Thesis (M.A.)--Rowan University, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

This study highlights a number of different aspects regarding uniforms and dress codes in the United Kingdom (UK) and Sweden. The study comprises three parts: a quantitative comparison of GCSE pass rates for schools in the UK that do and do not have school uniforms, a qualitative survey study of Scottish High School pupils' perceptions about their uniform and a qualitative interview study of Swedish teachers, administrators and pupils about their school dress, rules regarding school dress and school uniforms. Regarding whether uniforms improved academic results by comparing GCSE pass rates in the UK we were unable to find conclusive evidence to suggest that schools which had uniform policies performed significantly better than other schools. Regarding Scottish pupils’ perceptions of their uniforms, pupils from lower-educated backgrounds were more likely to perceive that they were told off by teachers about not wearing the correct dress. When asked whether pupils felt more equal compared to their peers, those from lower-educated background were more likely to think that uniforms do not help to level out class difference compared to pupils from better educated backgrounds. Regarding bullying, even though uniforms existed at the school studied bullying due to what pupils wore to school still existed and pupils perceived that bullying due to other factors such as physical appearance also occurred. Regarding the results from interviews with teachers and administrators in the Swedish town studied, most teachers took a fairly relaxed attitude towards pupils’ dress although the dress code of not wearing outdoor clothes in High Schools was policed quite strongly. Teachers saw the issue of female pupils dressing overtly sexually as the biggest problem and this was dealt with on an individual level rather than a class level. High school pupils’ opinions of their dress code varied. Some hated the school rule that they were not allowed to wear outdoor clothes, whereas for others it was not seen as a big deal. A number of pupils thought that what you wore in class does not affect their learning outcomes. Very few pupils thought that introducing a uniform would be a good idea. Pupils at Sixth Form College had a more mature attitude towards their dress and were able to reflect back on their experiences from High School. They did not think that the issue of dress was a major issue in Sixth Form College however this did vary slightly between the three schools studied. Pupils at two of the schools perceived the dress code of the third school as being more formal, but this was due mainly to prejudice according to a number of pupils. The large majority of Sixth Form College students thought that introducing school uniform would be a bad idea and that bullying would not be eradicated because pupils can always pick on other attributes, not just clothing. However there were a couple of Sixth Form College that thought that introducing it would be a good way to reduce peer-pressure to buy the right clothes in High School.

<p>This study highlights a number of different aspects regarding uniforms and dress codes in the United Kingdom (UK) and Sweden. The study comprises three parts: a quantitative comparison of GCSE pass rates for schools in the UK that do and do not have school uniforms, a qualitative survey study of Scottish High School pupils' perceptions about their uniform and a qualitative interview study of Swedish teachers, administrators and pupils about their school dress, rules regarding school dress and school uniforms.</p><p>Regarding whether uniforms improved academic results by comparing GCSE pass rates in the UK we were unable to find conclusive evidence to suggest that schools which had uniform policies performed significantly better than other schools.</p><p>Regarding Scottish pupils’ perceptions of their uniforms, pupils from lower-educated backgrounds were more likely to perceive that they were told off by teachers about not wearing the correct dress. When asked whether pupils felt more equal compared to their peers, those from lower-educated background were more likely to think that uniforms do not help to level out class difference compared to pupils from better educated backgrounds. Regarding bullying, even though uniforms existed at the school studied bullying due to what pupils wore to school still existed and pupils perceived that bullying due to other factors such as physical appearance also occurred.</p><p>Regarding the results from interviews with teachers and administrators in the Swedish town studied, most teachers took a fairly relaxed attitude towards pupils’ dress although the dress code of not wearing outdoor clothes in High Schools was policed quite strongly. Teachers saw the issue of female pupils dressing overtly sexually as the biggest problem and this was dealt with on an individual level rather than a class level.</p><p>High school pupils’ opinions of their dress code varied. Some hated the school rule that they were not allowed to wear outdoor clothes, whereas for others it was not seen as a big deal. A number of pupils thought that what you wore in class does not affect their learning outcomes. Very few pupils thought that introducing a uniform would be a good idea. Pupils at Sixth Form College had a more mature attitude towards their dress and were able to reflect back on their experiences from High School. They did not think that the issue of dress was a major issue in Sixth Form College however this did vary slightly between the three schools studied. Pupils at two of the schools perceived the dress code of the third school as being more formal, but this was due mainly to prejudice according to a number of pupils. The large majority of Sixth Form College students thought that introducing school uniform would be a bad idea and that bullying would not be eradicated because pupils can always pick on other attributes, not just clothing. However there were a couple of Sixth Form College that thought that introducing it would be a good way to reduce peer-pressure to buy the right clothes in High School.</p><p> </p>

This dissertation proposes to delineate the criteria for determining the constitutionality of public school dress codes based on an examination of relevant case law. The study addresses the following underlying questions: (1) Do students have a constitutional right to freedom of choice regarding their personal dress and grooming in public schools? (2) If so, what is the origin of the right? (3) What justification does a school district need in order to intrude upon the right? (4) Does the extent to which there is a right, and that it is accorded support by the judiciary, depend on the student's age and grade level? (5) What do state statutes say about dress codes and uniforms? (6) Do state statutes comport with the circuit courts' rulings in the various jurisdictions? The first part of Chapter I examines the purpose of school uniforms as set forth in relevant educational literature and commentary. The second part of the chapter examines empirical evidence on the effects of dress codes and uniforms. Chapter II addresses the first three questions listed above concerning students' right to choice in personal dress, the origins of such a right, and the justification required for a school to intrude upon this right. Chapter III examines dress code rulings from the United States Courts of Appeals in order to ascertain patterns of judicial rationale and determine whether students' rights vary depending on age, grade level, or federal circuit court jurisdiction. Chapter IV examines existing state statutes with regard to dress codes and uniforms. Chapter V utilizes the legal principles that emerge from the research in Chapter III and draws from the survey of state statutes in Chapter IV to make a comparison of state statutes and circuit court rulings in each jurisdiction. If a state statute does not comport with federal law in its particular jurisdiction, modifications are suggested to bring the statute into line with relevant judicial rulings.

Schools that implement a school uniform policy are on the rise (Musu-Gillette, Zhang, Wang, Zhang & Oudekerk, 2017). About 74% of these schools have a high population of low socioeconomic status students (Musu-Gillette et al., 2017) with about 75% or more qualifying for free or reduced lunch. The purpose of this study was to examine any relationships between students' perceptions of the effects of school uniforms and student socioeconomic status. In a charter school, a survey was completed by students to gather perception information and a separate survey by parents to gather socioeconomic status information. Hypotheses were tested using descriptive statistics and multiple regression models. Data were gathered from 184 students in grades 3 through 8. Examining individual survey items revealed older students were more likely to report that school uniforms help to reduce bullying and teasing. Another statistically significant difference was that some students of high socioeconomic status reported that uniforms help reduce arguments with parents about clothing (t(182) = 2.66, p<.01). Student responses on 10 survey items were grouped into one factor called School Climate, reflecting student perceptions on how uniforms affect the school's climate. Analyses revealed no significant relationships between the School Climate factor and socioeconomic status. However, Hispanic students reported a significantly more positive response overall than non-Hispanic students. These findings suggest students of various socioeconomic status perceive school uniforms similarly, but older students could be more likely to associate uniforms with a reduction in bullying. More research needs to be done in charter schools as little research has been done on school uniforms in charter schools, and among Hispanic students because the participation of Hispanic students was relatively low.

In today's workplace there are many reasons why businesses are encouraging their workforce to dress in a more casual manner. Personnel within the workforce who dress casually report improvements ranging from morale to customer relations after the implementation of more relaxed dress codes. It will also be necessary to consider whether or not business casual dress facilitates the tearing down of social and communication barriers.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-05T12:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra dos Santos Libretti Dias.pdf: 3788383 bytes, checksum: cf757823d45dab3bdf0de1307d58d1cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T12:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra dos Santos Libretti Dias.pdf: 3788383 bytes, checksum: cf757823d45dab3bdf0de1307d58d1cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We know how big is the universe of organizations and how many countless aspects within its many areas involves: accounting, investments, billing and payments, sales, purchasing and human relations. We live in a much more complex organizational environment than at the time of the development of Taylor and Fayol management theories. To meet all the demands that have been created over the years for this development, theories of organizations have incorporated knowledge from several other sciences, such as biology, psychology, sociology, among others. Therefore, several aspects that were previously not considered, began to be analyzed in organizations, such as the influence of the environment, people management, organizational culture and the identity and image of organizations, among many others. Within this last area, one of the aspects that - even implicitly - is striking, is the use of dress code as a tool of expression of the organizational identity values as well as the hierarchy and belonging, or not, the employee group. For each there is a dress code2, which expresses their values in the organizational identity, and it is up to each organization to impose, an implicit or explicit way, this to employees. The adequacy of them to this dress code enables the expression of their belonging to this organization, its organizational identity and position in the hierarchy. To understand the functions and objectives of the dress code, it is important to make a study of the history of clothing, especially women's, which allows us to understand the fashion and clothing as a visual language. Our clipping to the history of dress is part of capitalism in the West, when male attire, coming from the English bourgeoisie, was accepted as the standard for the corporate environment for both men and woman. This costume which parts and practices liberated the movements of the body began to express the values of bourgeois society, discretion and sobriety through dark and neutral colors. The female body, prevented by moral and having underestimated his intelligence, held the woman in corselets and in their homes, as a trophy representing success and virility of her husband. In the course of history, to enter this appearance environment "distinct", women have adopted male attire symbols such as blazers, shirts, shoulder pads and even ties, in the most possible sober colors, seeking to express the same masculine values present in the corporate environment. Our research analyzes this language in the corporate environment through female dress code, as a manifestation of organizational culture, support of individual and collective identity of the bodies in the work environment, represented in films of the last four decades. The considerations here guide the objective of this work: conduct a study that articulates political theory and anthropology, fashion and management, with the method the visual ethnography to understand how the corporate dress code, imposed or suggested, sculpts the female body in organizations, as well as, how it interacts with the identity of the organization, establishing a relationship which influences the question of power and hierarchy. These perspectives are grounded in theories in the field of management, sociology, and anthropology and illustrated in selected movie passages / Sabemos quão grande é o universo das organizações, e quantos incontáveis aspectos dentro das suas inúmeras áreas ele envolve: contabilidade, investimentos, cobrança e pagamentos, vendas, compras e relações humanas. Vivemos em um ambiente organizacional muito mais complexo do que na época do desenvolvimento das teorias da administração de Taylor e Fayol. Para atender todas as demandas que foram sendo criadas ao longo dos anos por esse desenvolvimento, as teorias das organizações incorporaram conhecimentos de diversas outras ciências, como biologia, psicologia, sociologia, entre outras. Como consequência, vários aspectos que anteriormente não eram considerados passaram a ser analisados nas organizações, como, por exemplo, a influência do ambiente, a gestão de pessoas, a cultura organizacional e a identidade e a imagem das organizações, entre tantos outros. Dentro desta última área, um dos aspectos que – ainda que implicitamente – chama a atenção é a utilização do dress code como ferramenta de expressão dos valores da identidade organizacional, bem como da hierarquia e do pertencimento, ou não, do funcionário ao grupo. Para cada organização existe um dress code1, que expressa seus valores presentes na identidade organizacional, e cabe a ela impô-lo, de maneira implícita ou explícita, aos funcionários. A adequação deles a esse dress code possibilita a expressão de seu pertencimento a essa organização, sua identidade organizacional e posição na hierarquia. Para entender as funções e os objetivos do dress code, é importante fazer um estudo da história da vestimenta, principalmente a feminina, que nos permite entender a moda e a indumentária como uma linguagem visual. Nosso recorte para a história da vestimenta parte do capitalismo no Ocidente, quando o traje masculino, vindo dos burgueses ingleses, foi aceito como padrão para o ambiente corporativo, passando a ser referência para os trajes femininos de trabalho. Esse traje de peças práticas e que liberavam os movimentos do corpo passou a expressar os valores da sociedade burguesa, de discrição e sobriedade, por meio de cores escuras e neutras. O corpo feminino, impedido pela moral burguesa e tendo sua inteligência subestimada, prendia a mulher nos corselets e em suas casas, como um troféu representando o sucesso e a virilidade de seu marido. No curso da história, para entrar nesse ambiente de aparência “distinta”, as mulheres adotaram símbolos do traje masculino, como blazers, camisas, ombreiras e até gravatas, buscando expressar os mesmos valores masculinos presentes no ambiente corporativo. Nossa pesquisa analisa essa linguagem no ambiente corporativo por meio do dress code feminino, como manifestação da cultura organizacional, suporte da identidade individual e coletiva dos corpos no ambiente laboral, representado em filmes das últimas quatro décadas. As considerações tecidas até aqui norteiam o objetivo deste trabalho: realizar um estudo que articula teoria política e antropologia, moda e administração, tendo como método a etnografia visual, para entender como o dress code corporativo, imposto ou sugerido, esculpe o corpo feminino nas organizações, bem como de que forma ele interage com a identidade da organização, estabelecendo uma relação que influencia a questão do poder e da hierarquia. Essas perspectivas estão fundamentadas em teorias no campo da administração, da sociologia e da antropologia e ilustradas em passagens de filmes selecionados

CNPq / O PMV (Voto Médio Estimado) é um índice que pretende prever a sensação térmica das pessoas expostas a um mesmo ambiente. Entretanto, existem discrepâncias entre o modelo do PMV e as respostas de sensação térmica obtidas em estudos de campo efetuados para algumas populações. Um dos componentes para o cálculo do PMV é o isolamento térmico das vestimentas (Icl), que se utiliza da temperatura de superfície da vestimenta (tcl), que pode ser um fator que contribui para estas discrepâncias. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar um novo modelo de predição térmica minimizando as imprecisões das trocas térmicas pela correta determinação do tcl, utilizando-se do método de Newton. A coleta de dados contou com um grupo de soldadores, um grupo de trabalhadores de escritório desempenhando atividades sedentárias e um grupo de militares do exército português. Com a coleta de variáveis ambientais e pessoais no Brasil e em Portugal, esta pesquisa desenvolveu o Snovo1, por meio de um valor de tcl sem resíduos gerado pelo método de Newton e substituído nas parcelas de convecção e radiação de perda de calor e o Snovo2, mediante regressão múltipla entre os votos de sensação térmica coletados em estudo de campo, a taxa metabólica e os mecanismos de troca de calor. Depois do confronto entre a sensação térmica real e os valores de PMV calculados, para todos os grupos, os resultados encontrados com o Snovo1 e Snovo2 sempre foram melhores que os resultados encontrados com o PMV original de Fanger. O melhor resultado obtido nesta pesquisa foi com o grupo de militares, onde o Snovo2 apresentou uma melhoria de aproximadamente 46% em relação ao PMV original. Esta pesquisa comprovou que a temperatura superficial da vestimenta é uma variável de influência no modelo do PMV e minimizar imprecisões em sua obtenção diminui as discrepâncias entre os votos de sensação térmica e o PMV. / The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is an index which aims to predict the thermal sensation of people exposed to the same environment. However, there are discrepancies between the PMV model and thermal sensation responses obtained in field studies for some populations. One of the components for the calculation of PMV is the clothing insulation (Icl), which uses the clothing surface temperature (tcl), which can be a factor which contributes towards these discrepancies. Therefore, the aim of this research was to show the tcl influence on the PMV index. Thus, this research aimed to present a new thermal prediction model minimizing inaccuracies of thermal exchanges through the correct determination of tcl, by using Newton's method. Data collection featured a group of welders, a group of office workers performing sedentary activities and a group of Portuguese Army Military. Having collected environmental and personal variables in Brazil and Portugal, this research developed the Snew1, through a value of tcl without residues generated by Newton’s Method and replaced in convection and radiation heat loss equations and Snew2, through multiple regression between thermal sensation votes collected in field study, the metabolic rate and the mechanisms of heat exchange. After confrontation between the real thermal sensation and the calculated PMV values, for all groups, the results found with the Snew1 and Snew2 were always better than the results found with the Fanger’s Original PMV. The best result obtained in this research was with the military group, where the Snew2 presented an improvement about 46% over the original PMV. This search proved that the clothing surface temperature is a variable that influences the PMV model and minimizing inaccuracies in its obtaining decreases discrepancies between thermal sensation votes and PMV.

CNPq / O PMV (Voto Médio Estimado) é um índice que pretende prever a sensação térmica das pessoas expostas a um mesmo ambiente. Entretanto, existem discrepâncias entre o modelo do PMV e as respostas de sensação térmica obtidas em estudos de campo efetuados para algumas populações. Um dos componentes para o cálculo do PMV é o isolamento térmico das vestimentas (Icl), que se utiliza da temperatura de superfície da vestimenta (tcl), que pode ser um fator que contribui para estas discrepâncias. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar um novo modelo de predição térmica minimizando as imprecisões das trocas térmicas pela correta determinação do tcl, utilizando-se do método de Newton. A coleta de dados contou com um grupo de soldadores, um grupo de trabalhadores de escritório desempenhando atividades sedentárias e um grupo de militares do exército português. Com a coleta de variáveis ambientais e pessoais no Brasil e em Portugal, esta pesquisa desenvolveu o Snovo1, por meio de um valor de tcl sem resíduos gerado pelo método de Newton e substituído nas parcelas de convecção e radiação de perda de calor e o Snovo2, mediante regressão múltipla entre os votos de sensação térmica coletados em estudo de campo, a taxa metabólica e os mecanismos de troca de calor. Depois do confronto entre a sensação térmica real e os valores de PMV calculados, para todos os grupos, os resultados encontrados com o Snovo1 e Snovo2 sempre foram melhores que os resultados encontrados com o PMV original de Fanger. O melhor resultado obtido nesta pesquisa foi com o grupo de militares, onde o Snovo2 apresentou uma melhoria de aproximadamente 46% em relação ao PMV original. Esta pesquisa comprovou que a temperatura superficial da vestimenta é uma variável de influência no modelo do PMV e minimizar imprecisões em sua obtenção diminui as discrepâncias entre os votos de sensação térmica e o PMV. / The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is an index which aims to predict the thermal sensation of people exposed to the same environment. However, there are discrepancies between the PMV model and thermal sensation responses obtained in field studies for some populations. One of the components for the calculation of PMV is the clothing insulation (Icl), which uses the clothing surface temperature (tcl), which can be a factor which contributes towards these discrepancies. Therefore, the aim of this research was to show the tcl influence on the PMV index. Thus, this research aimed to present a new thermal prediction model minimizing inaccuracies of thermal exchanges through the correct determination of tcl, by using Newton's method. Data collection featured a group of welders, a group of office workers performing sedentary activities and a group of Portuguese Army Military. Having collected environmental and personal variables in Brazil and Portugal, this research developed the Snew1, through a value of tcl without residues generated by Newton’s Method and replaced in convection and radiation heat loss equations and Snew2, through multiple regression between thermal sensation votes collected in field study, the metabolic rate and the mechanisms of heat exchange. After confrontation between the real thermal sensation and the calculated PMV values, for all groups, the results found with the Snew1 and Snew2 were always better than the results found with the Fanger’s Original PMV. The best result obtained in this research was with the military group, where the Snew2 presented an improvement about 46% over the original PMV. This search proved that the clothing surface temperature is a variable that influences the PMV model and minimizing inaccuracies in its obtaining decreases discrepancies between thermal sensation votes and PMV.

LL.M. (Labour Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract