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Heat losses are an important problem in domestic hot water circulation systems. Therefore, to reduce these losses becomes an issue of utmost importance both economically and environmentally. Nevertheless, it has not been until recent years when these losses have been studied further. Commonly studies have focused on the heat space system operation or radiator system. This study focuses on heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation through the piping system in a building at a school located in Gävle (Sweden) using non-destructive flow and temperature reading devices. The heat used by the school is provided by the district heating network that feeds several heat exchangers. The heat losses, at the same time, will be compared with simulation and theoretical procedures to corroborate them. The domestic hot water piping system of this study consists on more than 1200 meters of insulated copper pipes with different diameters and different insulation thickness. The system was measured for one week (April 26, 2015 to May 3, 2015) when there are working days and nonworking days. A 5% of the annual district heating consumption in the school was calculated as heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation system in the building studied. Finally, improvements in insulation system and changes in the domestic hot water temperature have been simulated and they demonstrate that savings of up to 35% of the heat losses can be achieved and produce significant energy savings.

Heat losses are an important problem in domestic hot water circulation systems. Therefore, toreduce these losses becomes an issue of utmost importance both economically andenvironmentally. Nevertheless, it has not been until recent years when these losses have beenstudied further. Commonly studies have focused on the heat space system operation or radiatorsystem. This study focuses on heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation through thepiping system in a building at a school located in Gävle (Sweden) using non-destructive flowand temperature reading devices. The heat used by the school is provided by the district heatingnetwork that feeds several heat exchangers. The heat losses, at the same time, will be comparedwith simulation and theoretical procedures to corroborate them. The domestic hot water pipingsystem of this study consists on more than 1200 meters of insulated copper pipes with differentdiameters and different insulation thickness. The system was measured for one week (April 26,2015 to May 3, 2015) when there are working days and nonworking days. A 5% of the annualdistrict heating consumption in the school was calculated as heat losses in the domestic hotwater circulation system in the building studied. Finally, improvements in insulation system andchanges in the domestic hot water temperature have been simulated and they demonstrate thatsavings of up to 35% of the heat losses can be achieved and produce significant energy savings.

As a modern metropolis, Shanghai has a registered population of 18.8 million in 2011, and the permanent population has been more than 20 million. As a result, Shanghai produces more than 6.3 million cubic meters of sewage per day which is considered as a massive test for Shanghai’s sewerage treatment system. Given the high proportion of time spent on the literature review, this study has investigated how the whole system works in Shanghai. To do this, Shanghai sewerage systems were divided into two parts – the drainage system and the sewage treatment system, and they were introduced respectively following the track of history development process. It was done by combining previously published theses, study reports, governmental documents, overt information by companies and news reports. It showed that, in 2009, Shanghai’s government established a basic formation of six centralized sewage treatment systems in co-existence with 52 sewage treatment plants. In the same year, the sewage treatment rate reached 78.9%, which can be considered a leap compared with the 62.8% figure in 2003. In spite of that, the gap between sewage treatment in Shanghai and that in developed countries still exists. By comparing Shanghai Bai Longgang sewage treatment plant with Halmstad Västra Stranden's waste water treatment plant, it can be concluded that the gap was embodied in differences of inflow condition, relative low discharge standards and poor treatment capability.

This diploma thesis deals reconstruction of sanitation installations in an apartment building in Brno. It is a multi-storey building which is intended mainly for living. The theoretical part deals individual ways of preparation hot water in the apartment buildings. The experimental part deals measurement consumption hot water in the apartment building. Calculating and design part contains a proposal of sewerage system, piping system and linking up of the object on present engineering systems. The diploma thesis also focuses on possible options and re-quested specifics. The diploma thesis was arranged in accordance with present-day valid norms and regulations.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Kirby S. Chapman / The purpose of this thesis is to present on the development and results of the cooling system logic tree and model developed as part of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc (PRCI) funded project at the Kansas State National Gas Machinery Laboratory. PRCI noticed that many of the legacy engines utilized in the natural gas transmission industry were plagued by cooling system problems. As such, a need existed to better understand the heat transfer mechanisms from the combusting gases to the cooling water, and then from the cooling water to the environment. To meet this need, a logic tree was developed to provide guidance on how to balance and identify problems within the cooling system and schedule appropriate maintenance. Utilizing information taken from OEM operating guides, a cooling system model was developed to supplement the logic tree in providing further guidance and understanding of cooling system operation. The cooling system model calculates the heat loads experienced within the engine cooling system, the pressures within the system, and the temperatures exiting the cooling equipment. The cooling system engineering model was developed based upon the fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer experienced by the coolant within the system. The inputs of the model are familiar to the operating companies and include the characteristics of the engine and coolant piping system, coolant chemistry, and engine oil system characteristics. Included in the model are the various components that collectively comprise the engine cooling system, including the water cooling pump, aftercooler, surge tank, fin-fan units, and oil cooler. The results of the Excel-based model were then compared to available field data to determine the validity of the model. The cooling system model was then used to conduct a parametric investigation of various operating conditions including part vs. full load and engine speed, turbocharger performance, and changes in ambient conditions. The results of this parametric investigation are summarized as charts and tables that are presented as part of this thesis.

En ingénierie sismique, il est admis que le comportement d’une structure soumise à de forts séismes soit caractérisé par des boucles d’hystérésis qui peuvent être amples ou étroites selon le type de structure impactée. La prise en compte de ce type de comportement non-linéaire dans un calcul temporel présente des difficultés liées à l’identification des paramètres, au coût numérique élevé, au risque de non-convergence. Dans ce contexte, la méthode de linéarisation équivalente, a été introduite en géotechnique dès les années 70. Elle reste peu utilisée dans le domaine des structures malgré les efforts de nombreux auteurs. Ce travail de thèse a pour objet l’étude du comportement linéaire équivalent dans le contexte des méthodes simplifiées d'évaluation de la réponse non-linéaire d'une structure en ingénierie sismique. Nous passons en revue les critères de linéarisation adoptés par les différentes méthodes qui recherchent l’équivalence (1) du déplacement maximum ou (2) de la quantité d’énergie dissipée ou (3) de la force de rappel. Nos analyses montrent que ces trois critères ne sont pas pertinents et/ou efficaces, conduisant à des méthodes peu robustes qui conduisent dans certains cas à des résultats inexplicables. Nous montrons le rôle important, négligé par toutes les méthodes disponibles, du contenu fréquentiel respectif des signaux et du système dans la détermination de la ductilité appelée. Sur cette constatation, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de linéarisation équivalente basée sur la fonction de transfert. Nous utilisons cette méthode pour explorer un plan d’expérience numérique dans lequel nous calculons les caractéristiques de fréquence et d’amortissement équivalents en fonction de la ductilité appelée pour différente configurations caractérisées par (a) le rapport entre fréquence de l’oscillateur et fréquence centrale du signal excitateur, (b) la pente d’écrouissage et (c) le modèle de comportement qui varie continument de élastoplastique à endommageant. Nous proposons deux nouvelles approches du comportement linéaire équivalent. La première, visant à améliorer la procédure statique non-linéaire de l’ATC40, utilise la rigidité sécante et le déplacement maximal. Elle fait intervenir une estimation de l’amortissement différente de celle de l’ATC40. Sa pertinence est établie par le fait qu’elle permet d’évaluer avec exactitude le déplacement maximal de systèmes canoniques non-linéaires. La seconde consiste à restituer la dynamique de la réponse d'un oscillateur non-linéaire au travers de la fonction de transfert. Sa pertinence est démontrée au travers des critères d’Anderson, avec notamment un critère relatif au spectre transféré. La détermination du comportement linéaire équivalent par fonction de transfert est validée sur des structures réelles au travers des essais sur voiles en béton armé (SAFE) et sur systèmes des tuyauteries (BARC et EPRI) / In earthquake engineering, it is common that the behaviour of a structure undergoing a strong motion is characterized by wise or narrow hysteresis loops depending on the type of behaviour of the structure. Considering this non-linear behaviour in a transient calculation requires a huge need of resources in terms of calculation time and memory. In this context, the method of equivalent linearization, consisting in the evaluation of the non-linear response of the structure has been introduced by geotechnical engineers In the 1970s. Despite efforts of many authors, this method is still not used in structural field. The goal of this research is to examine the linear equivalent behaviour in the context of the simplified method of evaluating the non-linear response of a structure in earthquake engineering. We review the criteria of equivalence adopted by many methods searching for the equivalence of (1) the maximum of displacement or (2) quantity of dissipated energy or (3) the restore force. Our argumentative analyses carry out that these three criteria are not pertinent and/or efficient. This leads, in some cases, to some unexplained results. We show the important role, which is mostly neglected in existing method, of frequency content while evaluating the ductile demand. Based on this recognition, we introduce a new method of equivalent linearization based on the transfer function. We use this method in order to explore a numerical experimental plan in which we calculate the equivalent characteristics (frequency and damping) versus the ductile demand for different configuration characterized by (a) the ratio between the frequency of the oscillator and the central frequency of the input signal, (b) the hardening and (c) the behaviour which covers the elastoplastic and damaged ones. We propose two new approaches of the linear equivalent behaviour. The first one, aiming to improve the non-linear static procedure of ATC40, use the secant stiffness and the maximal displacement. This approach consists in an estimation of damping which is different to ATC40. Its pertinence is established by evaluating with accuracy the maximal displacement of the canonical non-linear systems. The second approach consists in restitution of the dynamic of the response of a non-linear oscillator by using the transfer function. The pertinence of this proposition is shown through the criteria of Anderson, especially in terms of transferred motion. In this effect, the linear equivalent behaviour based on the transfer function allows to cope the transferred motion through the non-linear oscillator without performing the non-linear transient calculation. The validation of the linear equivalent behaviour based on the transfer function has been examined on real structures through some experimental tests such as the reinforced concrete wall (SAFE) or piping systems (BARC and EPRI)

The thesis deals with the technical and gas installation with the use of precipitation water in pre-school facilities. The theoretical part deals with fat traps. The experimental part is focused on water flows, pre-school facilities. In the design and calculation part are drafted sewerage, water supply, gas pipeline, use of rain water and connection of the building to utility networks. The thesis was elaborated according to current standards, laws and decrees

This diploma thesis deals with plumbing systems of baking plants v Modřicích. The first part looks for a solution exchange of heat and using waste energy from bakery owens. There are performed several possiblities of projects for plumbing systems. Project part was worked out in cooperation with technical company wich produces equipment for bakery factories. The solution according to relevant standards