Dagens dagvattenhantering i urbana områden är inte hållbar vilket resulterar i översvämningar, förfallav naturen och hälsoproblem. Fortsatt urbanisering och klimatförändringar påverkar systemet negativtoch kräver en brådskande förändring. Ett alternativ till traditionell dagvattenhantering är naturligalösningar, NBS, definierat som inspiration och användandet av naturen för att hanterasamhällsproblem. Det kan ge resilienta och adaptiva lösningar som främjar biologisk mångfald,människors välbefinnande, ett lovande alternativ för att tackla de här problemen. NBS är dock förenatmed osäkerheter såsom kunskapsbrister kring prestanda, underhåll och möjliga negativakonsekvenser. Även om NBS kan anses vara en hållbar lösning är den inte frekvent implementerad iurbana områden. Den här uppsatsen använder fallstudien Årstafältet för att samla och analysera föroch nackdelar av NBS och traditionella dagvattenlösningar. Med hjälp av intervjuer med inblandadeaktörer, plandokument, regleringar och en litteraturstudie visar resultatet att NBS kan ge ett resilient,flexibelt och kostnads-effektivt system med multipla fördelar vilket kan uppfylla t.ex. vattendirektivet(WFD), hållbarhetsmålen (SDGs) och miljömålen. Det traditionella systemet är en oelastisk lösninginkapabel att förebygga miljöförändringarna och med frekvent breddning av smutsigt dag- ochavloppsvatten. Systemet är sett som oförmögen att uppfylla mål kring biologisk mångfald, miljömåloch reningskrav och därav en ohållbar lösning. Existerande infrastruktur och ett välarbetat arbetssättgör att det traditionella systemet dock fortfarande förlitas på. Problem som identifierades med NBSvar kunskapsbrister, en ny process för att hantera dagvatten som inkluderar en omfattande inblandningav aktörer, övergångsbarriärer, oklarheter gällande ansvarsfördelning, brist på deltagande frånallmänheten, avsaknad av tekniskt vägledning, bristen och behovet av att kontrollera och mätalösningar samt beroendet av entusiastiska aktörer. / The current stormwater management in urban areas is not sustainable, resulting in frequent floodingevents, degeneration of the environment and human health issues. Increased urbanization and climatechange negatively impact the outcome and calls for an urgent change. An alternative to traditionalstormwater management is nature-based solution, NBS, broadly defined as the usage or inspiration ofnature to address societal challenges. It can provide resilient, adaptive solutions which promotebiodiversity and human well-being, a solution to address these challenges. NBS is however unitedwith uncertainties such as knowledge gaps of performance, maintenance, efficiency and potentialtradeoffs. Although NBS can be considered a sustainable solution, it is not widely adopted andimplemented in urban areas. This thesis uses the case study of Årstafältet project to identify andanalyze opportunities and challenges of NBS and conventional drainage system. Based on interviewswith involved actors, plans, regulation and a conceptual framework, the result shows that NBS canprovide a resilient, flexible and cost-effective system with multiple benefits which addresses allaspects of sustainability. It is widely supported by laws and policies, addressing the EU WaterFramework Directive (WFD), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EnvironmentalObjectives for example. The conventional drainage system is an inflexible system unable to mitigateclimate change, with frequent overflows (CSOs) of dirty storm and sewage water. It is unable toachieve biodiversity goals, environmental objectives and water quality targets and thus recognized asan unsustainable solution. With an existing infrastructure and an established way of managing theconventional drainage system, it is however still relied on. Identified challenges of NBS areknowledge gaps, a new management process with extensive stakeholder involvement, transitionbarriers, unclear division of responsibilities, lack of public participation and technical guidance, lackof and the need to monitor solutions and the dependence on enthusiastic actors.

No description available.

A cidade de Maringá, implantada ex novo, surge com status de cidade moderna em razão do seu plano urbanístico, que apresenta ressonâncias do ideário garden city, do zoning, do movimento city beautiful e do pensamento higienista. Contudo, as redes técnicas, elementos característicos da cidade moderna, demoraram a se estabelecer, pois a CTNP/CMNP, agente privado responsável pelo plano de colonização no qual a cidade se insere, não tinha as infraestruturas urbanas como prioridade nas cidades que implantara. Entendendo a cidade por meio da interação entre tecnologia e sociedade, propõe-se a análise da cidade de Maringá por meio da inter-relação das redes técnicas sanitárias com o desenvolvimento e crescimento urbano. As principais fontes documentais advieram da análise de notícias veiculadas em jornais da época e de projetos dos sistemas sanitários, que permitiram identificar algumas fases na administração dos serviços de saneamentos, e que guiaram a discussão do estudo, sendo estas: a fase de poços e fossas, marcada pelas ações individuais e pela ação da iniciativa privada na exploração do abastecimento de água; a fase das redes municipais, quando o município se apresenta como novo ator hegemônico no controle dos serviços sanitários; e a fase de administração dos sistemas pela concessionária estadual, transição ocorrida em 1980, ano que marca o encerramento da pesquisa por entender que, neste momento, a lógica de implantação das infraestruturas sanitárias já se encontrava estabelecida. Os resultados apontam para a capacidade de as redes técnicas sanitárias materializar no território relações de desigualdade de oportunidades, acesso e distribuição de riquezas que, no caso de Maringá, contribuíram para a criação de uma dicotomia entre a área planejada e a área pós-plano. / Owing to its urban plan echoing the ideals of a garden city, zoning features, city beautiful movement and hygienist thought, the ex novo implanted city of Maringá has been founded as a modern city. However, the technical networks, characteristics of the modern city, belatedly arrived, since the CTNP/CMNP, the private agency for the colonization plan in which the city was inserted, did not give priority to the urban infrastructure in the towns and cities it had established. Since the city is an interaction between technology and society, the city of Maringá is analyzed on its inter-relationships between sanitary technical networks and urban development and growth. The main documentary sources have been retrieved from the newspapers of the period and from the projects of sanitary systems, which identified several phases in the management in sanitary services on which this study is foregrounded: the wells and cesspools phase through individual initiatives for water supply and drainage; the phase of municipal networks in which the township was the new hegemonic agent in the control of sanitary services; the phase of outsourcing state systems as from 1980. In fact, this is the year in which current research ends since the logical implantation of sanitary infrastructure was established. Results show the capacity of sanitary technical networks to favor unequal relationships in opportunities, in the access and distribution of wealth. Inequality in Maringá contributed towards the establishment of a dichotomy between the planned area and the post-plan area.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-29T12:57:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-29T18:04:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-29T18:07:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-29T18:07:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-02 / Outras / This paper contextualizes the environmental reality of the creeks of Manaus along its historic building, in particular taking into consideration the changes in the drainage system of the watershed Finch located in the north of Manaus, the main area of growth in recent decades. In this sense, this work aimed to analyze the process of formation of sedimentary tecnógena river bars in that unit as well as to characterize the physical properties based on the gravimetric composition of solid waste and soil analysis through testing and determination of granulometric class’s texture. In this sense réalisés tests with soil samples showed the presence of natural sediments: sand, silt and clay and solid waste. The proportion between the two elements corresponds to 96% of natural sediments and 4% of the anthropogenic waste. Regarding the classes of waste was observed by means of gravimetric composition that tecnógena sedimentary bars are constructed of materials: plastic, metal, cloth, rubber, and other organic matter. The ratio of these residues represented in terms of the amount corresponding to 9,016kg value, and the plastic item to be greater, representing 54% of the residues analyzed. Other items that also stood out during weighing were the metal packaging which registered net weight of 1.27 kg, 1.16 kg and fabric rubber with 0,845kg. These results are key to highlight the impacts produced by sedimentary bars in the watershed of the Finch, mainly in relation to the volume of sediment, as these represent direct impact on the flow capacity of rainwater and contributes to the increased risk of flooding and proliferation diseases. / Este trabalho contextualiza a realidade ambiental dos igarapés de Manaus ao longo de sua construção histórica, em particular leva em consideração as modificações ocorridas no sistema de drenagem da microbacia do Passarinho localizado na zona norte de Manaus principal área de expansão nas últimas décadas. Neste sentido a realização deste trabalho teve por finalidade analisar o processo de formação de barras sedimentares tecnógena na referida unidade fluvial bem como caracterizar as propriedades físicas com base na composição gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos, análise do solo por meio de testes granulométricos e determinação das classes de textura. Assim, os ensaios realizados com as amostras de solo evidenciaram a presença de sedimentos: areia, silte e argila e dos resíduos sólidos. A proporção entre os dois elementos correspondeu a 96% de sedimentos e 4% de resíduos de origem antropogênica. Com relação às classes dos resíduos foi constatado por meio da composição gravimétrica que as barras sedimentares tecnógenas são constituídas essencialmente por materiais: plásticos, metal, tecido, borracha, matéria orgânica entre outros. Assim, o valor total dos resíduos sólidos urbanos identificados nas amostras representou em termos de quantidade o valor correspondente a 9,016kg, sendo o plástico o item de maior proporção, representando 54% dos resíduos avaliados. Outros itens que também se destacaram durante a pesagem foram às embalagens de metal que registraram peso líquido de 1,27 kg, tecido 1,16 kg e borracha com 0,845kg. Estes resultados constituem elementos fundamentais para evidenciar os impactos produzidos pelas barras sedimentares formadas na microbacia do Passarinho, principalmente no que se refere ao volume de sedimentos depositados no canal, pois estes representam impacto direto ao sistema de drenagem tanto no que se refere às alterações na paisagem, quanto no comprometimento da capacidade de vazão das águas pluviais que contribuem para o aumento no risco de inundação, proliferação de doenças e danos materiais causados a população residente no local.

Growing environmental awareness has led to developments within landfill engineering, increasing the amount of research with the aim of constructing safe, stable landfills with optimal geometry. EU member states are forced to improve waste disposal policies through directives (Council of the European Union 1999) enforced in member countries through local legislation (in the UK, The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations 2002). This research focuses on several aspects of waste barrier in situ performance. A field study was conducted on a landfill side slope to investigate geosynthetics mechanical behaviour in service conditions and on a landfill capping to investigate capping geosynthetic drainage system performance in situ conditions and pore water distributions along the capping. Further site derived data were collected in order to validate numerical modelling approaches, to increase confidence in a design processes and to investigate mechanisms incorporated in the liner s performance. The side slope studies revealed an additional factor affecting lining components displacement along the slope: geomembrane and geotextile response to atmospheric conditions. The capping study allowed production of recommendations for future capping designs. These can be used to considerably enhance capping stability.

abstract: The rate of urbanization has been impacted by global economic growth. A strong economy results in more people moving to already crowded urban centers to take advantage of increased employment opportunities often resulting in sprawling of the urban area. More natural land resources are being exploited to accommodate these anthropogenic activities. Subsequently, numerous natural land resources such as green areas or porous soil, which are less flood-prone and more permeable are being converted into buildings, parking lots, roads and underground utilities that are less permeable to stormwater runoff from rain events. With the diminishing of the natural landscape that can drain stormwater during a rainfall event, urban underground drainage systems are being designed and built to tackle the excess runoff resulting from urbanization. However, the construction of a drainage system is expensive and usually involves massive land excavations and tremendous environmental disturbances. The option for constructing an underground drainage system is even more difficult in dense urban environments due to the complicated underground environments, creating a need for low footprint solutions. This need has led to emerging opportunities for low impact development (LID) methods or green infrastructures, which are viewed as an environmentally friendly alternative for dealing with stormwater runoff. LID mimics the pre-development environment to retain the stormwater runoff through infiltration, retention, detention and evaporation. Despite a significant amount of prior research having been conducted to analyze the performance of runoff volume reduction and peak flow decrement of various green infrastructures, little is known about the economic benefits of using LID practices. This dissertation fills the gap in the knowledge regarding the life-cycle-cost effectiveness of green infrastructure in current urban developments. This study’s two research objectives are: (1) Develop a life cycle cost calculation template to analyze the cost benefits of using LID compared to the traditional drainage system (2) Quantify the cost benefits based on the real-world construction projects A thorough literature review led to the data collection of the hydrological benefits of using LIDs in conjunction with overviewing three real-world construction projects to quantify the cost benefits of LIDs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

As a modern metropolis, Shanghai has a registered population of 18.8 million in 2011, and the permanent population has been more than 20 million. As a result, Shanghai produces more than 6.3 million cubic meters of sewage per day which is considered as a massive test for Shanghai’s sewerage treatment system. Given the high proportion of time spent on the literature review, this study has investigated how the whole system works in Shanghai. To do this, Shanghai sewerage systems were divided into two parts – the drainage system and the sewage treatment system, and they were introduced respectively following the track of history development process. It was done by combining previously published theses, study reports, governmental documents, overt information by companies and news reports. It showed that, in 2009, Shanghai’s government established a basic formation of six centralized sewage treatment systems in co-existence with 52 sewage treatment plants. In the same year, the sewage treatment rate reached 78.9%, which can be considered a leap compared with the 62.8% figure in 2003. In spite of that, the gap between sewage treatment in Shanghai and that in developed countries still exists. By comparing Shanghai Bai Longgang sewage treatment plant with Halmstad Västra Stranden's waste water treatment plant, it can be concluded that the gap was embodied in differences of inflow condition, relative low discharge standards and poor treatment capability.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As enchentes se constituem em um dos mais freqüentes e complexos problemas nas áreas urbanas em todo o mundo, causando danos à população e às atividades econômicas a estas associadas. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro possui um longo histórico de inundações, outrora ligadas sobretudo às suas características topográficas e climáticas, que, em virtude dos processo de ocupação e urbanização, iniciados no século XVI, foram potencializas pelas interferências no meio físico, através das políticas públicas. Esta dissertação visa analisar as causas das inundações, bem como suas implicações na organização do espaço, na área central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, evidenciando formas e processos pretéritos e presentes. As enchentes no centro da cidade foram mapeadas, com diferenciação entre os setores análogos, nos quais destacam-se as áreas mais críticas de ocorrências, em virtude dos danos decorrentes das inundações. Para tanto foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos e trabalhos de campo. São feitas também recomendações que se originaram dos resultados dos levantamentos e das análises realizadas, visando contribuir para iniciativas que busquem soluções efetivas para o velho problema de enchentes na área central do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado, pode-se concluir que uma série de fatores conjugados contribuem para as ocorrências atuais, àqueles inseridos em uma escala mais local, como nivelamentos de ruas, que ainda hoje remontam antigas feições da cidade ou a ineficiência da rede de drenagem atual, como também fatores mais abrangentes, ligados aos divisores topográficos e drenagem associada. / Floods represent one of the most frequent and complex problems in urban areas worldwide, causing damage to inhabitants and to their economic activities. The city of Rio de Janeiro has a long history of floods, formerly related to topographic and climatic characteristics, which, in the course of the occupation process and urbanization started in the sixteenth century, were enhanced by the physical environment interference held up by public policies. This Masters Thesis aims to analyze the causes of flooding, as well as its implications in the space organization, in the downtown area of Rio de Janeiro, showing former and later forms and processes. Flooding in the city center were mapped with demarcation between equivalent sectors, where are evident the most critical areas of occurrence, because of the damage caused by the floods. Hence, the work was based on a literature review and field work. Recommendations from the results of the surveys and analysis carried out are also made, in order to contribute to initiatives that seek effective solutions to the old problem of flooding in the central area of Rio de Janeiro. As a result, we can conclude that a number of factors combined contribute to the current occurrences, those embedded in a more local scale, such as the leveling of the streets, which still has old citys features or the inefficiency of the drainage network, as well as more extensive factors, linked to topography and associated drainage.

Orientador: José Joaquim Titton Ranzani / Resumo: O mecanismo de drenagem lacrimal do cão não é totalmente conhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a via lacrimal excretora do cão normal do ponto de vista histológico, na tentativa de melhor conhecer esta estrutura. Método: realizou-se um estudo envolvendo 30 cães normais (60 olhos), sem raça definida, adultos, pesando de 4,15 a 30 kg. Esses animais foram submetidos a exame ectoscópico (exame externo), dacriocistográfico e avaliação histológica da via lacrimal excretora. Resultados: a via lacrimal excretora do cão é formada por pontos, canalículos e saco lacrimal, e ducto nasolacrimal, o qual se abre no meato inferior da narina, observados ao exame dacriocistográfico. Histologicamente, a via lacrimal excretora do cão é, em parte, revestida por epitélio escamoso estratificado não queratinizado, o qual repousa em estroma de tecido conjuntivo denso; e, em parte, revestida por epitélio estratificado colunar, repousando em estroma de tecido conjuntivo frouxo. As regiões do saco lacrimal e do ducto nasolacrimal são circundadas por rica rede vascular. Não foram evidenciadas fibras musculares circundando (intimamente dispostas) a via lacrimal excretora do cão, ou justapostas a essa via. Conclusão: o cão não possui estruturas contráteis envolvendo intimamente a via lacrimal excretora, podendo-se supor que o mecanismo de drenagem lacrimal não envolva mecanismos de contração muscular. / Abstract: The mechanism of lacrimal drainage system in dogs is not still completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological aspects of lacrimal drainage system in the healthy dog, trying to know better this anatomical structure. Method: thirty healthy adult cross-bred dogs (sixty eyes), weighting from 4.1 to 30 kg were used in this study. These animals were submited to an extern ophthalmic examination, dacryocystorhinography and a histological analysis of lacrimal drainage route. Results: the lacrimal drainage system is composed by points, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. As showed at the dacryocystorhinography, the nasolacrimal duct opens towards to the meato inferior da narina. By the histological analysis, the lacrimal drainage route is partially composed by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which lies on dense conjunctive tissue stroma, and partially covered by stratified columnar epithelium over a layer of cells of loose conjunctive tissue stroma. The lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct areas are rounded by a well developed blood vessels net. It were not observed muscle fibers rounding, or nearby, the lacrimal drainage route. Conclusion: contractile structures rounding lacrimal drainage route were not observed in the dog. We supposed that the mecanism of lacrimal drainage is not related to a muscle contractile responses. / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As enchentes se constituem em um dos mais freqüentes e complexos problemas nas áreas urbanas em todo o mundo, causando danos à população e às atividades econômicas a estas associadas. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro possui um longo histórico de inundações, outrora ligadas sobretudo às suas características topográficas e climáticas, que, em virtude dos processo de ocupação e urbanização, iniciados no século XVI, foram potencializas pelas interferências no meio físico, através das políticas públicas. Esta dissertação visa analisar as causas das inundações, bem como suas implicações na organização do espaço, na área central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, evidenciando formas e processos pretéritos e presentes. As enchentes no centro da cidade foram mapeadas, com diferenciação entre os setores análogos, nos quais destacam-se as áreas mais críticas de ocorrências, em virtude dos danos decorrentes das inundações. Para tanto foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos e trabalhos de campo. São feitas também recomendações que se originaram dos resultados dos levantamentos e das análises realizadas, visando contribuir para iniciativas que busquem soluções efetivas para o velho problema de enchentes na área central do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado, pode-se concluir que uma série de fatores conjugados contribuem para as ocorrências atuais, àqueles inseridos em uma escala mais local, como nivelamentos de ruas, que ainda hoje remontam antigas feições da cidade ou a ineficiência da rede de drenagem atual, como também fatores mais abrangentes, ligados aos divisores topográficos e drenagem associada. / Floods represent one of the most frequent and complex problems in urban areas worldwide, causing damage to inhabitants and to their economic activities. The city of Rio de Janeiro has a long history of floods, formerly related to topographic and climatic characteristics, which, in the course of the occupation process and urbanization started in the sixteenth century, were enhanced by the physical environment interference held up by public policies. This Masters Thesis aims to analyze the causes of flooding, as well as its implications in the space organization, in the downtown area of Rio de Janeiro, showing former and later forms and processes. Flooding in the city center were mapped with demarcation between equivalent sectors, where are evident the most critical areas of occurrence, because of the damage caused by the floods. Hence, the work was based on a literature review and field work. Recommendations from the results of the surveys and analysis carried out are also made, in order to contribute to initiatives that seek effective solutions to the old problem of flooding in the central area of Rio de Janeiro. As a result, we can conclude that a number of factors combined contribute to the current occurrences, those embedded in a more local scale, such as the leveling of the streets, which still has old citys features or the inefficiency of the drainage network, as well as more extensive factors, linked to topography and associated drainage.