-renewable green polymer films were studied for their use as alternate to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for deployment as the wear layer (WL) for luxury vinyl tiles. The WL is to be adhesively bonded to a composite layer comprising a thin ~0.08mm print layer (PL) bonded onto a relatively thick ~2.5mm ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) backing layer (BL). Challenges included studying for: optimizing for the combinations of PLA polymer film types and thicknesses that are wear resistant enough, joined under hot press temperature, compression loading and time duration of compression for attaining key metric of adhesion related peel strength of over 354 N/mm (7 pli), with minimal (< 2% thickness) distortion of the PL-cum-BL for producing spatially uniform strength sizes ranging from 4”x4” towards 12”x12” LVT; additional challenges involved ensuring adequate WL abrasion resistance commensurate with residential and industrial uses, along with tensile strength and shrinkage similar to that for PVC. Abrasion resistance for the PLA WL varied with film thickness ranging from 450 cycles to over 4,500 cycles for film thicknesses of 0.075 mm and ~0.5mm, respectively. PLA WL tensile strength at failure was found to be 7x higher than that for PVC films of equal thickness (0.5 mm); however, the tensile elongation for PLA film at failure is ~12% versus ~200% for PVC film. High temperature-pressure (93-110℃; 1-3 MPa) combinations with press times ranging from 5 to 20 min. resulted in peel strengths ranging from 177 N/m (~3.5 pli) towards 810 N/m (16 pli). However, these parametric combinations resulted in significant PL disfigurement, BL melting and distortion with over 0.4mm thickness reductions. Peel strength variations were highly non-linear versus compression time, platen temperature/pressure and film thickness. Distortion-free, high peel strength 455-610 N/m(9-12 pli) adhesion and industrial grade WL abrasion resistance (>4,000 cycles) LVTs were successfully produced using 500 mm thick crystalline PLA film compressed onto PL-BL composite layers, with platens heated between 90.5-93℃, under 1 MPa loading, applied for ~5 min. duration. This combination of parameters also allowed scaling of sizes of the composite tiles from 0.1mx0.1m (4”x4”) to ~0.3mx0.3m (12”x12”). The onset of unacceptable distortion and thickness reduction occurs at/beyond ~ 95℃ and is attributed mainly to plastic deformation for the EVA-based base layer, and affirmed via DSC test results. Effects of PLA WL surface pre-treatment were studied for impact on peel strength of PLA-LVTs. Silicone layer coating nominally used by suppliers (and used for the bulk of the studies reported herein) did not lead to noticeable changes in bond strength when using a single PLA WL, but, surprisingly close to 100% increase was noted for PLA-LVTs produced using a double lap layer of non-silicone coated PLA films. Corona plasma discharge treated PLA WL surprisingly resulted in a significant (~90%) degradation of peel strength. Finally, sand paper roughened PLA WL showed no significant effect on resulting peel strength.</p> <p>PLAD related studies were motivated from observations that PLA resin responds well in terms of mechanical, thermal and rheological property variations when subject to ionizing radiation in the 1–100 kGy (100-10,000 kRad) range–of significant interest in biomedical and general nuclear industry applications. Co-60 was used as the mainstay source for gamma irradiation. It was found that PLA resin responds well in terms of rheology and porosity metrics with an absorbed gamma dose (Dg). In this work, rheological changes were ascertained via measuring the differential mass loss ratio (MLR) of irradiated PLA placed within PTFE-framed (40 mm × 20 mm × 0.77 mm) cavities bearing ~0.9 g of PLA resin and pressed for 12–16 min in a controlled force hot press under ~6.6 kN loading and platens heated to 227 °C for the low Dg range: 0–11 kGy (0-1,100 kRad); and to 193 °C for the extended Dg range: 11–120 kGy (1,100-12,000 kRad). MLR varied quadratically from 0.05 to ~0.2 (1σ ~0.007) in the 0–11 kGy (0-1,100 kRad) experiments, and from 0.05 to ~0.5 (1σ ~0.01) in the 0–120 kGy (0-12,000 kRad) experiments. Rheological changes from gamma irradiation were modeled and simultaneously correlated with void-pocket formations, which increase with Dg. A single PLA resin bead (~0.04 g) was compressed 5 min at 216 °C in 0–16 kGy (0-1,600 kRad) experiments, and compressed 2 min at 232 °C in the 16–114 kGy (1,600-14,000 kRad) experiments, to form sturdy ~100 µm thick wafers in the same press. Aggregate coupon porosity was then readily measurable with conventional optical microscope imaging and analyzed with standard image processing; this provided complementary data to MLR. Average porosity vs. dose varied quadratically from ~0 to ~15% in the 0–16 kGy (0-1,600 kRad) range and from ~0 to ~18% over the 16–114 kGy (1,600-14,000 kRad) range. These results provide evidence for utilizing “green”/renewable (under $0.01) PLA resin beads for rapid and accurate (+/-5–10%) gamma dosimetry over a wide 0–120 kGy (0-12,000 kRad) range, using simple to deploy mass and void measuring techniques using common laboratory equipment. In addition to Co-60 gamma irradiations alone, irradiation studies were also initiated using the Purdue University Reactor (PUR-1) irradiation capabilities in order to further develop and characterize PLAD technology. It was found that the afore-mentioned MLR and porosity metrics did not offer the ability to monitor for neutron dose; this was overcome in scoping studies with an alternate metric, Ratio of Mass Dissolved (RMD) of irradiated PLA in acetone at elevated temperatures. It was found that below ~54℃, PLA dissolution correlated very well with gamma irradiation dose. At and above ~54℃ the combined effect of neutron and gamma irradiation dose appears feasible to determine. </p> <p>The effect of gamma radiation induced crosslinking the adhesion bonding strength at room temperature and elevated temperatures were studied. For room temperature applications, IngeoTM 4043D semi-crystalline PLA was first used to bond steel dowels. Bonding strength enhancement of ~28% was obtained with the addition of 10wt% Triallyl Isocyanurate (TAIC) and cross-linked under 20 kGy (2,000 kRad) gamma irradiation dose. For elevated temperature assessments, IngeoTM 10361D amorphous PLA was then used to bond aluminum lap-joint shear samples as a control. For studying for application for elevated temperatures, tests were conducted with addition of 3wt% TAIC and 50 kGy (5,000 kRad) gamma dose. Under shear loading, an enhancement of ~30% working temperature improvement was attainable raising the temperature at failure from ~70℃ towards ~100℃. Alternative crosslinking agent Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was also explored and indicated little to no benefits. </p>

Com o objetivo de monitorar o crescente número de trabalhadores potencialmente expostos à radiação de nêutrons, foi projetado e desenvolvido um dosímetro individual para campos mistos nêutron-gama. O dosímetro proposto foi caracterizado para o espectro de energia de uma fonte de Amerício-Berílio e para o intervalo de dose de interesse da proteção radiológica (até 20 mSv). Para tanto utilizou-se a dosimetria termoluminescente de albedo e a dosimetria de traços nucleares, técnicas consagradas na literatura internacional, empregando materiais de fabricação nacional e de baixo custo. Um policarbonato comercial, denominado SS-1, foi caracterizado para aplicação como detector sólido de traços nucleares. Os parâmetros para revelação química e ampliação dos traços, assim como a metodologia de avaliação dos detectores foram determinados. Estudou-se a resposta dos detectores TLD-600, TLD-700 e SS-1 em campos mistos nêutrongama de uma fonte de Amerício-Berílio e definiu-se um algoritmo para cálculo da dose de nêutrons e de radiação gama. A razão entre as respostas para nêutrons térmicos, de albedo e rápidos permite analisar o espectro ao qual o dosímetro foi submetido e corrigir a resposta do detector de traços para variações no ângulo de incidência da radiação. O novo dosímetro está pronto e apresenta desempenho para ser usado como dosímetro de nêutrons no Brasil. / An individual dosimeter for neutron-gamma mixed field dosimetry was design and developed aiming monitoring the increasing number of workers potentially exposed to neutrons. The proposed dosimeter was characterized to an Americium-Beryllium source spectrum and dose range of radiation protection interest (up to 20 mSv). Thermoluminescent albedo dosimetry and nuclear tracks dosimetry, traditional techniques found in the international literature, with materials of low cost and national production, were used. A commercial polycarbonate, named SS-1, was characterized for solid state tack detector application. The chemical etching parameters and the methodology of detectors evaluation were determined. The response of TLD-600, TLD-700 and SS-1 were studied and algorithms for dose calculation of neutron and gamma radiation of Americium- Beryllium sources were proposed. The ratio between thermal, albedo and fast neutrons responses, allows analyzing the spectrum to which the dosimeter was submitted and correcting the track detector response to variations in the radiation incidence angle. The new dosimeter is fully characterized, having sufficient performance to be applied as neutron dosimeter in Brazil.