Uma vez definidos os objetivos da tese e estabelecida a metodologia de sua elaboração, passou-se ao trabalho, com a síntese histórica da pesquisa de petróleo. Foi introduzido um capítulo de comentários sobre as crises do petróleo de 1973 e 1979. Descreveu-se a criação do Consórcio CESP/IPT, as suas finalidades, a sua constituição, as definições de responsabilidades da CESP e do IPT e os contratos assinados com a Petróleo Brasileiro S/A - PETROBRÁS. Mostrou-se a atuação da PETROBRÁS na Bacia do Paraná, desde a fundação da empresa em 1953 até 1974. Quanto aos trabalhos executados pelo Consórcio CESP/IPT no período de 1980,1981 e 1982, o Quadro 1 apresenta os dados geológicos adquiridos no referido período. Os resultados da sísmica de reflexão demonstraram a sua viabilidade mudando o conceito antigo de baixa resolução na Bacia do Paraná. As análises de geoquímica se concentraram principalmente nas Formações Ponta Grossa e Irati. A engenharia de perfuração do Consórcio CESP/IPT perfurou 32 poços, sem perda nem interrupção de nenhum deles, numa bacia complexa como a do Paraná. O programa de brocas otimizou o resultado das perfurações. Foi testada e aprovada a utilização da perfuração a ar, pioneira na referida bacia, para aplicação nas formações duras, como o basalto e o diabásio. Os Serviços Associados à Perfuração de Poços consideraram o Programa de Brocas e a Perfilagem e Testes de Formação. Por fim, o trabalho incluiu o relatório do Poço de Cuiabá Paulista. Na conclusão, procurou-se mostrar que os propósitos dos objetivos foram alcançados. / Once defined the thesis objectives and established its methodology, the work has begun, with an historical research of petroleum. A chapter about the petroleum crises in 1973 and 1979 was introduced. The foundation of CESP/IPT enterprise, its objectives, constitution, responsibilities and contracts signed with PETROBRAS were described. The work of PETROBRAS at Parana?s Basin, since PETROBRAS Foundation in 1953 through 1974, was showed. The picture 1 presents geological data of the work done by the enterprise, in the period of 1980, 81, 82. The seismic reflection results show Parana Basin?s viability, changing the old concept of low solution at this area. The geochemical analysis was done mainly in Ponta Grossa and Irati Formations. The drill engineering of the enterprise drilled 32 wells, without damaging or interrupting anyone, in a complex basin like Parana?s. The Drill Bit Program provided more efficiency in drilling. Air Drilling was tested and approved, first of all at Parana?s basin, to be used in solid formation like basalt and diabase. The Well Program Associated Services considered the Bit Program, the Well Logging and Formation Tests. Finally, the job included a Cuiaba Paulista Well?s report. At the conclusion, it was showed that the objectives were achieved.

Increasing demands for more reliability and functionalities in electronic devices have pushed the electronics industry to adopt newly developed materials and reduce interconnect sizes and spacing. These adaptations have led to concerns of reliability failures caused by conductive anodic filament formation (CAF). CAF is a conductive copper-containing salt that forms via an electrochemical process. It is initiated at the anode and grows along the epoxy/glass interface to the cathode, and once CAF reaches the cathode a short circuit will occur. The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of curing agents (DICY vs. phenolic-cured epoxy) and drilling methods (laser vs. mechanical drilling) on CAF formation using an insulation resistance test at 85 ºC, relative humidity of 85%, and a voltage gradient of 0.4V/µm. Time-to-failure for DICY-cured and phenolic-cured epoxy with laser drilled microvias and mechanically drilled vias were determined using the insulation resistance test. The failed coupons were cross-sectioned and examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to verify the existence of CAF. Weibull analysis was used to compare the reliability and identify the failure modes of the failed coupons. Test results show that DICY-cured epoxy is a better CAF resistant material than phenolic-cured epoxy. It is believed that the brittleness of phenolic-cured material might enhance the damage to the epoxy/glass fiber interface during drilling; and hence, facilitate subsequent CAF formation. The study also shows that laser drilled microvias are less prone to CAF formation than mechanically drilled vias, because there is less mechanical damage and lower glass fiber content. Finally, using Weibull analysis, it is determined that laser drilled microvias experienced infant-mortality failure, whereas mechanically drilled vias exhibited a wear-out type failure.

Increasing demands for more reliability and functionalities in electronic devices have pushed the electronics industry to adopt newly developed materials and reduce interconnect sizes and spacing. These adaptations have led to concerns of reliability failures caused by conductive anodic filament formation (CAF). CAF is a conductive copper-containing salt that forms via an electrochemical process. It is initiated at the anode and grows along the epoxy/glass interface to the cathode, and once CAF reaches the cathode a short circuit will occur. The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of curing agents (DICY vs. phenolic-cured epoxy) and drilling methods (laser vs. mechanical drilling) on CAF formation using an insulation resistance test at 85 ºC, relative humidity of 85%, and a voltage gradient of 0.4V/µm. Time-to-failure for DICY-cured and phenolic-cured epoxy with laser drilled microvias and mechanically drilled vias were determined using the insulation resistance test. The failed coupons were cross-sectioned and examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to verify the existence of CAF. Weibull analysis was used to compare the reliability and identify the failure modes of the failed coupons. Test results show that DICY-cured epoxy is a better CAF resistant material than phenolic-cured epoxy. It is believed that the brittleness of phenolic-cured material might enhance the damage to the epoxy/glass fiber interface during drilling; and hence, facilitate subsequent CAF formation. The study also shows that laser drilled microvias are less prone to CAF formation than mechanically drilled vias, because there is less mechanical damage and lower glass fiber content. Finally, using Weibull analysis, it is determined that laser drilled microvias experienced infant-mortality failure, whereas mechanically drilled vias exhibited a wear-out type failure.

Uma vez definidos os objetivos da tese e estabelecida a metodologia de sua elaboração, passou-se ao trabalho, com a síntese histórica da pesquisa de petróleo. Foi introduzido um capítulo de comentários sobre as crises do petróleo de 1973 e 1979. Descreveu-se a criação do Consórcio CESP/IPT, as suas finalidades, a sua constituição, as definições de responsabilidades da CESP e do IPT e os contratos assinados com a Petróleo Brasileiro S/A - PETROBRÁS. Mostrou-se a atuação da PETROBRÁS na Bacia do Paraná, desde a fundação da empresa em 1953 até 1974. Quanto aos trabalhos executados pelo Consórcio CESP/IPT no período de 1980,1981 e 1982, o Quadro 1 apresenta os dados geológicos adquiridos no referido período. Os resultados da sísmica de reflexão demonstraram a sua viabilidade mudando o conceito antigo de baixa resolução na Bacia do Paraná. As análises de geoquímica se concentraram principalmente nas Formações Ponta Grossa e Irati. A engenharia de perfuração do Consórcio CESP/IPT perfurou 32 poços, sem perda nem interrupção de nenhum deles, numa bacia complexa como a do Paraná. O programa de brocas otimizou o resultado das perfurações. Foi testada e aprovada a utilização da perfuração a ar, pioneira na referida bacia, para aplicação nas formações duras, como o basalto e o diabásio. Os Serviços Associados à Perfuração de Poços consideraram o Programa de Brocas e a Perfilagem e Testes de Formação. Por fim, o trabalho incluiu o relatório do Poço de Cuiabá Paulista. Na conclusão, procurou-se mostrar que os propósitos dos objetivos foram alcançados. / Once defined the thesis objectives and established its methodology, the work has begun, with an historical research of petroleum. A chapter about the petroleum crises in 1973 and 1979 was introduced. The foundation of CESP/IPT enterprise, its objectives, constitution, responsibilities and contracts signed with PETROBRAS were described. The work of PETROBRAS at Parana?s Basin, since PETROBRAS Foundation in 1953 through 1974, was showed. The picture 1 presents geological data of the work done by the enterprise, in the period of 1980, 81, 82. The seismic reflection results show Parana Basin?s viability, changing the old concept of low solution at this area. The geochemical analysis was done mainly in Ponta Grossa and Irati Formations. The drill engineering of the enterprise drilled 32 wells, without damaging or interrupting anyone, in a complex basin like Parana?s. The Drill Bit Program provided more efficiency in drilling. Air Drilling was tested and approved, first of all at Parana?s basin, to be used in solid formation like basalt and diabase. The Well Program Associated Services considered the Bit Program, the Well Logging and Formation Tests. Finally, the job included a Cuiaba Paulista Well?s report. At the conclusion, it was showed that the objectives were achieved.