>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Observation of neutrinoless double beta decay (0 ) is currently the only means by which one could establish the Majorana nature of neutrinos. Additionally, such an observation would determine the absolute neutrino mass scale. However, this requires that the matrix element for a given 0 decay process is accurately calculated. The objective of this project is to provide useful nuclear structure information that aim to improve future theoretical calculations for the nuclear matrix element (NME) of 136Xe 0 decay to 136Ba. We studied neutron pairing correlations in 134Ba using the 136Ba(p; t) reaction to stringently test the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrie er (BCS) approximation in the A = 136 mass region. This is because many theoretical calculations of the NME's for 0 decay are performed using the quasiparticle random phase approximation (QRPA), which uses the BCS approximation to describe the ground states of the even-even parent and daughter nuclei. Our results show a signi cant fragmentation of the neutron-pair transfer to excited 0+ states, implying a breakdown of the BCS approximation in this mass region.

CUORE est la plus grande expérience qui recherche la double désintégration bêta sans neutrino avec des bolomètres de TeO₂. La découverte de cette transition nucléaire aurait des conséquences décisives sur la scène actuelle de la physique. Les questions suivantes trouveraient une réponse : pourquoi la matière est-elle dominante dans l’Univers? Quelle est la masse du neutrino? Le neutrino est il un particule de Majorana ou de Dirac? Ce travail présente deux approches différentes pour l’amélioration de la sensibilité de CUORE en vue de sa prochaine phase : CUPID. Dans la première partie de ce travail, une étude du modèle thermique pour les bolomètres équipés avec des NTDs est présentée dans le but de mieux comprendre la réponse des détecteurs de CUORE. Les bolomètres sont des détecteurs extraordinaires utilisés pour un grand nombre d’applications en raison de leurs performances remarquables, mais leur modélisation et leur simulation sont loin d’être complètement comprises. Deux mesures ont été effectuées pour évaluer expérimentalement deux paramètres du modèle thermique : la conductance de la colle et celle entre les électrons et les phonons. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, la possibilité de détecter la faible lumière Cherenkov émise par le TeO₂ est étudiée à fin de rejeter des événements alpha, le fond principal de l’expérience CUORE. Le défi consiste dans la détection d’un signal de lumière de 100 eV à moyen d’un détecteur équipé avec un NTD qui a normalement un bruit de l’ordre de 100 eV. Cette question peut être résolue grâce à l’effet Neganov-Trofimov-Luke (NTL) qui a permis de baisser le seuil du détecteur de lumière et d'améliorer son rapport signal-sur-bruit. Cet effet exploite la présence d’un champ électrique pour amplifier les signaux thermiques des bolomètres. Le rejet complet du fond alpha a été prouvé avec un photo-bolomètre amélioré par l’effet NTL et couplé à un bolomètre de TeO₂ comme ceux utilisés par CUORE. Une solution convaincante pour le rejet de fond alpha a été démontrée en vue de l’expérience CUPID. / CUORE is the first tonne-scale experiment searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay with TeO₂ bolometers. The discovery of this nuclear transitionwould have decisive consequences on the present physics scene. The following questions would find an answer: why is matter dominant in the Universe? which is the neutrino mass? has the neutrino a Majorana or a Dirac nature? This work presents two different approaches for the enhancement of the CUORE sensitivity with a view to its upgrade: the CUPID experiment. In the first part, a study of the thermal model describing NTD-based bolometers is presented with the objective to achieve a better comprehension of the response of the CUORE detectors. Bolometers are amazing detectors used for a large number of applications because of their impressive high performance, but their modelisation and simulation is far to be completely understood. Two measurements have been performed for an experimental evaluation of two thermal-model parameters: the glue and the electron-phonon conductances. In the second part, the possibility to detect the tiny Cherenkov light emitted by TeO₂ to reject alpha events — the main background of the CUORE experiment — is studied. The challenge consists in the detection of a 100-eV light signal with a NTD-based light detector that usually is characterised by a baseline noise of the order of 100 eV. This issue is solved with the employment of the Neganov-Trofimov-Luke (NTL) effect to lower the energy threshold of the light detector and improve its signal-to-noise ratio. This effect exploits the presence of an electric field to amplify bolometric thermal signals. The full rejection of the alpha background has been proved with one NTL assisted photo-bolometer coupled to a CUORE-size TeO₂ bolometer. A convincing solution for the alpha background rejection has been demonstrated with a view to the CUPID experiment.

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay(0𝜈𝛽𝛽) is one of the major research interests in neutrino physics. The discovery of 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 would answer persistent puzzles in the Standard Model of Elementary Particles. KamLAND-Zen is one of the leading efforts in the search of 0𝛽𝛽 and has acquired data from 745 kg of ^{136}Xe over 224 live-days. This data is analyzed using a Bayesian approach consisting of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The implementation of the Bayesian analysis, which is the focal point of this dissertation, yields a 90\% Credible Interval at T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} = 7.03 × 10^{25} years. Finally, a machine learning event classification algorithm, based on a spherical convolutional neural network (spherical CNN) was developed to increase the T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} sensitivity. The classification power of this algorithm was demonstrated on a Monte Carlo detector simulation, and a data driven classifier was trained to reject crucial backgrounds in the 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 analysis. After implementing the spherical CNN, an increase in T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} sensitivity of 11.0% is predicted. These early studies pave the way for substantial improvements in future 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 analyses.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24073号 / 理博第4840号 / 新制||理||1692(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 中家 剛, 教授 永江 知文, 准教授 WENDELL Roger / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les détecteurs NEMO-3 et SuperNEMO ont été conçus pour la recherche de décroissance double bêta sans émission de neutrinos. Ces détecteurs fournissent une approche unique dans la recherche des événements double bêta en combinant des mesures à la fois de trajectoires, de temps de vol et d'énergie. De plus, grâce à la séparation de la source double bêta du reste du système de détection, les détecteurs NEMO ont la possibilité d'étudier plusieurs isotopes double bêta avec une forte réjection du bruit de fond.Cette thèse présente plusieurs études réalisées dans le cadre de l'optimisation et la préparation du détecteur SuperNEMO, successeur de NEMO-3. La première concerne l'optimisation des performances du détecteur en fonction de la configuration mécanique de ses feuilles sources. La conclusion de cette étude est que les deux configurations considérées sont équivalentes. La seconde étude s'intéresse à l'un des principaux bruits de fond que constitue le radon dans la recherche des désintégrations double bêta. Cette étude a été concrétisée par le développement et l'implémentation d'un algorithme permettant l'identification et la mesure des événements provenant de ce bruit de fond. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse rapporte l'analyse des données de NEMO-3 pour rechercher les décroissances double bêta avec et sans émission de neutrino du Cd-116 vers les états excités du Sn-116. Ces décroissances n'ont jamais été observées à ce jour, et les limites obtenus sur les états excités (2+) et (0+) sont les premières utilisant le détecteur NEMO-3. / The NEMO-3 and SuperNEMO detectors have been designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decays. These detectors provide a unique approach combining a calorimetric and a tracking measurement of double beta events emitted by a separated isotopic source. This approach allows to search for neutrinoless double beta decays among several isotopes with good background rejection. This thesis presents many studies performed for the optimisation and the preparation of the SuperNEMO detector, successor of NEMO-3. The first study concerns the optimisation of the detector performances with respect to the design of the source foil. The conclusion of this study is that the two configurations considered are equivalent. The second study focuses on the radon which constitutes one of the main background to the search for double beta decays. In this study an algorithm has been developed and implemented to search for the alpha particle allowing the identification and the measurement of the radon events. The thesis is completed by an analysis of the NEMO-3 data to search for the double beta decay of Cd-116 via the excited state of Sn-116. These decays have never been observed up to date and the limits set on the excited states (2+) and (0+) are the first using the NEMO-3 detector.

The SNO+ experiment is a kilo-tonne scale liquid scintillator detector located at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. As the successor to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, SNO+ will use linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as the scintillator to study neutrinos. During the solar phase, ux measurements will be made of low energy neutrinos originating in the Sun. In another phase, 800 kg of tellurium will loaded into the scintillator to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Measurements will also be made of neutrinos coming from nearby nuclear reactors and from inside Earth's mantle and crust. To enable these multiple physics goals, a sensitive calibration procedure must be carried out in order to fully understand the detector. The optical and energy responses of the detector will be measured with calibration sources deployed throughout the acrylic vessel. These sources must be connected to the observatory deck above the vessel by gas capillaries, optical bres, and signal wires housed in specially designed submersible umbilical cables. The design and fabrication of these umbilical cables is presented. Development work on a deployed radon calibration source will also be described. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-30 15:56:19.906

Le détecteur NEMO3 a été mis en place au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, en 2003, afin de rechercher la décroissance double bêta sans émission de neutrinos (ββ0v). La particularité de cette expérience est d’avoir pu étudier plusieurs isotopes dont le 100Mo, le 82Se, le 96Zr ou le 150Nd. En plus d’avoir placé les meilleures limites sur la demi-vie du processus ββ0v pour ces isotopes, ce détecteur a permis des mesures compétitives de leurs désintégrations ββ2v. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de mesurer les temps de demi-vie des décroissances ββ2v et ββ0v du 82Se vers l’état excité 0+2 du 82Kr grâce aux données de NEMO3. Ces processus n’ayant pas été observés, seules des limites ont été calculées. Les résultats obtenus pour les deux décroissances sont donc T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1,29 x 1021 ans et T01=2(82Se; 0+1→ 0+2) > 2,31 x 1022 ans, ce dernier étant la première limite sur cette décroissance. SuperNEMO, successeur de NEMO3, cherchera à atteindre une sensibilité de 1026 ans sur la demivie de la décroissance ββ0v du 82Se. Le Radon étant une source de bruit de fond pour la recherche de cette décroissance, sa concentration dans le détecteur doit être inférieure à 0,15 mBq.m-3. Pour parvenir à un tel niveau, l’émanation de Radon des composants de SuperNEMO doit être contrôlée.Le second objectif de cette thèse a donc été de développer deux dispositifs de mesure d’émanation de Radon. Ces deux systèmes, consistants chacun en une chambre d’émanation associée à un détecteur électrostatique, ont par la suite été étalonnés puis leurs bruits de fond ont été caractérisés. Grâce à leurs sensibilités de quelques mBq.m-3, ces dispositifs ont permis de mesurer les taux d’émanation de Radon de plusieurs matériaux destinés à la construction du détecteur SuperNEMO. / The NEMO3 detector was installed in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, in 2003, in orderto search for neutrinoless double beta decay (ββ0v). The specificity of this experiment was the possibility to study several isotopes simultaneously. Among them were 100Mo, 82Se, 96Zr or 150Nd. In addition to setting the best limits on these isotopes half-lives for theββ 0v process, the detector performed precise measurements of their 2v ββdecays. The first point of this work was to measure the half-lives of 2v ββand 0v ββdecays of 82Se to the 0+2 excited state of 82Kr using NEMO3 data. Since those processes have not been observed, only limits were set. The resulting half-life limits are T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1:29 x 1021 yr and T01=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 2:31 x 1022 yr. The latest is the first limit ever measured for this decay. SuperNEMO is the successor to NEMO3 and will aim to reach an half-life sensitivity of 1026 yr for the 0v ββdecay of 82Se. Radon being a source of background for the search of this decay, its concentration inside the detector must be less than 0:15 mBq.m-3. To reach this objective, Radon emanation from the detector componants has to be checked. The second goal of this thesis was thus to develop two setups able to measure Radon emanation. Those two devices, each consisting of an emanation chamber associated to an electrostatic detector, were calibrated before their backgrounds were characterized. With a sensitivity of a few mBq.m-3, these setups measured the Radon emanation rate of several materials which will be used for the construction of the SuperNEMO detector.

The inference of massive neutrino states through the observation of flavor oscillations boosted the importance of direct and indirect mass searches, including the search for the hypothesized neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ-decay). Nowadays, the search for this ultra-rare nuclear transition is one of the most active research fields at the intersection of nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics. Its main and evident feature is the explicit violation of the total lepton number, which is an accidentally conserved quantity in the Standard Model of particle physics, and would prove the Majorana nature of neutrinos. This, in turn, would support the theoretical explanation of the origin of the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe through the process of leptogenisis and could shed light on the role of neutrinos in the early universe’s structure formation. For the theoretical description of the 0νββ-decay, nuclear structure effects play an important role as they may affect considerably the decay rate. These nuclear effects are summarized as the nuclear matrix elements (NMEs), containing information about the initial and final states of the involved atomic nuclei and the decay mechanism. Under the assumption of light Majorana neutrino exchange, the inverse half-life is proportional to the effective Majorana neutrino mass, a kinematic phase-space factor, the involved NMEs and the fourth power of the weak axial-vector coupling gA. The search for the 0νββ-decay is driven by experiments and an accurate description of the nuclear structure effects is essential to estimate the required sensitivity to cover a certain mass range. In order to match theoretical calculations and the results of β-decay and ββ-decay studies, there is a scientific discussion regarding quenching effects of gA in nuclear media. Different methods are being investigated to determine an effective gA at the energy scale of nuclear transitions. One of those recently proposed methods exploits the dependency of the spectrum-shape of highly forbidden β-decays on gA. An ideal candidate for such an investigation is the fourfold forbidden non-unique β-decay of Cd-113, which is the most prominent signal in the current stage of the COBRA experiment searching for 0νββ-decays with cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) solid state detectors. The detector material CZT acts as a semiconductor at room temperature and contains intrinsically several candidates for rare nuclear transitions. The experiment is located at the LNGS underground facility in Italy, which is shielded against cosmic rays by a mean rock coverage of about 1400 m. In the present demonstrator phase, it consists of 64 coplanar grid (CPG) detectors that are arranged in four layers of 4 x 4 crystals. In the scope of this thesis, conventional and novel prototype CPG-CZT detectors, which are the basis for an anticipated large-scale experiment, are characterized by evaluating homogeneous and localized γ-ray irradiation measurements. Moreover, a novel pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) technique is established, optimized and applied in the analysis of the physics data obtained with the demonstrator array. The PSD optimization is complemented by dedicated laboratory measurements with the aim to create a pulseshape library of signal-like single-site events and high-energy cosmic muon interactions for which an analytic reconstruction model has been developed. For the first time, the COBRA demonstrator’s full exposure from Sept.’11 to Nov.’19 is analyzed, including a detailed background characterization as well as an automatized data partitioning to identify periods with increased backgrounds. The main subject is the study of the Cd-113 β-decay’s spectrum-shape to address the quenching of gA in lowmomentum exchange nuclear processes. The analysis of the experimental data is carried out in the context of three nuclear frameworks and confirms the idea of a significantly quenched gA. Furthermore, the data are analyzed with respect to the 2νββ-decay of Cd-116 and the long-lived α-decay of Pt-190 as a localized contaminant in the CZT detectors’ electrode metalization. Finally, the prospects of a search for excited state transitions of the ββ-nuclides Cd-116 and Te-130 are studied with elaborate Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis section is concluded with an estimate of the achievable 0νββ-decay half-life sensitivity for multiple ββ-nuclides given the full exposure of the COBRA demonstrator and the recently achieved upgrade to the COBRA eXtended DEMonstrator (XDEM).

The Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride 0-Neutrino-Double-Beta Research Apparatus (COBRA-Experiment) investigates the theoretically predicted neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ-decay) to indirectly determine the effective Ma- jorana mass of the electron-neutrino by a measurement of the half-life of the 0νββ-decay using room-temperature semiconducting Cadmium-Zinc- Telluride-detectors (CZT). The detectors are made of elements containing several isotopes that decay via double beta decay (ββ-decay). In such a con- figuration the detector itself becomes the source of the decay and, hence, the efficiency for the detection of such events rises. This work covers the investigations and characterizations made on the CZT detectors used in the COBRA-Experiment, currently running. Prior to in- stallation the physical properties of the detectors are analyzed and during operation the stability of the detectors is monitored. For the laboratory analysis three dedicated setups are developed that allow for detailed inves- tigations of different properties of the detectors. Beside the working point determination and the analysis of the temperature dependence of the de- tector performance, the spatial detector response to localized irradiation is analyzed and a setup to generate a library of specific pulse shapes is designed and operated. Furthermore, an investigation for a possible discrimination of α- and β-decay events based on pulse shape discrimination is performed as well as an analysis of the long term stability of underground operated CZT detectors.

The search for the neutrinoless double beta (0nbb) decay is one of the most active fields in modern particle physics. This process is not allowed within the Standard Model and its observation would imply lepton number violation and would lead to the Majorana nature of neutrinos. The experimentally observed quantity is the half-life of the decay, which can be connected to the effective Majorana neutrino mass via nuclear matrix elements. The latter can only be determined theoretically and are currently affected by large uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties one can investigate the well established two-neutrino double beta (2nbb) decay into the ground and excited states of the daughter isotope. These similar processes are allowed within the Standard Model. In this dissertation, the search for 2nbb decays into excited states is performed in Pd-110, Pd-102 and Ge-76. Three gamma spectroscopy setups at the Felsenkeller (Germany), HADES (Belgium) and LNGS (Italy) underground laboratories are used to search for the transitions in Pd-110 and Pd-102. No signal is observed leading to lower half-live bounds (90% C.I.) of 2.9e20 yr, 3.9e20 yr and 2.9e20 yr for the 0/2nbb 2p1, 0p1 and 2p2 transitions in Pd-110 and 7.9e18 yr, 9.2e18 yr and 1.5e19 yr for the 0/2nbb 2p1, 0p1 and 2p2 transitions in Pd-102, respectively. This is a factor of 1.3 to 3 improvement compared to previous limits. The data of Phase I (Nov 2011 - May 2013) of the 0nbb decay experiment GERDA at LNGS is used to search for excited state transitions in Ge-76. The analysis is based on coincidences between two detectors and finds no signal. Lower half-life limits (90 % C.L.) of 1.6e23 yr, 3.7e23 yr and 2.3e23 yr are obtained for the 2nbb 2p1, 0p1 and 2p2 transitions, respectively. These limits are more than two orders of magnitude larger than previous ones and could exclude many old matrix element calculations. In addition to the excited state searches, important measurements and improvements for GERDA Phase II upgrades are performed within this dissertation. 30 new BEGe detectors are characterized for their surface and active volume properties which is an essential ingredient for all future physics analyses in GERDA. These precision measurements reduce the systematic uncertainty of the active volume to a subdominant level. In extension to this, a new model for simulating pulse shapes of n+ electrode surface events is developed. With this model it is demonstrated that the dominant background of K-42 on the detector surfaces can be suppressed by a factor of 145 with an A/E pulse shape cut in Phase II. A further suppression of background is obtained by a liquid argon scintillation light veto. With newly developed Monte Carlo simulations, including the optical scintillation photons, it is demonstrated that Tl-208 in the detectors holders can be suppressed by a factor of 134. K-42 homogeneously distributed in the LAr can be suppressed with this veto in combination with pulse shape cuts by a factor of 170 for BEGe detectors. The characterization measurements and the developed simulation tools presented within this dissertation will help to enhance the sensitivity for all 0/2nbb decay modes and will allow to construct an improved background model in GERDA Phase II. / Die Suche nach dem neutrinolosen Doppelbetazerfall (0nbb) ist eines der aktivsten Felder der modernen Teilchenphysik. Der Zerfall setzt die Verletzung der Leptonenzahl voraus und hätte die Majorananatur des Neutrinos zur Folge. Die durch eine Beobachtung bestimmbare Halbwertszeit des Zerfalls ermöglicht, über ein nukleares Matrixelement, Zugang zur effektiven Majorananeutrinomasse. Die größten Unsicherheiten gehen dabei auf das Matrixelement zurück, welches nur durch verschiedene, teilweise stark voneinander abweichende theoretische Modelle zugänglich ist. Eine Möglichkeit diese Unsicherheiten zu reduzieren bieten genaue Studien des im Standardmodel erlaubten neutrinobegleiteten Doppelbetazerfalls (2nbb) in angeregte Zustände des Tochterkerns. In dieser Dissertation wird der 2nbb-Zerfall der Nuklide Pd-110, Pd-102 und Ge-76 in angeregte Zustände untersucht. Die Untersuchungen von Pd-110 und Pd-102 wurden in drei umfangreichen Gammaspektroskopie-Experimenten in den Untergrundlaboren Felsenkeller (Deutschland), HADES (Belgien) und LNGS (Italien) durchgefürt. Es wurde kein Signal beobachtet und damit die weltweit besten unteren Grenzen für die Halbwertszeit dieser Zerfälle festgesetzt: 2,9e20 yr, 3,9e20 yr und 2,9e20 yr für die 0/2nbb 2p1, 0p1 und 2p2 Übergänge in Pd-110 and 7,9e18 yr, 9,2e18 yr und 1,5e19 yr für die 0/2nbb 2p1, 0p1 und 2p2 Übergänge in Pd-102 (90% C.I.). Dies ist eine 1,3 bis 3-fache Verbesserung gegenüber den vorher bekannten Grenzen. Die Untersuchung des 2nbb-Zerfalls in Ge-76 basiert auf Daten aus Phase I (Nov. 2011 - Mai 2013) des 0nbb-Zerfall Experiments GERDA. Mit der auf koinzidenten Ereignissen basierten Analyse konnte kein Signal beobachtet werden und folgende untere Grenzen für die Halbwertszeit der 2nbb 2p1, 0p1 und 2p2 Übergänge wurden festgelegt: 1,6e23 yr, 3,7e23 yr und 2,3e23 (90% C.L.). Diese 100-fache Verbesserung gegenüber den bisher bekannten Grenzen widerlegt eine Vielzahl älterer, zur Verfügung stehender Matrixelemente. Zusätzlich wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation für die Erweiterungen des GERDA Experiments zur Phase II wichtige Messungen durchgeführt und Verbesserungen entwickelt. 30 neu produzierte BEGe Detektoren wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Oberflächeneigenschaften sowie ihrer aktiven Volumina charakterisiert. Diese Präzisisionsmessungen sind für alle zukünftigen Analysen in GERDA notwendig und erlauben die entsprechenden systematischen Unsicherheiten auf ein subdominantes Niveau zu reduzieren. Erweiternd wurde ein neues Model zur Beschreibung der n+ Elektrode entwickelt, welches erstmals erlaubt die Pulsform von Oberflächeninteraktionen zu simulieren. Mithilfe dieses Models konnte demonstriert werden, dass der in Oberflächeninteraktionen begründete und in GERDA dominante Messuntergrund von K-42 auf der Detektoroberfläche durch Pulsformanalyse um das 145-fache unterdrückt werden kann. Eine weitere Untergrundreduzierung wird durch ein Flüssigargon Szintillationsveto erreicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden vorhandene Monte Carlo Simulationen um den Transport von optischen Photonen erweitert und die 134-fache Unterdrückung des Tl-208 Untergrundes demonstriert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit helfen eine deutliche Sensitivitätsverbesserung für die zuküntige Suche nach dem 0/2nbb-Zerfall zu erzielen und erlauben die Erstellung eines präziseren Untergrundmodels in GERDA Phase II.