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Changsha city in Hunan province, China. Place: Changsha Center Hospital, Hunan province. City Area: 11,819 square kilometers City population: 714.66 million   I watched the whole process of chest drainage surgery, introduced by Yang Jicheng, who is a thoracic surgeon attending doctor at this capital. During the field research in China, I also had research opportunity of chest drainage management, mostly performed by nurses, where I found out lots of design opportunities about the Chong canister, which was the most popular chest drainage canister used all over the  China Then I went back to Umea, Sweden, met Fredrik Homner who is a thoracic surgery doctor working in Norrlands University Hospital for almost 30 years. I told him what I saw in China and we exchanged lots of opinion about chest drainage. I realized that Chinese chest drainage patients were suffering unnecessary pain from outmoded equipment, which in Sweden they had already updated since 20 years ago. Whit help of Fredrik Holmner, I had opportunity to watch the whole process of pulmonary resection and endoscope technical, the focus of this process was the insertion of chest drainage tube at the end of this 5 hours surgery. After I had seen so many materials related to chest drainage, I found out my design focus, which was the Maquet Oasis Drain,  that had been recognized as the most advanced chest drainage equipment in the world and had been widely used in Europe and United States.

The presence of moisture in the soil reduces its shear strength. After the rain or snowmelt, the high percentage of moisture in the subgrade of highway, causes the instability resulting into failure of the highway due to high water table. Therefore, it is essential to install a drainage system to remove the excess moisture from the subgrade of highways to avoid its failure. In the present study, six different soil samples have been studied to observe its failure by triaxial shear strength and corresponding moisture content was noted. The tension applied to remove moisture was converted to equivalent drain depth. The relationships were studied between shear strength versus drain depth and moisture content versus drain depth. From these relationships the design drain depth for different types of soils studied was recommended. The present study also suggest that the design drain depth for the highways can be approximated directly using water retention curve.

This bachelor thesis aims to clarify the relationship between urban stormwater management and heritage sites. The topic is so far relatively unexplored, but may become highly relevant in the near future. Scientifically there is a lot of information about the impact from stormwater in heritage objects, also when repeated. The solution is sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and insertion of green infrastructure in the actual area or the surrounding areas. However, science and local management are not the same. At a local level, more information is requested. It appears that, from the investigated examples in this thesis, the problem is to find available areas for the drainage systems. Also the protection and conservation of the heritage objects create restrictions considering changes in the actual area. However, it is not impossible to apply these solutions, as showed in the thesis concluding chapter. In general both experts and laymen are positive to the insertion, as long as SUDS are introduced in respect to the heritage values. / Denna kandidatuppsats har tittat på förhållandet dagvattenhantering och kulturmiljö. Det är ett relativt outforskat ämne, men kommer att bli relevant i en snar framtid. Forskningen visar på en kemisk nedbrytningsprocess av på kulturhistoriska objekt från dagvatten. Det är en problematik som ökar med klimatförändringarna. Lösningen som forskningen förespråkar är införande av en hållbar dagvattenhantering och grönska, vilket begränsas av kulturmiljöns riktlinjer och skydd. Det råder dessutom en platsbrist inom områden för kulturhistoriska objekt. Generellt sett finns det inget hinder från kulturmiljöns sida kring dagvattenhantering, men varje förändring ska noga vägas mot de kulturhistoriska värdena. Däremot är både tjänstemän och lekmän positivt inställda till miljömässiga fördelar så som en hållbar dagvattenhantering även i denna miljö.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2016. / Gold mining of the Witwatersrand Basin reefs has been responsible for the rise of Johannesburg as an economic centre of South Africa. While mining provided a base for business and infrastructure development for the region, it has also generated social and environmental problems for the country. Tailings storage facilities (TSFs), a common sighting around Johannesburg and across the entire basin, have been built to contain the processed waste following extraction of gold from the pyrite containing quartzite ore. When the fine grained waste is exposed to atmospheric conditions, oxidation of remnant sulphides occurs resulting in acidic, metal rich and sulphate rich plumes that enter the environment through surface and groundwater systems. This thesis sought to better understand the release, transport, dispersal and fate of metals emanating from TSFs and their remnant footprints on the Witwatersrand. These metals included aluminium, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel and uranium and are known to be toxic to humans depending on their concentration and speciation. Traditionally, analytical methods have been employed in studies focussing on the characterisation of some of these processes in the region. While these studies have generally conducted quantitative assessment of the extent of pollution, little comprehensive interrogation and fingerprinting of the processes that are influential in determining the potential risk posed by metals has been done. This has largely been due to the shortcomings of analytical methods to determine these. To this end, this research has employed geochemical modelling to complement the traditional analytical methods. The approach to study the release of metals from TSFs involved assessment of the partitioning of metals within tailings and their potential release using batch and sequential extraction methods. Processes of metal release within the tailings were simulated through geochemical modelling (using the PHREEQC and Geochemist’s Workbench codes). The simulations were based on the percolation of rainwater through these layers and the changes in its chemistry along the path. The potential seepage of this plume along the path was then correlated to observed efflorescent mineral crusts that are temporary sinks for metals and are a common feature in the vicinity of the tailings and water bodies such as ponds and streams. The potential impact of the mineral crusts on the water chemistry of receiving water systems following their dissolution was assessed using forward geochemical modelling. The transport of the metals in groundwater was also studied. This involved simulations of the transition in chemistry of a plume from a TSF along an aquifer of known composition. This was based on a 1-D reactive transport model constructed using information from sequential extraction work on the aquifer rock (to identify the key minerals to consider) and site data (mainly flow rates) from previous studies. The processes occurring in the removal of metals from acid mine drainage (AMD) through a permanent sink in the form of a pump-and-treat plant in the Central Goldfield of the basin were simulated using PHREEQC. The findings from the research showed that two different plumes were produced from an abandoned TSF as a result of rainwater percolation, notably a plume produced from the dissolution of secondary salts formed in the oxidised layer and a sulphuric acid rich plume in the unoxidised layer. These differences were apparent in the geochemical composition of the mineral crusts collected on the walls of tailings dumps and from a pond into which the plumes were draining. On dissolution, mineral crusts were found to produce acidic solutions with crusts containing predominantly Fe producing pH values below 3. The simulated dissolution of various types of mineral crusts gave insight into the impact of minerals present in the smallest amount. This showed that the bulk mineralogy as determined by analytical techniques such as PXRD and remote sensing could not be used with confidence to deduce the impact of the mineral crusts on receiving water bodies. The characteristics of surface plumes released from tailings TSF were compared to other water systems in the area around Soweto, with complementary interpretation conducted using chemometric methods. From principal component analysis (PCA), surface water systems were found to form distinct groups largely influenced by mineral solubility, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen content. The 1-D reactive transport simulations involved acidic, metal and sulphate rich water ingressing the aquifer (below the TSF). Several scenarios were modelled including simulations with different dolomite contents; allowing for surface complexation and the presence of cation exchange surfaces. At a point 500 m from the water ingress in the dolomite rich aquifer, Fe and Mn were largely precipitated out (as confirmed by sequential extraction results on the aquifer rock) while the sulphate concentration was reduced by almost half. On the other hand, Ca concentrations were conservative largely because of continuous dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of gypsum along the flow path. The simulations of the high density sludge treatment plant involved forward modelling of the treatment process with the sludge responsible for the removal of trace metals from the incoming acid mine drainage. The model can be of use for cost and process optimisation at the facility. This research has had notable outputs in the form of publications; models on metal release, transport and attenuation; and models on pump-and-treat processes. These will form an important repository of information and for benchmarking any further studies related to AMD. / MT2016

Desde a implantação das primeiras obras, há indicações de que seus construtores já apresentavam conhecimentos acerca da influência da drenagem no desempenho dos pavimentos. Muitos países, onde os custos rodoviários são avaliados criteriosamente ao longo de toda a vida de serviço do pavimento, vêm desenvolvendo pesquisas objetivando a consideração dos efeitos prejudiciais da água em excesso no interior de sua estrutura. Métodos consagrados como, por exemplo, o da AASHTO, já consideram a influência da eficiência do sistema de drenagem no dimensionamento das estruturas de pavimentos. Neste trabalho, são apresentados um breve histórico e uma análise dos métodos de dimensionamento nacionais e estrangeiros, com vistas às considerações da influência do sistema de drenagem e da variação sazonal do teor de umidade no desempenho estrutural dos pavimentos. Fazendo-se uso do Falling Weight Defectometer, foi realizado levantamento deflectométrico em trecho experimental, com extensão aproximada de 900 m, direcionado para a avaliação da variação dos módulos resilientes das camadas e do comportamento estrutural diante da infiltração d\'água pela borda do pavimento. A partir dos dados obtidos no segmento experimental, pôde-se avaliar a magnitude desses parâmetros e assim efetuar, através de modelos analíticos que expressam os métodos de dimensionamento vigentes no país, a estimativa de redução da vida útil do pavimento analisado. Finalmente, propõe-se a introdução de um parâmetro de ajuste da espessura, denominado Fator de Ajuste de Drenagem, para consideração das condições adversas de drenagem no procedimento de dimensionamento de estruturas de pavimentos flexíveis preconizado pelo DNER. / Since the implementation of the first roads, there are indications that constructors already had knowledge concerning drainage influence in the pavement performance. Many countries, where highway administration costs are criteriously available along pavement lifetime, have been developing researches regarding considerations about harmful effects from excessive water in the pavement structure. Renowned methods such as AASHTO, already consider the influence of drainage system efficiency in the pavement structures design. In this work, brief historic and an analysis about national and foreign design methods are presented, taking into account considerations concerning influence of drainage system and seasonal variations of moisture content in the structural pavement performance. Employing the Falling Weight Deflectometer, deflection measurements were carried out in a test section, about 900 m long, in order to evaluate the resilient modulus layers and the structural behavior variations due to water infiltration from pavement edge. From experimental sections data obtained, it was possible to evaluate the magnitude of these parameters and then realize, through analytical models that represent the actual national design methods, the reduction estimate of evaluated pavement lifetime. Finally, this work propose the introduction of a thickness adjustment parameter, called Drainage Adjustment Factor, to consider the adverse drainage conditions in the flexible pavement structure design procedure advocated by DNER.

Os condutores horizontais dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários, no Brasil e em quase todos os países do mundo, tem sido dimensionados considerando-se o escoamento em regime permanente, o que na realidade não ocorre. Sabendo-se que o escoamento no interior destes condutores acontece em regime não permanente, caracterizado pelo movimento de ondas, devido a aleatoriedade de uso dos aparelhos. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o estudo do escoamento não permanente, verificado, nos ramais e coletores dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários de edifícios residenciais. As equações diferenciais da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento, que regem este escoamento, são resolvidas pelo método das características. Apresentamos, também, os resultados e análise de várias simulações do programa de computador desenvolvido com base no método das características pelo professor Swaffield, da Universidade Heriot-Watt, Escócia. Os dados de entrada para estas simulações foram obtidos a partir de ensaios laboratoriais de algumas configurações de ambientes sanitários brasileiros, também apresentados neste trabalho. Os resultados destas simulações mostram que a consideração do escoamento em regime não permanente, possibilita a redução dos diâmetros dos ramais e coletores, e consequentemente, a redução dos custos destes sistemas. / Usually horizontal waste pipes of Building Drainage Systems, in Brazil and almost all of countries in the world, are dimensioned considering a steady flow, that does not exist. The random use of the sanitary appliances connected to the Drainage Systems of the building is the responsible for the unsteady flow. We present a study of unsteady partially filled pipeflow for drains and sewers. The differential equations of continuity and motion are solved via the method of characteristics. We present, also, the results and analysis of several simulations using a computational program developed by Prof. Swaffield-Heriot - Watt University, Scotland. The data entry were obtained through laboratorial tests which considered brazilian bathroom configurations, presented in this work. The results show us that the consideration of unsteady flow conduct to the reductions of horizontal waste pipes diameters, consequently to the reduction of the Building Drainage Systems costs.

In this diploma thesis I follow my bachelor thesis and generally deal with drainage systems and their influence on a water regime of a river basin. In the theoretical part, I describe issues associated with the drainage systems, whether their impact on the landscape or generally how they affect the water regime. Further I explain the water runoff in the landscape from its sorting and description of various runoff types up to the methods of its separation. Basic methods of the separation are described here, as well as separation with the use of digital filters. In the last part, these methods are used for separations of the runoff at selected river basins which are described in detail in the chapter named "material". For further comparison and results, the calculation of the runoff coefficient, analysis of precipitation and runoff events and analysis of subsidence branches were used. The chapter "results and discussion" where all results of this thesis are explained has been placed at the end.

Desde a implantação das primeiras obras, há indicações de que seus construtores já apresentavam conhecimentos acerca da influência da drenagem no desempenho dos pavimentos. Muitos países, onde os custos rodoviários são avaliados criteriosamente ao longo de toda a vida de serviço do pavimento, vêm desenvolvendo pesquisas objetivando a consideração dos efeitos prejudiciais da água em excesso no interior de sua estrutura. Métodos consagrados como, por exemplo, o da AASHTO, já consideram a influência da eficiência do sistema de drenagem no dimensionamento das estruturas de pavimentos. Neste trabalho, são apresentados um breve histórico e uma análise dos métodos de dimensionamento nacionais e estrangeiros, com vistas às considerações da influência do sistema de drenagem e da variação sazonal do teor de umidade no desempenho estrutural dos pavimentos. Fazendo-se uso do Falling Weight Defectometer, foi realizado levantamento deflectométrico em trecho experimental, com extensão aproximada de 900 m, direcionado para a avaliação da variação dos módulos resilientes das camadas e do comportamento estrutural diante da infiltração d\'água pela borda do pavimento. A partir dos dados obtidos no segmento experimental, pôde-se avaliar a magnitude desses parâmetros e assim efetuar, através de modelos analíticos que expressam os métodos de dimensionamento vigentes no país, a estimativa de redução da vida útil do pavimento analisado. Finalmente, propõe-se a introdução de um parâmetro de ajuste da espessura, denominado Fator de Ajuste de Drenagem, para consideração das condições adversas de drenagem no procedimento de dimensionamento de estruturas de pavimentos flexíveis preconizado pelo DNER. / Since the implementation of the first roads, there are indications that constructors already had knowledge concerning drainage influence in the pavement performance. Many countries, where highway administration costs are criteriously available along pavement lifetime, have been developing researches regarding considerations about harmful effects from excessive water in the pavement structure. Renowned methods such as AASHTO, already consider the influence of drainage system efficiency in the pavement structures design. In this work, brief historic and an analysis about national and foreign design methods are presented, taking into account considerations concerning influence of drainage system and seasonal variations of moisture content in the structural pavement performance. Employing the Falling Weight Deflectometer, deflection measurements were carried out in a test section, about 900 m long, in order to evaluate the resilient modulus layers and the structural behavior variations due to water infiltration from pavement edge. From experimental sections data obtained, it was possible to evaluate the magnitude of these parameters and then realize, through analytical models that represent the actual national design methods, the reduction estimate of evaluated pavement lifetime. Finally, this work propose the introduction of a thickness adjustment parameter, called Drainage Adjustment Factor, to consider the adverse drainage conditions in the flexible pavement structure design procedure advocated by DNER.

Os condutores horizontais dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários, no Brasil e em quase todos os países do mundo, tem sido dimensionados considerando-se o escoamento em regime permanente, o que na realidade não ocorre. Sabendo-se que o escoamento no interior destes condutores acontece em regime não permanente, caracterizado pelo movimento de ondas, devido a aleatoriedade de uso dos aparelhos. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o estudo do escoamento não permanente, verificado, nos ramais e coletores dos sistemas de coleta de esgotos sanitários de edifícios residenciais. As equações diferenciais da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento, que regem este escoamento, são resolvidas pelo método das características. Apresentamos, também, os resultados e análise de várias simulações do programa de computador desenvolvido com base no método das características pelo professor Swaffield, da Universidade Heriot-Watt, Escócia. Os dados de entrada para estas simulações foram obtidos a partir de ensaios laboratoriais de algumas configurações de ambientes sanitários brasileiros, também apresentados neste trabalho. Os resultados destas simulações mostram que a consideração do escoamento em regime não permanente, possibilita a redução dos diâmetros dos ramais e coletores, e consequentemente, a redução dos custos destes sistemas. / Usually horizontal waste pipes of Building Drainage Systems, in Brazil and almost all of countries in the world, are dimensioned considering a steady flow, that does not exist. The random use of the sanitary appliances connected to the Drainage Systems of the building is the responsible for the unsteady flow. We present a study of unsteady partially filled pipeflow for drains and sewers. The differential equations of continuity and motion are solved via the method of characteristics. We present, also, the results and analysis of several simulations using a computational program developed by Prof. Swaffield-Heriot - Watt University, Scotland. The data entry were obtained through laboratorial tests which considered brazilian bathroom configurations, presented in this work. The results show us that the consideration of unsteady flow conduct to the reductions of horizontal waste pipes diameters, consequently to the reduction of the Building Drainage Systems costs.