Building upon its success with the Hipparcos space astrometry mission launched in 1989, the European Space Agency has agreed to fund the construction of its successor, Gaia, and its launch in 2011. Despite the similarities between the two missions, Gaia will be orders of magnitude more powerful, more sensitive, but also more complex in terms of data processing. Growing from 120,000 stars with Hipparcos to about 120,000E4 stars with Gaia does not simply mean pushing the computing resources to their limits (1 second of processing per star yields 38 years for the whole Gaia-sky). It also means facing situations that did not occur with Hipparcos either by luck or because those cases were carefully removed from the Hipparcos Input Catalogue. This manuscript illustrates how some chunks of the foreseen Gaia data reduction pipeline can be trained and assessed using the Hipparcos observations. This is especially true for unresolved binaries because they pop up so far down in the Gaia pipeline that, by the time they get there, there is essentially no difference between Hipparcos and Gaia data. Only the number of such binaries is different, going from two thousand to ten million. Although the computing time clearly becomes an issue, one cannot sacrifice the robustness and correctness of the reduction pipeline for the sake of speed. However, owing to the requirement that everything must be Gaia-based (no help from ground-based results), the very robustness of the reduction has to be assessed as well. For instance, the underlying assumptions of some statistical tests used to assess the quality of the fits used in the Hipparcos pipeline might no longer hold with Gaia. That may not affect the fit itself but rather the quality indicators usually accompanying those fits. For the final catalogue to be a success, these issues must be addressed as soon as possible.

The work is situated in a literary and theoretical context by working with the concepts of authenticity and realism, and within that the story/world distinction. The literary context is examined in terms of realism, naturalism, and the novel of character or psychological novel. The associated research is then discussed. Finally, the novel’s societal context is analysed in terms of some prevailing philosophical views and the existing socio-political structure.

The work is situated in a literary and theoretical context by working with the concepts of authenticity and realism, and within that the story/world distinction. The literary context is examined in terms of realism, naturalism, and the novel of character or psychological novel. The associated research is then discussed. Finally, the novel’s societal context is analysed in terms of some prevailing philosophical views and the existing socio-political structure.

The work is situated in a literary and theoretical context by working with the concepts of authenticity and realism, and within that the story/world distinction. The literary context is examined in terms of realism, naturalism, and the novel of character or psychological novel. The associated research is then discussed. Finally, the novel’s societal context is analysed in terms of some prevailing philosophical views and the existing socio-political structure.

L'environnement spatial proche de la Terre est complexe et divers. La cinétique des ions joue un rôle clé pour comprendre la nature des phénomènes essentiels et les processus physiques prenant place dans le "Géospace". Au moyen de données à haute résolution enregistrées par les quatre satellites Cluster et les deux satellites Double Star, cette thèse étudie la cinétique des ions de faible énergie dans certaines couches frontières essentielles de la magnétosphère terrestre. Le rôle dominant joué par la cinétique des particules dans les formations de ces structures de plasma à petite échelle et les caractéristiques des processus de couplage à différentes échelles y sont résumés.

The core idea of Ramsey theory is that complete disorder is impossible. Given a large structure, no matter how complex it is, we can always find a smaller substructure that has some sort of order. For positive integers $n, m$, the double star $S(n,m)$ is the graph consisting of the disjoint union of two stars $K_{1,n}$ and $K_{1,m}$ together with an edge joining their centers. The $k$-color bipartite Ramsey number of $ S(n,m)$, denoted by $r_{bip}(S(n,m);k)$, is the smallest integer $N$ such that, in any $k$-coloring of the edges of the complete bipartite graph $K_{N,N}$, there is a monochromatic copy of $S(n,m)$. The study of bipartite Ramsey numbers was initiated in the early 1970s by Faudree and Schelp and, independently, by Gy\'arf\'as and Lehel. The exact value of $r_{bip}(S(n,m);k)$ is only known for $n=m=1$ and all $k\ge2$. Here we prove that if $k=2$ and $n\ge m$, or $k\ge3$ and $n\ge 2m$, then \[ r_{bip}(S(n,m);k)=kn+1.\] For $k \geq 3$ and $m \leq n < 2m$, we prove that, \[\max\{kn + 1, (2k-4)m+1\} \leq r_{bip}(S(n,m) ; k) \leq \max\left\{ kn + 1, \left[2k - 1 - \frac{1}{2k} - O\left(\frac{1}{k^2}\right)\right]m + 1 \right \},\] where the lower bound is due to DeBiasio, Gy\'arf\'as, Krueger, Ruszink\'o, and S\'ark\"ozy in 2019.

Building upon its success with the Hipparcos space astrometry mission launched in 1989, the European Space Agency has agreed to fund the construction of its successor, Gaia, and its launch in 2011. Despite the similarities between the two missions, Gaia will be orders of magnitude more powerful, more sensitive, but also more complex in terms of data processing. Growing from 120,000 stars with Hipparcos to about 120,000E4 stars with Gaia does not simply mean pushing the computing resources to their limits (1 second of processing per star yields 38 years for the whole Gaia-sky). It also means facing situations that did not occur with Hipparcos either by luck or because those cases were carefully removed from the Hipparcos Input Catalogue.<p><p>This manuscript illustrates how some chunks of the foreseen Gaia data reduction pipeline can be trained and assessed using the Hipparcos observations. This is especially true for unresolved binaries because they pop up so far down in the Gaia pipeline that, by the time they get there, there is essentially no difference between Hipparcos and Gaia data. Only the number of such binaries is different, going from two thousand to ten million.<p><p>Although the computing time clearly becomes an issue, one cannot sacrifice the robustness and correctness of the reduction pipeline for the sake of speed. However, owing to the requirement that everything must be Gaia-based (no help from ground-based results), the very robustness of the reduction has to be assessed as well. For instance, the underlying assumptions of some statistical tests used to assess the quality of the fits used in the Hipparcos pipeline might no longer hold with Gaia. That may not affect the fit itself but rather the quality indicators usually accompanying those fits. For the final catalogue to be a success, these issues must be addressed as soon as possible.<p> / Agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur, Orientation sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A l’heure où la distribution de l’énergie électrique reste encore en discussion pour les nouvelles générations d’avions de transports civils ou militaires, une remise en cause du niveau des tensions continues disponibles pourrait porter les bus de tension de 270Vdc à 540Vdc. De fait, les équipementiers devront proposer des produits facilement adaptables à ces deux niveaux de tension. Par ailleurs, la course au rendement nécessite de revoir les systèmes actuels en proposant des versions plus compactes, fonctionnant à des meilleurs niveaux de rendement. L’atteinte de ces objectifs peut passer par une rupture technologique qui devrait s’opérer dans le domaine de la conversion d’énergie avec l’avènement, d’une part, des composants « grand gap », d’autre part, l’exploitation de structures innovantes de convertisseurs de puissance autore configurables. Les systèmes associant plusieurs convertisseurs et plusieurs machines, appelés communément Systèmes Multi-Convertisseurs Multi-Machines (SMCMM), jouent également un rôle prépondérant grâce aux avantages qu’ils présentent tels que, la modularité, la sûreté et l’accroissement de puissance. Néanmoins, si a priori, l’innovation technologique porte sur le convertisseur statique, le rendement d’un système électromécanique alliant convertisseur et machine ne correspond pas en général au produit des rendements de chacun des composants qui le constituent. En effet, le fonctionnement global fait apparaître de nouvelles problématiques. Dans ce contexte, la ligne directrice de ces travaux de recherche porte sur une méthodologie générale et le développement d’outils qui permettent d’étudier ces systèmes dans leur globalité. L’enjeu scientifique de cette étude consiste à adapter au mieux la machine à son convertisseur, optimiser la qualité du couple (amplitude et ondulations), donc à dimensionner et optimiser une machine qui réponde non seulement à la fonction principale visée par l’application, produire un couple mécanique à une vitesse donnée, mais qui satisfasse aussi une, voire plusieurs fonctionnalités requises pour l’utilisation d’onduleurs reconfigurables en tension. Afin de constituer une palette d’outils qui permettra de développer une méthodologie générale d’analyse des SMCMM, un outil de génération et de caractérisation systématique des bobinages et des aimants permanents est développé. Ce premier outil couplé à un modèle de type champ, basé sur la résolution analytique des équations du champ magnétique, est capable de fournir les performances électromagnétiques de la machine en fonction des critères du concepteur. Ensuite, un second outil qui permet d’appliquer la théorie d’une vision de conception par l’adéquation des sources du champ dans une machine, est développé. Nous pouvons alors rechercher la possibilité de maximiser le couple en adaptant, soit les bobinages, soit les aimants permanents. Pour étendre les précédents résultats à un cas général, un problème d’optimisation est formulé. Pour cela, un problème inverse à variables mixtes, relations complexes et non linéaires, est résolu avec un algorithme de type « boîte noire ». Les travaux se focalisent ensuite sur l’intégration de la fonction coupleur magnétique, puis sur la mise en évidence des conditions de fonctionnement optimal d’une machine synchrone à aimants permanents montés en surface et à double étoile (MSAPDE), alimentée par deux convertisseurs en parallèle reconfigurables en tension à commande entrelacée. Cette démarche est une première approche concrète de l’intégration machine convertisseur. Les courants induits dans les parties conductrices de la machine en mouvement sont modélisés afin de vérifier en fonction de la fréquence, leurs effets sur la fonction de coupleur magnétique. Finalement, après des simulations numériques qui permettent d’analyser et de classifier les avantages et les inconvénients de plusieurs solutions de machines, la réalisation de deux démonstrateurs de MSAPDE à coupleur intégré est initiée. / At the moment, distribution of electrical power is still being discussed for the new generations of civil and military aircraft. Level of DC voltage available is challenging and could take voltage from 270Vdc to 540Vdc. Hence, equipment suppliers must propose products easily adaptable to these two voltage levels. Otherwise, the race for better performances requires the revision existing systems by offering more compact versions functioning at better efficiency levels. Achieving these goals may be through a technological breakthrough that should be operated in the field of energy conversion with advent of both components "high band gap", and the use of innovative structures of self-reconfigurable power converters. Systems that combine several converters and several machines, commonly called Multi-Converters Multi-Machines Systems (SMCMM), also play a prominent part thanks to their advantages such as, modularity, safety and increased power. Nevertheless, if in principle, technical innovation concerns with the static converter, the efficiency of an electromechanical system which combines machine and converter does not correspond generally to the efficiency product of each constituent component. Indeed, overall functioning reveals new problems. In this context, the guidelines for this research work focus on a general methodology and the development of tools in order to study these systems as a whole. The scientific challenge of this study consists in adapting a machine to its converter, optimizing the torque quality (amplitude and ripples), so to size and to optimize a machine that meets not only the main function covered by the application, i.e. to produce a mechanical torque at a given speed, but also satisfies one or several functionalities required for using reconfigurable voltage inverters. In order to provide a range of tools that will allow the development of a general methodology for SMCMM analysis, a tool for automatic generating and characterizing windings and permanent magnets has been developed. This first tool coupled with an analytical model of field type, based on solving equations of magnetic field, is able to provide electromagnetic performances of the machine according to the designer's criteria. A second tool which allows us to apply theory of a design vision by the field sources adequacy in a machine has been developed. Consequently, we can look for possibility to maximize torque by adapting either windings or permanent magnets. To extend previous results to a general case, an optimization problem is formulated. For this purpose, an inverse problem with mixed variables, complex and non-linear relations, is solved with a "black box" algorithm. The work focus on magnetic coupler function integration, on the identification of optimal operating conditions of a synchronous machine with surface-mounted permanent magnets (AP) and double star (MSAPDE), supplied by two reconfigurable parallel interleaved inverters. This approach is a first practical step into machineconverter integration. Eddy currents in the moving conductive parts of the machine are modeled in order to check their effects on the magnetic coupler function according to frequency. Finally, after numerical simulations which allow us to analyze and classify pros and cons of several machine solutions, the fulfillment of two MSAPDE demonstrators integrating magnetic coupler is initiated.