京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24986号 / 地環博第247号 / 新制||地環||49(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 越後 信哉, 准教授 田中 周平, 教授 藤原 拓, 准教授 原田 英典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bottled drinking water is a common form of water consumption that has grown in popularity and dependency. With countless types and brands available, there are factors to consider regarding the variations in mineral content and microbiological quality, and environmental consequences associated with importing natural bottled waters. Saudi Arabia is the largest desalinated water producer, and although there are scarce natural water resources, consuming locally produced water can alleviate environmental pressures, so long as local bottled water is of good quality and provides the basic function of drinking water. The objective of this study is to scrutinize the variations in bottled waters available in the Saudi market and compare local and imported waters regarding water quality and compliance with health regulations. Surveying local bottled waters revealed that over 60% were imported, adding to the environmental significance. Results from inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and pH meters indicate most bottled waters were compliant with health standards. Flow Cytometry (FCM) was used to determine microbial cell densities. Purified waters, on average, contained significantly lower concentrations than other water types, while mineral waters contained the most cells per milliliter. Microbiological stability was examined through incubating samples at 30°C to promote microbial growth, and results were analyzed using an online FCM system. Purified waters had the least amount of growth and to a lesser degree than mineral and sparkling, which varied in microbial growth responses. DNA extractions and microbial community analyses were performed on select mineral waters before and after incubation. Results showed microbial genera found were similar between samples from the same country and some were unique. All samples exhibited some change in microbial community composition after incubation, signifying that certain communities thrived more than others. Proteobacteria was the most common abundant phylum among samples. Although analysis was restricted to the genera level, there were no health concern associated with types of bacteria discovered. In conclusion, local purified waters had greater microbiological quality and stability than imported waters, and mineral compositions were within the healthy range. Reducing reliance on foreign natural waters may help alleviate environmental consequences and improve local economy

This dissertation explores how water technology transformed cultural practices and attitudes towards water through the restructuring of architectural and social space over the course of the twentieth century. For social reformers and architects alike, water’s place in the Japanese dwelling reflected a desire to address broader societal concerns with public health, gender norms, and resource scarcity through the rationalization of domestic and public space. Tracing the flow of water from watershed to kitchen tap, this study considers how the renovation of Tokyo waterworks restructured communal practices surrounding water, how advancements in architectural design and technology influenced the ways families used water in the home, and how the state positioned the dwelling at the forefront of water-management campaigns. Combining methodologies from architectural history with environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural history, the inquiry crosses multiple scales to show how design mediates the continuously changing relationship between human bodies and the natural resources they consume. It draws on technical materials such as house plans, equipment manuals, and professional publications, blending these with popular-culture sources such as newspaper advertisements, television commercials, and public-service announcements, as well as manga and anime. While advancements in the architectural and technological design of water in twentieth-century Japan made access to natural resources more efficient, convenient, and hygienic—an enormous benefit for the (mostly) women tasked with water’s management—the high-tech “Washlet” toilets and prefabricated “unit baths” ubiquitous in Japan today gradually obscured from view water’s origin and waste’s destination, significantly restructuring the relationship between human beings and the natural environment.

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